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List of Protestant martyrs of the English Reformation

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This article is about the Protestant martyrs. For the Catholic martyrs, see List of Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation.

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Plaque in Maidstone, Kent, commemorating those burnt nearby

Protestants were executed in England under heresy laws during the reigns of Henry VIII (1509–1547) and Mary I (1553–1558), and in smaller numbers during the reigns of Edward VI (1547–1553), Elizabeth I (1558–1603), and James I (1603–1625). Most were executed in the short reign of Mary I in what is called the Marian persecutions. Protestant theologian and activist John Foxe described "the great persecutions & horrible troubles, the suffering of martyrs, and other such thinges" in his contemporaneously-published Book of Martyrs.

Protestants in England and Wales were executed under legislation that punished anyone judged guilty of heresy against Catholicism. Although the standard penalty for those convicted of treason in England at the time was execution by being hanged, drawn and quartered, this legislation adopted the punishment of burning the condemned. At least 280 people were recognised as burned over the five years of Mary I's reign by contemporary sources.

Historical context

[edit]
Part of a series on the
History of the Church of England
Westminster Abbey (1749) by Canaletto
Middle Ages (597–1500)
Reformation (1509–1559)
Elizabethan Church (1558–1603)
Jacobean period (1603–1625)
Caroline period (1625–1649)
1649–1688
1700–1950

English Reformation

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The English Reformation had put a stop to Catholic ecclesiastical governance in England, asserted royal supremacy over the English Church and dissolved some church institutions, such as monasteries and chantries.

An important year in the English Reformation was 1547, when Protestantism became a new force under the child-king Edward VI, England's first Protestant ruler. Edward died at age 15 in 1553. His relative Lady Jane Grey claimed the throne but was deposed by Edward's Catholic half-sister, Mary I.[1]: p62 

Persecution of Protestants under Mary I (1553–1558)

[edit]
Marian martyrs memorial: Cotham Church, Bristol

The relationship between the English church and Rome was restored at the accession of Queen Mary I to the English throne in 1553. With her repeal of all religious legislation passed under Edward VI, Protestants faced a choice: exile, reconciliation/conversion, or punishment.[2]: p.186  Many people were exiled, and hundreds of dissenters were burned at the stake, earning her the nickname of "Bloody Mary".[3] The number of people executed for their faith during the persecutions is thought to be at least 287, including 56 women.[4] Thirty others died in prison.[5]: p.79 

Although the so-called "Marian Persecutions" began with four clergymen, relics of Edwardian England's Protestantism,[2]: p.196  Foxe's Book of Martyrs offers an account of the executions, which extended well beyond the anticipated targets – high-level clergy. Tradesmen were also burned, as well as married men and women, sometimes in unison, "youths" and at least one couple was burned alive with their daughter.[2]: p.196  The figure of 300 victims of the Marian Persecutions was given by Foxe[6] and later by Thomas Brice in his poem, "The Regester".[7]

English Inquisition and the judicial process

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However bloody the end, the trials of Protestant heretics were judicial affairs, presided by bishops (most notably Bishop Bonner) adhering to a strict legal protocol under the privy council, with Parliament's blessing.[2]: p.195  Mary had difficulty forming an efficient Privy Council, which eventually numbered over 40 and never worked as a source of political advice, though it effectively pursued police work and enforcement of religious uniformity.[1]: p62-65  During the session that restored the realm to papal obedience Parliament reinstated the heresy laws.[2]: p.196  From 20 January 1555, England could legally punish those judged guilty of heresy against the Roman Catholic faith.[5]: p.91 

Thus it became a matter of establishing the guilt or innocence of an accused heretic in open court – a process which the lay authorities employed to reclaim "straying sheep" and to set a precedent for authentic Catholic teaching.[5]: p.102  If found guilty, the accused were first excommunicated, then handed over to the secular authorities for execution.[5]: p.102  The official records of the trials are limited to formal accusations, sentences, and so forth; the documents to which historians look for context and detail are those written by the accused or their supporters.[5]: p.102 

John Rogers' execution

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Before Mary's ascent to the throne, John Foxe, one of the few clerics of his day who was against the burning of even obstinate heretics, had approached the Royal Chaplain and Protestant preacher, John Rogers to intervene on behalf of Joan Bocher, a female Anabaptist who was sentenced to death by burning in 1550.[2]: p.193  Rogers refused to help, as he supported the burning of heretics. Rogers claimed that the method of execution was "sufficiently mild" for a crime as grave as heresy.[5]: p.87  Later, after Mary I came to power and restored England to Catholicism, John Rogers spoke quite vehemently against the new order and was himself burnt as a heretic.[5]: p.97 

Legacy

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Throughout the course of the persecutions, Foxe lists 312 individuals who were burnt or hanged for their faith, or died or sickened in prison. Three of these people are commemorated with a gothic memorial in Oxford, England, but there are many other memorials across England.[8] They are known locally as the "Marian Martyrs".

