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"Malmo" redirects here. For the village in Nebraska, USA, see Malmo, Nebraska.
Malmö
From top left to right: Turning Torso, Malmöhus Castle, Griffin Sculpture, Kronprinsen and the Oresund Bridge.
From top left to right: Turning Torso, Malmöhus Castle, Griffin Sculpture, Kronprinsen and the Oresund Bridge.
Motto(s): 
Mångfald, Möten, Möjligheter
(Eng.: Diversity, Meetings, Possibilities)
CountrySweden
ProvinceScania
CountySkåne County
MunicipalityMalmö Municipality and
Burlöv Municipality
Charter13th century
Area
[1][2]
 • City335.14 km2 (129.40 sq mi)
 • Land155.56 km2 (60.06 sq mi)
 • Water179.58 km2 (69.34 sq mi)
 • Urban
71.76 km2 (27.71 sq mi)
 • Metro
2,535.76 km2 (979.06 sq mi)
Population
 (24 July 2009[3])[1][4]
 • City290,078
 • Density1,842/km2 (4,770/sq mi)
 • Urban
258,020
 • Urban density3,596/km2 (9,310/sq mi)
 • Metro
635,224
 • Metro density250.51/km2 (648.8/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Websitewww.malmo.se www.malmotown.com

Malmö (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈmalːmøː] ⓘ), in the southernmost province of Scania, is the third most populous city in Sweden after Stockholm and Gothenburg.

Malmö is the seat of Malmö Municipality and the capital of Skåne County. The administrative entity for most of the city is Malmö Municipality which has 290,007[3] inhabitants in eight different localities, with 38% being of foreign backgrounds,[5] including a large Muslim community. Malmö is also a bimunicipal locality, as part of it is Burlöv Municipality. The total population of the urban area was 258,020 by the end of 2005,[1] of which 9,108 were in Burlöv.

Greater Malmö is one of Sweden's three officially recognized Metropolitan areas and since 2005 is defined by the municipality of Malmö and 11 other municipalities in the southwestern corner of Scania.[6] On 30 June 2008, its population was recorded to be 628,388.[4] The region covers an area of 2,535.76 km2.[2] The municipalities included, apart from Malmö, are Burlöv, Eslöv, Höör, Kävlinge, Lomma, Lund, Skurup, Staffanstorp, Svedala, Trelleborg and Vellinge. Lund, with a municipal population of over 100,000 and home to one of Scandinavia's major universities, is together with Malmö the region's economical and educational hub.

Malmö was one of the earliest and most industrialized towns of Scandinavia, but until the turn of the millennium had been struggling with the adaptation to post-industrialism. Since then, Malmö has become a new city,[citation needed] with impressive architectural developments, attracting new biotech and IT companies, and particularly students through Malmö University College. The city contains many historic buildings and parks, and is also a commercial centre for the western part of Scania. During the last few years a university college (Malmö University) has been established and the city is now trying to focus on education, arts and culture. Malmö was ranked #4 in Grist Magazine's "15 Green Cities" list in 2007.[7]

History

Main article: History of Malmö

Malmö is thought to have been founded in the year 1275, as a fortified quay or ferry berth of the Archbishop of Lund, some 20 km to the north-east. It was, for centuries, Denmark's second biggest city. Its original name was Malmhaug (with alternate spellings), meaning "Gravel pile".

Malmö in 1580 in a German map book. The citadel Malmöhus is to the far left. The church tower is that of Saint Peter's Church.
Malmö illustration by Erik Dahlberg from 1658.

In the 15th century, Malmö became one of Denmark's largest and most frequented cities, reaching a population of approximately 5,000 inhabitants. It became the most important city around the Sound, with the German Hanseatic League frequenting it as a marketplace, notable for its flourishing herring fishing. During that time, the city arms were granted in 1437 by King Eric of Pomerania. It was based on Eric's own arms from Pomerania: an argent with a griffin gules. It gave the griffin's head to Malmö, eventually this extended to the entire province of Scania.

In 1434, a new citadel was constructed at the beach south of the town. This fortress, known today as Malmöhus, did not get its current appearance until the mid-16th century. Several other fortifications were constructed, making Malmö Sweden's most fortified city, but only Malmöhus remains.

Lutheran teachings became popular during the 16th century, and Malmö was one of the first cities in Scandinavia to fully convert (1527–29).

