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Manichitrathazhu

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Manichitrathazhu
Featuring Mohanlal and Suresh Gopi, with Fazil holding on to a camera at the bottom
Theatrical release poster
Directed byFazil
Written byMadhu Muttam
Produced bySwargachitra Appachan
Starring
Cinematography
Edited byT. R. Shekar
Music bySongs:
M.G. Radhakrishnan
Background Score:
Johnson
Lyrics:
Bichu Thirumala
Production
company
Distributed bySwargachitra Release
Release date
  • 25 December 1993 (1993-12-25)
Running time
157 minutes
CountryIndia
LanguageMalayalam
Budget₹30 lakh[1]
Box office₹6.88 crore[2]
₹3.71 crore (re-release)[3]

Manichitrathazhu (transl. The Ornate Lock) is a 1993 Indian Malayalam-language epic psychological horror film directed by Fazil, written by Madhu Muttam and produced by Swargachitra Appachan.[4] The film stars Mohanlal, Suresh Gopi, and Shobana. It also features Thilakan, Nedumudi Venu, Innocent, Vinaya Prasad, K. P. A. C. Lalitha, Sridhar, K.B. Ganesh Kumar, Sudheesh.It was Mohanlal's 200th film.[5]

Sibi Malayil, Priyadarshan and Siddique–Lal served as the second-unit directors, who worked separately but simultaneously with Fazil to speed up the filming process. The cinematography was handled by Venu, while Anandakuttan and Sunny Joseph served as the second-unit cinematographers, and the film was edited by T. R. Shekar. The original songs were composed by M. G. Radhakrishnan, while the original score was composed by Johnson. Although Mohanlal is credited as a lead actor, the main role belongs to Shobhana,[6] who won the National Film Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of Ganga / Nagavalli. The film won the National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment.[7][8] The film also won three Kerala state awards -- Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value (1994), Best Actress and Best Make-up Artist (PN Mani).[9]

The film thematically followed Swapnadanam's theme which was unusual and not common in Indian cinema at the time.[10] The film completed 300 days of run in many theatres.[11][12] Manichitrathazhu was remade in four languages – in Kannada as Apthamitra (2004) (with some plot changes) which in turn was remade in Tamil as Chandramukhi (2005), in Bengali as Rajmohol (2005) and in Hindi as Bhool Bhulaiyaa  (2007)– all being commercially successful. Madhu has been credited as the sole writer for the remakes after he filed a copyright suit against Fazil when the latter started being listed as the writer of the original script in the remakes.[13][14] Geethaanjali, a spin-off directed by Priyadarshan with Mohanlal reprising the role of Dr. Sunny Joseph was made in 2013.

Manichitrathazhu received widespread critical acclaim upon release and is considered by many critics as one of the best films in Malayalam cinema, and developed a cult following, years after its release.[15] It has also been regarded as one of the best psychological thrillers in Indian cinema.[16] It was listed among the "70 Iconic Films of Indian Cinema" by Mint in 2017.[17] A digitally remastered 4K Dolby Atmos version of Manichitrathazhu was released in theatres on 17 August 2024.[18]

Plot

[edit]

Nakulan and his wife, Ganga, decide to take a vacation to Nakulan's ancestral village in Kerala. Despite strict warnings from elder family members, Nakulan insists on residing at their sprawling ancestral mansion, the Madampalli Tharavad, which is widely rumored to be haunted. Unwilling to leave the couple unescorted, the extended family joins them at the estate. Upon arrival, they are explicitly cautioned to avoid the "Thekkini", a heavily secured and locked southern wing of the house. Local lore dictates that 150 years prior, the family's powerful patriarch, Karanavar Sankaran Thambi, became infatuated with a court dancer named Nagavalli during a trip to Thanjavur and brought her back to the mansion. However, Nagavalli was secretly in love with another dancer, Ramanathan, who moved into an adjacent cottage to continue their clandestine affair. Upon discovering the betrayal, the enraged Karanavar brutally murdered them both. Legend holds that Nagavalli's vengeful spirit has remained trapped within the locked room ever since.