English saints and martyrs of the Reformation era are remembered in the Church of England with a Lesser Festival on 4 May.[9]

Martyrs executed

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Order of death. Name Residence Description Date of execution Place of execution References
Protestants executed under Henry VIII
1. Thomas Hitton Martham, Norfolk clergyman – priest burnt 23 February 1530 Maidstone, Kent [10]
2. Thomas Benet Exeter, Devon teacher burnt 15 January 1531 Exeter, Devon [11]
3. Thomas Bilney Taken at Norwich, Norfolk clergyman – priest burnt 19 August 1531 Lollards Pit, Norwich, Norfolk [12]
4. Richard Bayfield Taken at Mark Lane, London monk – Benedictine (former) and chamberlain of Bury St Edmunds Abbey burnt 27 November 1531 Smithfield, London [13]
5. John Tewkesbury St Michael-le-Querne Parish, Paternoster Row, London leatherseller burnt December 1531 Smithfield, London [14]
6. 'An old man' Buckinghamshire burnt 1531 [15][n 1]
7. Davy Foster Yorkshire poor artificer burnt 1531 [16][17]
8. James Bainham Middle Temple, London lawyer burnt 30 April 1532 Smithfield, London [18]
9. John Bent Urchfont, Wiltshire burnt in or before April 1532 Devizes, Wiltshire [19]
10. ... Trapnel burnt in or before April 1532 Bradford, Wiltshire [19]
11. Thomas Harding Chesham, Buckinghamshire 'aged father' his brains were dashed out with a billet of wood while he was being burnt at the stake, May 1532 Chesham, Buckinghamshire [20]
12. John Frith Westerham, then Sevenoaks, Kent[21] – Taken after he had been preaching at Bow Lane, London clergyman – canon at Cardinal College, Oxford burnt 4 July 1533 Smithfield, London [22]
13. Andrew Hewet Watling Street, London (born in Faversham, Kent) apprentice to a tailor
14.–23. Ten Dutchmen counted for Anabaptists – Segor, Derycke, Symon, Runa, Derycke, Dominicke, Dauid, Cornelius, Elken and Milo burnt 1535 'sundry places of the realm' [23][24]
24. Robert Pakington Cheapside, London mercer murdered 13 November 1536 Cheapside, London [25]
25. William Cowbridge Wantage, Berkshire clergyman (purported) – 'exercised the office of a priest, in teaching and administering of the sacraments, but being no priest indeed' burnt after – probably shortly after – 22 July 1538 Oxford, Oxfordshire [25][26][n 2]
26. John Lambert The Stocks – a market for meat and fish in the City of London clergyman – priest, and teacher of Greek and Latin burnt 22 November 1538 Smithfield, London [27]
27. ... Puttedew Suffolk burnt in or before 1538 Suffolk [25]
28. William Leiton or Leyton Eye Priory, Eye, Suffolk monk – Benedictine burnt in or before 1538 Norwich, Norfolk [25]
29. -30 Two Anabaptists, a man and a woman Dutch burnt 29 November 1538 Smithfield, London [28]
31. Giles Germane burnt 1539 St Giles in the Fields, outside London [29]
32. Launcelot ... servant of the king
33. John ... painter
34.–36. Three Anabaptists – ... Mandeville, ... Collins and another burnt 29 April 1539 Newington Causeway, outside London [30]
37. William Collins London lawyer and gentleman burnt 7 July 1540 Smithfield, London or Southwark [25][26][n 3]
38. Robert Barnes Austin Friary, Cambridge (until 1528) monk – Augustinian burnt 30 July 1540 Smithfield, London [31]
39. Thomas Gerrard (or Gerard, Garret or Garrard) All Hallows Honey Lane Parish, London clergyman – rector of All Hallows Honey Lane
40. William Jerome Stepney, London clergyman – vicar of St Dunstan's, Stepney
41.–42. Valentine Freese and his wife burnt 1540 York, Yorkshire [32][33]