In the 17th century, Malmö and the Scanian region (Skåneland) came into Swedish possession. This happened following the Treaty of Roskilde, signed in 1658. Fighting was not yet over, however; in June 1677, 14,000 Danish troops laid siege to Malmö for a month, but were unable to conquer the Swedish troops holding it.

By the dawn of the 18th century, Malmö had about 2,300 inhabitants. However, due to the wars of Charles XII of Sweden and plague epidemics, the population dropped to 1,500 by 1728. The population did not grow much until the modern harbour was constructed by the late 18th century. The city started to expand, and in the year 1800 had 38,054 inhabitants.[8]

Malmö would greatly benefit from the Swedish southern railway line, constructed 1850-70, as it gave a significant boost to industry. In 1840, the Kockums shipyard was founded. The industry dominated Malmö for the next 150 years. [citation needed]

In 1870, Malmö overtook Norrköping to become Sweden's third most populous city. By 1900, Malmö had strengthened this position with 60,000 inhabitants.

Malmö continued to expand through the first half of the 20th century. The population had swiftly increased to 100,000 by 1915 and to 200,000 by 1952. Kockums shipyard was Malmö's largest employer, and one of the largest shipyards in the world. By 1971, Malmö reached 265,000 inhabitants, but this was the peak which would stand for more than 30 years. Not long after, Sweden experienced a recession that struck especially hard on the industrial sector; shipyards and manufacturing industries were hard hit, which led to high unemployment in many cities of Scania. [citation needed] Kockums shipyard closed down in the mid-eighties, depriving the city of its greatest employer as well as a major factor in Malmö's image of itself (the old shipyard area is now used by Malmö Högskola). In addition, many middle class families moved into one-family houses in surrounding municipalities such as Vellinge Municipality, Lomma Municipality and Staffanstorp Municipality which profiled themselves as the suburbs of the upper middle class. To counter this, at the end of the 1990s Malmö undertook a program of redeveloping attractive seafront quarters in the now largely disused south-western harbour; a city architecture exposition (Bo01) was held in 2001. The new apartment buildings and villas created for it have become the core of a new city district, aimed at the urban middle-class and with attractive waterfront vistas.

Malmöhus Castle, now housing Malmö Museum.
A now closed down Kockums building: the old foundry and machine workshop.

By 1985, Malmö had lost 35,000 inhabitants and was down to 229,000. However, the toughest difficulties were yet to emerge. Between 1990-95, Malmö lost about 27,000 jobs, and its economy was seriously strained. However, thanks to several government-funded projects, Malmö started to emerge as its current modern incarnation by 1995. Malmö has the highest proportion of individuals of non-Scandinavian extraction of any Swedish city. It remains a city of sharp social divide and high unemployment.[9][10][11]

Malmö and the Öresund strait.

Geography

Malmö is located at 13°00' east and 55°35' north. Its location in southernmost Sweden makes it closer to the Italian city of Milan than to the northernmost Swedish town Kiruna.

Malmö is part of the transnational Oresund Region and since 2000 the Oresund Bridge crosses the Sound to Copenhagen, Denmark. The bridge was inaugurated 1 July 2000, and measures 8 kilometres (the whole link totalling 16 km), with pylons reaching 204.5 metres vertically. Apart from the Helsingborg-Helsingør ferry links further north, most ferry connections have been discontinued.

Malmö seen from Spot satellite

Climate

Malmö, and the rest of southern Sweden have an oceanic climate. Despite its northern location, the climate is relatively mild compared to other locations in similar latitudes, or even somewhat further south, mainly because of the Gulf Stream. Because of its northern latitude, daylight extends 17 hours in midsummer, to only around 7 hours in midwinter.

Summers are warm and pleasant with average high temperatures of 20 to 21 °C (68 to 70 °F) and lows of around 11 to 13 °C (52 to 55 °F), but temperatures do sometimes exceed 25 °C (77 °F) and occasional heat waves are common during the summer. Winters are cold, with temperatures steady between −3 to 4 °C (27 to 39 °F), and it rarely drops below −10 °C (14 °F).

Rainfall is light to moderate throughout the year with 169 wet days. Snowfall occurs mainly in December through March, but snow covers do not remain for a long time, and some winters are virtually free of snow.