Ganga, a deeply curious skeptic, views the supernatural warnings as mere superstition. She persuades Nakulan's cousin, Alli, to help her illicitly acquire the keys and unlock the forbidden wing. Shortly after the room is opened, a series of disturbing and seemingly paranormal occurrences plague the household: apparitions are sighted, domestic objects shatter inexplicably, and Ganga's saree mysteriously catches fire. Traditional purification rituals and pujas fail to quell the disturbances. Given her history of melancholy and a string of coincidences, the terrified family begins to suspect that another cousin, Sridevi, has been possessed by Nagavalli’s malignant spirit.

Deeply concerned, Nakulan summons his close friend, Dr. Sunny Joseph, a brilliant and eccentric United States-based Indian psychiatrist, to evaluate the situation. Sunny immediately encounters erratic phenomena, including a near-fatal assault on Alli and the haunting sound of a woman singing and dancing in Tamil coming from the re-locked Thekkini at midnight. Adopting the vocal persona of the historical Karanavar, Sunny engages in a dialogue with the unseen entity, who identifies herself as Nagavalli and vows to decapitate the Karanavar on the impending night of Durgashtami. To piece together the puzzle, Sunny conducts field research in the nearby village of Evoor. Later, when an unknown individual attempts to poison Nakulan's tea, Sunny publicly blames the incident on Sridevi and locks her in her quarters, seemingly validating the family's supernatural suspicions.

The night before Durgashtami, Sunny intervenes in a chaotic scene where Ganga appears to be aggressively harassed by Alli's fiancé, Mahadevan, who vehemently protests his innocence. Armed with clinical evidence, Sunny diagnoses the true root of the haunting: Ganga is suffering from severe Dissociative Identity Disorder. He deduces that her childhood fixation on folklore, combined with the stress of the haunted mansion, caused her to internalize the persona of Nagavalli. In her altered state, Ganga perceives Mahadevan as her lost lover Ramanathan, and her husband Nakulan as the hated Karanavar whom she must execute on Durgashtami. Sunny confides the clinical reality to Sridevi, who agrees to assist him. Meanwhile, the skeptical elders summon a renowned tantric expert, Pullattuparam Brahmadathan Namboodiri, to perform an exorcism. Fortunately, the Namboodiri turns out to be an old associate of Sunny and agrees to seamlessly integrate the psychological therapy into his traditional rituals.

On Durgashtami night, Ganga fully submerges into her homicidal Nagavalli alter-ego. Believing Mahadevan to be Ramanathan, she follows him into the elaborate ritual courtyard prepared by the Namboodiri. The tantric master converses with the persona, promising to facilitate her revenge by allowing her to behead the Karanavar, but in turn, she has to leave Ganga's body. Nakulan is brought forward as the target. Just as Ganga raises the sword to strike, the Namboodiri dispenses dense smoke and sacred ash directly into her face, momentarily blinding her. Capitalizing on the distraction, Sunny rapidly twists a lever and replaces Nakulan with a lifelike straw dummy. The blind fury of the Nagavalli persona drives her to hack the dummy to pieces. Fully convinced that she has finally avenged her murder, the vengeful alter-ego permanently leaves her body.

With the underlying trauma resolved, Sunny utilizes targeted psychiatric therapy to rehabilitate Ganga. The narrative concludes as the unified family bids a warm farewell to the couple. Before departing for the United States, Sunny proposes in a unique way to Sridevi, who happily accepts.

Cast

[edit]
Shobhana was awarded the National Film Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of Ganga / Nagavalli.

Production

[edit]

Development

[edit]

Then young directors Sibi Malayil, Priyadarshan and Siddique–Lal served as the second-unit directors, who worked separately but simultaneously with veteran director Fazil to significantly speed up the filming process.[21][22] The cinematography was by Venu, Anandakuttan and Sunny Joseph served as the second-unit cinematographers, the film was edited by T. R. Shekar. The original songs were composed by M. G. Radhakrishnan, while the original score was composed by Johnson. Mohanlal, though credited as a lead actor, has been noted to have only an extended cameo, the main role being that of Shobhana.[22]

Filming

[edit]
Filming took place in Padmanabhapuram of Kanyakumari district.