Climate data for Malmö (and rest of southern Sweden)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Source: World Weather Information Service[12]

Transport

Oresundtrains cross Øresund Bridge every 20 minutes connecting Malmö to Copenhagen, and the Copenhagen Airport. Also some of the X2000 and Intercity trains to Stockholm, Gothenburg, and Kalmar cross the bridge, stopping at Copenhagen Airport. In March 2005, digging began on a new railway connection called the City Tunnel. The tunnel will run from under Malmö Central Station to Triangeln continuing to Hyllievång (Hyllie Meadow), where it will emerge to connect with the Oresund Bridge, effectively changing Malmö Central from being a terminus to being a transit station.

Besides the Copenhagen Airport, Malmö has an airport of its own, Malmö Airport, today chiefly used for low-cost carriers, charter flight routes, and domestic Swedish destinations.

The motorway system has been incorporated with the Oresund Bridge; the European route E20 goes over the bridge and then, together with the European route E6 follows the Swedish west coast from Malmö–Helsingborg to Gothenburg. E6 goes further north along the west coast and through Norway to the Norwegian town Kirkenes at Barents Sea. The European route to Jönköping–Stockholm (E4) starts at Helsingborg. Main roads in direction of Växjö–Kalmar, Kristianstad–Karlskrona, Ystad (E65), and Trelleborg start as freeways.

Malmö has 410 km of bike paths and approximately 40% of all commuting is done by bicycle.

Malmö has 2 industrial harbours; one is still in active use and is the biggest Nordic port for car importation.[13] Also, there are two marinas: the publicly owned Limhamn Marina (55°35′N 12°55′E / 55.583°N 12.917°E / 55.583; 12.917) and the private Lagunen (55°35′N 12°56′E / 55.583°N 12.933°E / 55.583; 12.933), both offering a limited number of guest docks. Free marine charts are available.

Municipality

The municipality's location in Scania, southernmost Sweden.
Main article: Malmö Municipality

Malmö Municipality is an administrative unit defined by geographical borders, consisting of the City of Malmö[14] and its immediate surroundings.

The Malmö urban area, Malmö tätort with 258,020 inhabitants (2005), consists of the urban part of the municipality together with the small town of Arlöv in the municipality of Burlöv. Both municipalities also include smaller urban areas and rural areas, such as the suburbs of Oxie and Åkarp. Malmö tätort is to be distinguished from Malmö stad (The city of Malmö), which is a semi-official name of Malmö Municipality.

Demographics

After 1971, Malmö had 265,000 inhabitants, the population then dropped to 229,000 by 1985.[15] It then began to rise again, and had passed the previous record by the 1 January 2003 census, when it had 265,481 inhabitants.[16] According to models, the population will continue to increase to an estimated 301,600 inhabitants by 2013.[17]

30% of Malmö's inhabitants, 87,554 persons, are born abroad[18] and even without counting second generation immigrants, this places Malmö as the Swedish city with the most immigrants per capita.
The largest groups of immigrants have arrived from:[19]

  1. Iraq Iraq (9,465)
  2. Denmark Denmark (9,174)
  3. Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Former Yugoslavia (8,530)
  4. Poland Poland (6,903)
  5. Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina (5,920)
  6. Lebanon Lebanon (3,669)
  7. Iran Iran (3,259)
  8. Hungary Hungary (1,979)
  9. Turkey Turkey (1,904)
  10. Romania Romania (1,888)
  11. Afghanistan Afghanistan (1,848)
  12. Germany Germany (1,790)
  13. Finland Finland (1,678)
  14. Chile Chile (1,392)
  15. Somalia Somalia (1,375)
  16. Vietnam Vietnam (1,245)
  17. Pakistan Pakistan (1,123)
  18. North Macedonia Republic of Macedonia (1,053)
  19. United Kingdom United Kingdom (929)
  20. Thailand Thailand (844)

As of 2005, Malmö had the third-highest proportion of foreign-born residents of any municipality in Sweden.[20] There were 171 different nationalities represented in Malmö in 2007.