The haunted Thekkini room was created inside the Vasan House in Chennai, the house of late S. S. Vasan, the founder of Gemini Studios. It was one of the film's key locations apart from Padmanabhapuram Palace and Hill Palace, Tripunithura. The major parts of the film were filmed at Hill Palace, Tripunithura and the climax was filmed at Padmanabhapuram Palace.[23] The painting of Nagavalli was made by artist R. Madhavan, drawn without a live model.[24]

Dubbing credits

[edit]

Shobana's voice was dubbed by two dubbing artistes—Bhagyalakshmi and Durga. Bhagyalakshmi dubbed her voice for Ganga, while Durga gave voice to the character's alter-ego, Nagavalli. Nagavalli's voice is heard only in a minor part of the film compared to Ganga's. Durga was not credited in the film or its publicity material and until 2016, the popular belief was that Bhagyalakshmi solely dubbed both voices.[25][26]

In January 2016, in an article Ormapookkal published by Manorama Weekly, Fazil revealed that initially Bhagyalakshmi dubbed for both Ganga and Nagavalli, but during post-production, some of the crew, including editor Shekar, had a feeling that both voices sounded somewhat similar even though Bhagyalakshmi tried altering her voice for Nagavalli. Since Nagavalli's dialogues are in the Tamil language, Fazil hired Tamil dubbing artist Durga for the part. But he forgot to inform Bhagyalakshmi, hence she was also unaware of it for a long time. Fazil did not credit Durga in the film; according to him, it was a difficult to make changes in the titles at that time, which was already prepared and her portion in the film was minor. The credits included only Bhagyalakshmi as the dubbing artiste for Shobana.[27] Other dubbing artistes were Anandavally and Ambili, who dubbed for Vinaya Prasad and Rudra.[28]

Soundtrack

[edit]

The soundtrack for the film was composed by M. G. Radhakrishnan which went on to become one of the most popular soundtrack in Malayalam.[29] The album consists of nine tracks. The lyrics in Malayalam is written by Bichu Thirumala and Madhu Muttam and lyrics in Tamil are written by Vaali.[30]

Manichitrathazhu
Soundtrack album by
M. G. Radhakrishnan
Released24 December 1993
Recorded1993
VenueChennai
StudioKodandapani Audio Laboratories
GenreFilm Soundtrack
Length64:50
LabelWilson Audios
ProducerM. G. Radhakrishnan
M. G. Radhakrishnan chronology
Meghasangeetham
(1993)		 Manichitrathazhu
(1993)		 Kashmeeram
(1994)
No.TitleLyricsSinger(s)Length
1."Pazhamthamizh Paattizhayum"Bichu ThirumalaK. J. Yesudas 
2."Varuvaanillarumee"Madhu MuttamK. S. Chithra 
3."Oru Murai Vanthu"Vaali (Tamil), Bichu ThirumalaK. S. Chithra, K. J. Yesudas 
4."Kumbham Kulathil Ariyathe"Bichu ThirumalaK. J. Yesudas 
5."Akkuthikkuthanakkombil"Bichu ThirumalaG. Venugopal, K. S. Chithra, Sujatha Mohan, M. G. Radhakrishnan 
6."Palavattam Pookkaalam"Madhu MuttamK. J. Yesudas 
7."Uthunga Shailangalkkum"Bichu ThirumalaSujatha Mohan 
8."Oru Murai Vanthu Paaraayo"VaaliSujatha Mohan 

Release

[edit]

Manichitrathazhu was released on 25 December 1993,[31] and performed well at the box office, becoming the highest-grossing Malayalam film at the time.[32][33][34] It ran for more than 365 days in few theatres.[35] The psychological thriller received widespread praise for blending horror, culture, and science.

Awards

[edit]
Award Ceremony Category Nominee(s) Result Ref.
National Film Awards 41st National Film Awards Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment Swargachitra Appachan, Fazil Won [36]
Best Actress Shobana Won
Kerala State Film Awards 34th Kerala State Film Awards Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value Swargachitra Appachan, Fazil Won [37]
Best Actress Shobana Won
Best Makeup Artist P. N. Mani Won
Kerala Film Critics Association Awards 17th Kerala Film Critics Association Awards Best Actor Suresh Gopi Won [38]
Best Actress Shobana Won
Best Music Director M. G. Radhakrishnan Won
Special Jury Award Fazil Won

Themes

[edit]

The story is inspired by a real life tragedy that happened in the Alummoottil family located at Muttom (near Haripad), belonging to central Travancore. The inheritor of the Alummoottil property and his domestic worker girl were murdered by the son-in-law after he had been written-off from the marumakkathayam system of inheritance prevalent in Kerala at the time. The murder gave rise to many local legends which serve as the basis for the film. Muttam, the writer of the film, confirmed the film was inspired by real-life events as he is a member of the Alummoottil tharavad through his maternal family.[39]


Certain themes that were discussed in the movie were Ganga's Mental health disorders and why it's important to turn to science rather than trust conventional modes of treatments as well as Dr. Sunny and Nakulan's passionate friendship, all of which were rare in Indian cinema, creating a unique blend which received a positive response from the audience.[40]

The film also deals with the devadasi courtesan practice formerly prevalent in southern India and its patronage by local Nair chieftains, caste prejudices and Tantric cults.[41]

Legacy

[edit]

Manichitrathazhu is considered as a classic and is hailed as one of the best films ever made in Indian cinema.[10] The film has consistently fetched maximum ratings for its television screenings.[10] Even thirty years after its release, it has been screened more than 12 times a year on an average on Kerala's leading TV channel, Asianet.[10] The film has received the maximum TRP rating on every screening; TRP ratings have increased every year, a rare record for a film produced in Kerala.[10][42] For many Malayalis, Manichitrathazhu is a part of their cultural lives.[43]

In a 2013 online poll in India by IBN Live, Manichitrathazhu was voted second among India's greatest films, by the audience. The poll was conducted as part of the celebration of Indian cinema completing 100 years. The poll constituted a list of 100 films from different Indian languages.[34] A saree featuring Shobhana in a song scene from this film was released in the market as the Nagavali saree.[44]

One of the most memorable or defining scenes of the movie where Nakulan provokes Ganga to transform into the Nagavalli persona was recreated in later Malayalam films like Om Shanti Oshana.[45]

The film was re-released in theatres after 30 years in August 2024.[46]

"Vijanaveedhi", a Malayalam horror novel by Aswathi Thirunal, has been listed by some as an inspiration for the film, though director Fazil and writer Madhu both deny this.[47]

Remakes

[edit]
Language Title Year Cast Director Notes
Kannada Apthamitra 2004 Vishnuvardhan, Soundarya Ramesh P. Vasu Some plot changes made by the director
Tamil Chandramukhi 2005 Rajinikanth, Jyothika, Prabhu
Bengali Rajmohol 2005 Prosenjit Chatterjee, Anu Choudhury Swapan Saha
Hindi Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2007 Akshay Kumar, Vidya Balan, Paresh Rawal, Shiney Ahuja Priyadarshan

Spin-off

[edit]

A spin-off titled Geethaanjali was released on 14 November, 2013, directed by Priyadarshan, with Mohanlal reprising his role as Sunny and Suresh Gopi as Nakulan in a cameo appearance.[48]

Sequel series

[edit]

In August 2020, producer Bhavachithra Jayakumar, known for the production of several successful films and soap operas, announced plans to develop a television serial which is a sequel of Manichitrathazhu as a direct follow-on from the film’s ending. According to Jayakumar, the story was to resume with Dr. Sunny, Nakulan and Ganga departing for Kolkata at the film’s conclusion, and continue with the couple’s journey to their ancestral home in Kolkata, exploring Ganga’s relatives. Simultaneously, the series would trace Nagavalli’s backstory set in Thanjavur, particularly around the Brihadisvara Temple. The adaptation followed an initial consideration to make it a web series, but Jayakumar decided the television format would be more suitable. Although location recce had been completed, casting was not finalized, and production faced delays owing to COVID-19-related quarantines and restrictions.[49]