Crime

As of 2009, crime in Malmö is on par with the other bigger cities in Sweden. The rate of 21,382 reported crimes per 100,000 citizens is lower than Stockholm (22,647), higher than Gothenburg (18,728) and higher than the national average of 15,046. The figures are about the same when it comes to violent and deadly crimes. Malmö had, for example, 5 deadly shootings in 2009 compared to 4 in Stockholm and 8 in Gothenburg. The rate of reported violent crimes has steadily increased over the last decades and was 593 per 100,000 in 1989, 866 in 1999 and 1,197 in 2009.[21] The city district of Rosengård has in recent years been the scene of several increasingly violent riots and confrontations between local youth and authorities.

Reports of hate crime

In 2010, the city courted controversy for reports that emerged in the international media about increasing levels of anti-Semitic hate crime, allegedly by Muslim extremists as well as the usual neo-nazi fringe, making an increasing number of Jews leave Malmö for Israel and England. The city's Social Democratic mayor, Ilmar Reepalu, has also been criticised for allegedly failing to protect the Jews. To the Sunday Telegraph he said "I believe these are anti-Israel attacks, connected to the war in Gaza." And that "There haven't been any attacks on Jewish people, and if Jews from the city want to move to Israel that is not a matter for Malmo." Confronted with his statements, he explained in Studio Ett in Sveriges Radio that he was citing from police-reports on hate crime when interviewed by the Telegraph and that the only reported violence directed at Jews in the reports where at an infamous pro-Israel demonstration in the aftermath of the Gaza war. After spending the day with the heads the Jewish congregation, he recognized, that the police-reports he had did not give the full picture. Further he said that if Jews prefer to leave Sweden for Israel rather than moving to Stockholm or Gothenburg, as most evidently were according to the Jewish congregation, then it would more a question for Sweden as a country than Malmö as a city. The director of the city's Islamic Centre said that the harassment of Jews by some young Muslims was embarrassing to his community. The Islamic centre and mosque have also been regularly vandalized, allegedly the acts of Neo-Nazis who have also baited Jews in the past. [22][23][24]

Economy

The economy of Malmö was traditionally based on shipbuilding (Kockums) and construction related industries, such as concrete factories. The region's leading university, along with its associated hi-tech and pharmaceutical industries, is located in Lund about 16 km to the north-east. As a result, Malmö had a troubled economic situation following the mid-1970s. Between 1990-1995, 27,000 jobs were lost, and the budget deficit was more than one billion Swedish krona. In 1995, Malmö had Sweden's highest unemployment rate.[25]

However, during the last few years there has been a revival. The main contributing factor has been the economic integration with Denmark brought about by the Oresund Bridge. Almost 10% of the population in Malmö works in Copenhagen, Denmark. Also the university college (Malmö Högskola) founded in 1998 and the effects of integration into the European Union have contributed.

Malmö still has comparatively high unemployment figures, particularly among the ethnically and socially diverse areas in the eastern and southern parts. In 2004, the rate of wage-earners was 63%, compared to 74% in Stockholm and 71% in Gothenburg.[26]

As of 2005, the largest companies were:[27]

  • Skanska – heavy construction: 3,025 employees
  • ISS Facility Service AB – hospital service, cleaning, etc.: 1,725 employees
  • E.ON Sverige – electricity: 1,025 employees
  • Sydsvenskan – newspaper: 1,025 employees
  • Pågen – bakery: 975 employees

Education

Malmö has the country's eighth largest school of higher education with the university college Malmö Högskola established in 1998. It has 1,300 employees and 21,000 students (as of 2003).

In addition, the venerable Lund University (established in 1668) has some education located in Malmö:

  • Malmö Art Academy (Konsthögskolan i Malmö)
  • Malmö Academy of Music (Musikhögskolan i Malmö)
  • Malmö Theatre Academy (Teaterhögskolan i Malmö)
  • The Faculty of Medicine, which is located in both Malmö and Lund.

The UN World Maritime University is also located in Malmö. The World Maritime University (WMU)[28] operates under the auspices of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), a specialized agency of the United Nations. WMU thus enjoys the status, privileges and immunities of a UN institution in Sweden.

Culture

A striking depiction of Malmö was made by Bo Widerberg in his engaging debut film Kvarteret Korpen (Raven's End) (1963), largely shot in the shabby Korpen working-class district in Malmö. With humour and tenderness it depicts the tensions between classes and generations. The movie was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1965.

Theatre

Malmö Opera.

In 1944, one of the city's most enduring cultural hubs was inaugurated, Malmö Stadsteater (Malmö Municipal Theatre) with a repertory embracing both stage theatre, opera, musical, ballet, musical recitals and theatrical experiments. In 1993 it was split into three separate units, Dramatiska Teater (Dramatical Theatre), Malmö Musikteater (Music Theatre) and Skånes Dansteater (Scanian Dance Theatre) and the name was abandon. When the ownership of the last two where transferred to Region Skåne in 2006 Dramatiska Teatern retained its old name. In the 1950s Ingmar Bergman was the Director and Chief Stage Director of Malmö Stadsteater and many of his actors, like Max von Sydow and Ingrid Thulin were brought to stardom trough his films. Later stage directors include Staffan Valdemar Holm and Göran Stangertz.[29] Malmö Musikteater were renamed Malmö Operan and plays operas and musicals, classics as newly composed, on one of Scandinavia's largest opera scenes with 1,511 seats.[30] Skånes dansteater is also active and plays contemporary dance repertory and present works by Swedish and international choreographers in their house in Malmö harbour.[31]

Since the 1970s the city has also been home to a rich, if fluctuating, array of independent theatre groups and some show/musical companies. It also hosts a rich rock/dance/dub culture; in the 1960s The Rolling Stones played the Klubb Bongo, and in recent years stars like Morrissey, Nick Cave, B.B. King and Pat Metheny have made repeated visits.

The Cardigans made their start in Malmö and recorded their albums there. On 7 January 2009 CNN Travel broadcasted a segment called "MyCity_MyLife" featuring Nina Persson taking the camera to some of the sites in Malmö that she enjoys.

The Rooseum Centre for Contemporary Art, founded in 1988 by the Swedish art collector and financier Fredrik Roos and housed in a former power station which had been built in 1900, was one of the foremost centres for contemporary art in Europe during the 1980s and 1990s. By 2006, most of the collection had been sold off and the museum was on a time-out; the future of the museum foundation are still undetermined.

Museum

On 26 December 2009, Moderna Museet ("the modern museum") opened its first outpost in the old Rooseum building in Malmö. The collection of Moderna Museet holds key pieces of, among others, Marcel Duchamp, Louise Bourgeois, Pablo Picasso, Niki de Saint Phalle, Salvador Dalí, Carolee Schneemann, Henri Matisse och Robert Rauschenberg [32][33]

Topless swimming

Women have officially been given permission to swim topless in public swimming pools of the city.[34] This was decided unanimously in the City Council.[35]

As the committee for sport and recreation discussed a motion entitled "Women with a bathing outfit in two parts, should also wear the upper part." They decided that everyone must wear bathing attire, but the breasts cover is not mandatory.[36]

"We don’t decide what men should do with their torso, why then do women have to listen to the men. Moreover, many men have larger breasts than women", said a council spokesman.[37] "This is about equality. It’s a problem that a female torso in this way is sexualised. If women are forced to wear a top, should not men do the same?", explains Ragnild Karlsson to the newspaper The Local.[citation needed]

Architecture

St Peter's church in Malmö
Jugendstil Malmö synagogue

Malmö's oldest building is St Peter's Church. It was built in the early 14th century in Baltic Brick Gothic probably after St Mary's Church in Lübeck. The church is built with a nave, two aisles, a transept and a tower. Its exterior is characterized above all by the flying buttresses spanning its airy arches over the aisles and ambulatory. The tower, which fell down twice during the 15th century, got its current look in 1890.[38]

Another old building is Tunneln, 300 metres (1,000 ft) to the west of St Peter's church, which also dates back to around 1300.

The oldest parts of Malmö were built between 1300-1600 during its first major period of expansion. [citation needed] The central city's layout as well as some of its oldest buildings are from this time. Many of the smaller buildings from this time are typical Scanian: two story urban houses that show a strong Danish influence.[citation needed]

Recession followed in the ensuing centuries. The next expansion period was in the mid 19th century and led to the modern stone and brick city. This expansion lasted into the 20th century and can be seen by a number of Jugendstil buildings for which the city is known, including the Malmö synagogue. Malmö was one of the first cities in Sweden to be influenced by modern ideas of functionalist tenement architecture in the 1930s. [citation needed] Around 1965, the government initiated the so-called Million Programme, intending to offer affordable apartments in the outskirts of major Swedish cities. But this period also saw the reconstruction (and razing) of much of the historical city centre. [citation needed]