Movie Trivia

[edit]

1. The role of Dr. Sunny potrayed by Mohanlal was initially planned to be a more serious character and Director Fazil had decided to cast Mammooty. Later on, they decided to add a comical aspect to the character and roped in Mohanlal.[50]

2. Most of the important sequences are shot at Hill Palace, Kochi but the most integral song of the movie, "Oru Murai Vanthu" was completely shot at the Padmanabhapuram Palace, Tamil Nadu.[51]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ Chandran, Priyesh (13 August 2024). "From 'Spadikam' to 'Manichitrathazhu': Understanding film remastering". Mathrubhumi. Retrieved 6 November 2024.
  2. ↑ Sreedhar, Sajil (11 April 2025). "Mohanlal: The star who blends acting brilliance with box office might". OnManorama. Retrieved 5 June 2025.
  3. ↑ "മണിച്ചിത്രത്താഴ് റീ-റിലീസിൽ കൊയ്തത് കോടികൾ" [Manichitrathazhu re-release box office collection]. Indian Express (in Malayalam). Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  4. ↑ "Made in Malayalam". The Times of India. 6 March 2016. Archived from the original on 22 September 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
  5. ↑ "High five". The Hindu. 16 June 2016. Archived from the original on 11 July 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
  6. ↑ "Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema". indiancine.ma. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  7. ↑ "30 years on, 'Manichitrathazhu' still a blockbuster at Keraleeyam!". Onmanorama. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  8. ↑ Staff, T. N. M. (4 November 2023). "Thirty years later, Manichitrathazhu has 2000 people waiting in queue for four hours". The News Minute. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  9. ↑ Raj, Amal (17 August 2024). "31 years of 'Manichitrathazhu': A legacy set for its re-release". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 15 November 2024.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 "Of Bhool Bhulaiya, and a classic dumbed down". Rediff.com. 16 October 2007. Archived from the original on 27 June 2014. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
  11. ↑ George, A. B. (14 April 2020). "Highest Grossing Malayalam Movies (Year 1980–1999)". FilmBiopsy. Archived from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
  12. ↑ "Laila Majnu, Manichitrathazhu: Indians flock to cinemas to watch older films". BBC News. 26 August 2024. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  13. ↑ G., Venugopal (31 August 2024). "കോടതി കയറിയ മണിച്ചിത്രത്താഴ്; വരുമോ ഒരു രണ്ടാം ഭാഗം?" [Manichitrathazhu creator Madhu Muttam]. Mathrubhumi (in Malayalam). Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  14. ↑ [Muttom vs Fazil] [2007] KHC 256 (19 September 2007), Kerala High Court.
  15. ↑ "Best Malayalam Movies: 10 Malayalam films to watch before you die". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
  16. ↑ "India's 'best' psychological thriller turns 25". The Week. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  17. ↑ "70 Iconic Films of Indian Cinema". livemint.com. 18 August 2017.
  18. ↑ "'Manichitrathazhu': 4K restored version of Shobana, Mohanlal and Suresh Gopi starrer gets a release date". The Hindu. 18 July 2024. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
  19. ↑ "Durga, the crouching Nagavalli in 'Manichithrathazhu'". OnManorama. 14 October 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rajan, Silpa (24 September 2021). "#FilmyFriday: Manichitrathazhu: A classic psychological thriller, weaved with elements of horror". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
  21. ↑ Nair, Sree Prasad (22 April 2016). "4 Mohanlal film remakes that Akshay Kumar owned". CatchNews.com. Archived from the original on 8 January 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  22. 1 2 "Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema". indiancine.ma. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  23. ↑ Menon, Neelima (24 December 2018). ""It Will Be A Huge Flop". 20 Fascinating Facts About The Making Of Manichitrathazhu, In Fazil's Words". Film Companion. Archived from the original on 22 May 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
  24. ↑ "നാഗവല്ലിയെ വരച്ചത് ആര്, ഇതാ ഉത്തരവുമായി ഒരു കുറിപ്പ്". Asianet News (in Malayalam). 6 June 2020. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
  25. ↑ James, Anu (9 January 2016). "It wasn't Bhagyalakshmi who dubbed for classic character Nagavalli in Manichitrathazhu, director Fazil reveals". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