Recent years have seen a bolder, more cosmopolitan architecture. Västra Hamnen (The Western Harbour), like most of the harbour to the north of the city centre, was industrial. In 2001, however, its reconstruction began as an exclusive, albeit secluded, urban residential neighbourhood. The 500 dwelling units are extremely unique and inventive, and most were part of the exhibition Bo01. [citation needed] The exhibition had two main objectives: develop self-sufficient housing units in terms of energy and greatly diminish phosphorus emissions. Among the new buildings towers the Turning Torso, a spectacular twisting skyscraper, 190 metres (620 ft) tall, the majority of which is residential. It quickly became Malmö's new landmark within Sweden.[39][40]

Other sights

The beach Ribersborg in the western harbour, is a man-made shallow beach, stretching along Malmö's coastline. Despite Malmö's chilly climate, it is sometimes referred to as the "Riviera of the North" or the "Swedish Riviera". It is the site of Ribersborgs open-air bath, opened in the 1890s.

The long boardwalk at The Western Harbour has become a new favourite summer hang-out for the people of Malmö and is a popular place for bathing.

Events

In the third week of August each year a festival, Malmöfestivalen, fills the streets of Malmö with different kinds of cuisines and events.[41]

BUFF, the International Children and Young People's Film Festival in Malmö, takes place every year in March.

Malmö was also the host of the Eurovision Song Contest 1992, after Sweden won it the previous year.

The Nordic Games Conference, one of the most important events in the game development industry, takes place in Malmö every May The event consists of conference itself, recruitment expo and game expo and attracts hundreds of gamedev professionals every year.

Media

Sydsvenska Dagbladet, founded in 1870, is since 2000 Malmö's only full-size daily newspaper, and also one of its larger employers (see section Economy). It has an average circulation of 130,000. Apart from Sydsvenskan, there are few media companies in the city, though a number of free-of-charge papers, generally dealing with entertainment, music and fashion have local editions (for instance City, Rodeo, Metro and Nöjesguiden). There are regional Scanian TV and radio broadcasts; these do however serve most of Scania, and are also attained on the other side of the strait.

Sports

File:Nya Malmö Stadion.jpg
Swedbank Stadion.
Malmö Arena.

The most popular football team in Malmö is Malmö FF, in the top-level Allsvenskan. They had their period of glamour in the 1970s and 1980s, when they won the league several times. In 1979, they advanced to the finals of the European Cup, now the UEFA Champions League. Then followed some meager years, until they in 2004 won the Allsvenskan again. This is also where Zlatan Ibrahimović started his professional football-career. Malmö was also one of the four cities to host the 2009 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship that was held in Sweden, and hosted the final.

The second most notable team is Malmö Redhawks, in ice hockey. They were the creation of a millionaire and quickly rose to the highest rank in the 1990s, They play their home games at newly built Malmö Arena. Malmö even has its own baseball team, the Malmö Pilots, founded in 1980. The name "Pilots" is from the original location of the club at Bulltofta Airfield. Nowadays the club is located down at Limhamnsfältet. Malmö also has an American football team, the Limhamn Griffins, who have won the Swedish national championship in American football four times; in 1993, 1994, 2007, and 2009.[citation needed]

Malmö also has an Australian football team, the Port Malmö Maulers, who participate in the Danish Australian Football League. In 2009, they became the first team from outside North Zealand to win the DAFL premiership.

HK Malmö, The Handball club plays in the highest handball division in Sweden.

See also

References

  • Template:PDFlink – in English. From the municipal webpage, PDF format.
  • "Malmö stad - Statistik". Malmo.se. Retrieved 2010-02-05. Template:Sv icon
Notes
  1. ^ a b c "Tätorternas landareal, folkmängd och invånare per km2 2000 och 2005" (xls) (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. Retrieved 2009-05-10.
  2. ^ a b (Statistics Sweden) Kommunarealer den 1 January 2008 (excel-file, in Swedish) Municipalities in Sweden and their areas, as of 1 January 2008. Retrieved on 2008-10-12.
  3. ^ a b "Nu är vi över 290 000! - Malmö - Sydsvenskan - Nyheter dygnet runt". Sydsvenskan.se. Retrieved 2010-02-05.
  4. ^ a b (Statistics Sweden) Folkmängd i riket, län och kommuner 30 juni 2008 och befolkningsförändringar första halvåret 2008 (in Swedish) Retrieved on 2008-10-12.
  5. ^ Malmö - mångfaldens stad
  6. ^ (Statistics Sweden) Storstadsområden (excel-file, in Swedish) Definitions of Metropolitan Areas in Sweden. Retrieved on 2008-10-12.
  7. ^ "15 Green Cities | Grist | Main Dish | 19 July 2007". Grist. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
  8. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1911), article Malmö
  9. ^ Nordisk familjebok article Malmö.
  10. ^ Runeberg, NF, History, start Template:Sv icon.
  11. ^ Nationalencyklopedin article Malmö; Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1911).
  12. ^ "Weather Information for Malmo". World Weather Information Service. Retrieved 30 November 2009.
  13. ^ "CMP". Cmport.com. 2010-01-15. Retrieved 2010-02-05.
  14. ^ In all official contexts, the town Malmö calls itself "Malmö stad" (or City of Malmö), as does a small number of other Swedish municipalities, and especially the other two metropolitans of Sweden: Stockholm and Gothenburg. However, the term city has administratively been discontinued in Sweden.
  15. ^ Nationalencyklopedin, Article Malmö
  16. ^ "Malmö stad folkmängd" – City of Malmö website
  17. ^ "Befolkningsprognos för Malmö" (in Northern Sami). Malmö Stad. Retrieved 2007-12-29.
  18. ^ "Malmöbor med utländsk bakgrund". Malmö stad. Retrieved 2010-05-28.
  19. ^ "Malmöbor födda i utlandet, 1 jan 2010". Malmö stad. Retrieved 2010-05-28.
  20. ^ 1: Haparanda Municipality (40%), 2: Botkyrka Municipality (33%) 3: Malmö Municipality (25%), 4:Södertälje Municipality (25%), 5: Huddinge Municipality (22%) Template:Sv icon MALMÖBOR MED UTLÄNDSK BAKGRUND 1 January 2006. All figures as of 2006.
  21. ^ "Gör din egen sökning" (in Swedish). Brottsförebyggande rådet. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
  22. ^ Jews leave Swedish city after sharp rise in anti-Semitic hate crimes Sunday Telegraph. 21 February 2010
  23. ^ Tjønn, Halvor (26 February 2010). "Jøder rømmer Malmö". Aftenposten.
  24. ^ "Reepalu vs judiska församlingen". Sveriges Radio (in Swedish). 25 February 2010.
  25. ^ City of Malmö website, [1] Template:Svicon
  26. ^ City of Malmö website [2], in turned based on material from Statistics Sweden
  27. ^ Source: City of Malmö website – "Malmös största företag"
  28. ^ "World Maritime University". Wmu.se. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
  29. ^ "Malmö Stadsteater" (in Swedish). Retrieved 2 February 2010.
  30. ^ "Malmö Opera och Musikteater". Retrieved 2 February 2010.
  31. ^ "About us | Skånes Dansteater". Retrieved 2 February 2010.
  32. ^ "Malmö stad - Moderna Museet Malmö" (in Swedish). Retrieved 2 February 2010.
  33. ^ "Samlingen - Moderna Museet" (in Swedish). Retrieved 2 February 2010.
  34. ^ "Malmö win for topless Swedish bathers - The Local". Thelocal.se. Retrieved 2009-07-23.
  35. ^ "Women fight for right to bare breasts - The Local". Thelocal.se. 2009-07-01. Retrieved 2009-07-23.
  36. ^ The Earthtimes. "Swedish feminists win partial approval for topless swimming: Europe World". Earthtimes.org. Retrieved 2009-07-23.
  37. ^ "Swedish city legalizes topless bathing....at public swimming pools". Inquisitr.com. 2009-06-27. Retrieved 2009-07-23.
  38. ^ "Svenska kyrkan - Malmö S:t Petri församling - S:t Petri kyrka - Malmös katedral" (in Swedish). Retrieved 2 February 2010.
  39. ^ Arkitekterna som formade Malmö, Tyke Tykesson (1996), ISBN 9172031131
  40. ^ Web site Malmö Arkitekturhistoria Arkitekturhistoria, a brief compilation made by Malmö Public Library website. Accessed 19/05 -06. Has a substantial reference section. Template:Sv icon
  41. ^ http://www.malmofestivalen.se/
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