  26. ↑ "Fazil gives dubbing artist Durga her due after 23 years, maybe she should have said 'Vidamaate'". thenewsminute.com. Archived from the original on 9 August 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  27. ↑ James, Anu (11 January 2016). "Nagavalli-Manichitrathazhu controversy: Dubbing artist Bhagyalakshmi, director Fazil break their silence". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 25 January 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
  28. ↑ Biscoot Regional (20 September 2013). "Manichitrathazhu 1993: Malayalam Full Movie | #Malayalam Movie Online | Mohanlal Movies | Shobana". YouTube. Biscoot Regional. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  29. ↑ "Revisiting Manichitrathazhu ahead of Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2: How Shobana's Nagavalli can make a million Manjulikas pale". The Indian Express. 19 May 2022. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
  30. ↑ "Manichitrathazhu at MSI". Archived from the original on 20 March 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  31. ↑ Nathan, Archana (20 December 2018). "Fazil on his classic 'Manichithrathazhu': 'Everything came together to make the film happen'". Scroll.in. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
  32. ↑ James, Anu (5 December 2016). "Mohanlal's Manichitrathazhu gets a trailer after 23 years". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  33. ↑ "25 Years Of Manichithrathazhu: Shobhana, Director Fazil Pay Tribute To Iconic Malayalam Film". HuffPost. 24 December 2018. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
  34. 1 2 IBN Live (12 May 2013). "'Mayabazar' is India's greatest film ever: IBNLive poll". News18. Archived from the original on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  35. ↑ "10 Mollywood films that ran for the longest time". The Times of India. Times News Network. 31 May 2016. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  36. ↑ "41st National Film Awards". International Film Festival of India. Directorate of Film Festivals. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  37. ↑ "State Film Awards". prd.kerala.gov.in. Department of Information and Public Relations. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  38. ↑ "Kerala Film Critics Association Awards - 1977-2012". Kerala Film Critics Association. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
  39. ↑ G., Venugopal (31 August 2024). "കോടതി കയറിയ മണിച്ചിത്രത്താഴ്; വരുമോ ഒരു രണ്ടാം ഭാഗം?" [Manichitrathazhu creator Madhu Muttam]. Mathrubhumi (in Malayalam). Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  40. ↑ Antony, Arun. "The timeless legacy of 'Manichithrathazhu'". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  41. ↑ "Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema". indiancine.ma. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  42. ↑ "Manichithrathazhu has received the maximum TRP rating!". The Times of India. Times News Network. 17 November 2014. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  43. ↑ "The women of 'Manichitrathazhu': How the Malayalam classic tames the 'shrew'". The News Minute. 6 January 2018. Archived from the original on 27 August 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  44. ↑ "മണിച്ചിത്രത്താഴ്". M3DB. Archived from the original on 7 January 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
  45. ↑ "25 years of Manichitrathazhu: Why this Malayalam classic remains unsurpassed". The News Minute. Archived from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
  46. ↑ "Mohanlal-starrer Manichitrathazhu Re-Releases In Theatres After 30 Years". News18. 4 November 2023. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  47. ↑ V, Govind Krishnan (9 October 2022). "Republishing of 1985 horror novel revives Manichithrathazhu plagiarism row". The News Minute. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
  48. ↑ Nagarajan, Saraswathy (1 August 2013). "Return of Dr. Sunny". The Hindu. Retrieved 6 February 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  49. ↑ "Manichitrathazhu's TV adaptation to trace Ganga's and Nagavalli's journeys". The Times of India. 25 August 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2025.
  50. ↑ https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2017/manichitrathazhu-here-are-8-facts-that-you-didnt-know-about-the-movie-mohanlal-suresh-gopi-shobana-259036.html
  51. ↑ https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2017/manichitrathazhu-here-are-8-facts-that-you-didnt-know-about-the-movie-mohanlal-suresh-gopi-shobana-259036.html
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