43. Richard Mekins 'a child that passed not the age of fifteen years' burnt 30 July 1541 [34][35]
44. Richard Spenser clergyman (former) – 'a ... Priest ... who leaving his papistry, had married a wife, and became a player in interludes' Burnt about 1541/2 Salisbury, Wiltshire [34][36]
45. John Ramsey player in interludes
46. Thomas Bernard burnt about 1541 Lincoln Diocese [37][38]
47. James Morton [37][39]
48. Adam Damlip (also known as George Bucker) Calais clergyman – former chaplain to Bishop John Fisher hanged, drawn and quartered 22 May 1543 [40] Calais [41]
Windsor Martyrs
49. Robert Testwood City of London (originally) musician in the college at Windsor burnt 28 July 1543 Windsor, Berkshire [42][43]
50. Anthony Pearson clergyman – priest of Windsor; popular preacher [42][44]
51. Henry Filmer churchwarden of St John the Baptist Church, Windsor [42][45]
52. Unknown man Calais poor labouring man burnt 1540[n 4] Calais [41]
53. ... Dodd Calais – a Scotsman burnt 1541[n 5]
54. [Forename unknown] ... Henry burnt 1545 or 1546 Colchester, Essex [46]
55. Unknown man servant of ... Henry
56. [Forename unknown] ... Kerby burnt 1546 Ipswich, Suffolk
57. Roger Clarke Mendlesham, Suffolk Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk
58. Anne Askew Stallingborough, Lincolnshire[47] wife of Master Thomas Kyme, a farmer and landowner of Friskney, Lincolnshire[47] burnt 16 July 1546 Smithfield, London [48]
59. Nicholas Belenian Shropshire clergyman – priest [49]
60. John Adams Colchester, Essex[50] tailor
61. John Lassells Gateford, Nottinghamshire courtier
62. ... Rogers Norfolk burnt 1546 Norfolk [51]
63. Oliver Richardine Whitchurch parish, Shropshire Hartford West [52]
Radical Protestants executed under Edward VI
1. Joan Bocher (or Butcher, or as Joan Knell) Kent (perhaps Romney Marsh) 2 May 1550 Smithfield, London [53]
2. George van Parris Dutchman 1551 [54][55]
Protestants executed under Mary I
1. John Rogers City of London clergyman – preacher, biblical translator, lecturer at St. Paul's Cathedral burnt 4 February 1555 Smithfield, London [5]: p.113 [56]
2. Lawrence Saunders City of London clergyman – preacher, Rector of All Hallows Bread Street, London burnt 8 February 1555 Coventry, Warwickshire [5]: p.98 [57]
3. John Hooper Gloucester and Worcester clergyman – Bishop of Gloucester and Worcester under Edward VI burnt 9 February 1555 Gloucester, Gloucestershire [5]: p.98 [58]
4. Rowland Taylor Hadleigh, Suffolk clergyman – Rector of Hadleigh, Suffolk burnt 9 February 1555 Aldham Common, Nr Hadleigh, Suffolk [5]: p.98 [59]
5. Rawlins White Cardiff, Glamorgan fisherman burnt March 1555 Cardiff, Glamorgan [60]
6. Thomas Tomkins Shoreditch, London weaver burnt 16 March 1555 Smithfield, London [61]
7. Thomas Causton Horndon on the Hill or Thundersby, Essex gentleman burnt 26 March 1555 Rayleigh, Essex [62]
8. Thomas Higbed Horndon on the Hill or Thundersby, Essex gentleman Horndon-on-the-Hill, Essex
9. William Hunter Coleman Street Parish, London apprentice burnt 27 March 1555 (or 26 according to Foxe) Brentwood, Essex [63]
10. Stephen Knight barber burnt 28 March 1555 Maldon, Essex [64]
11. William Pygot (or Pigot) butcher Braintree, Essex
12. [n 6] William Dighel Banbury, Oxfordshire [65][66]
13. John Lawrence (or Laurence) clergyman – priest and former Blackfriar at Sudbury, Suffolk[50] burnt 29 March 1555 Colchester, Essex [64]
14. Robert Ferrar St David's, Pembrokeshire clergyman – Bishop of St David's under Edward VI burnt 30 March 1555 Carmarthen, Carmarthenshire [67]
15. George Marsh Dean, Lancashire clergyman – curate to Laurence Saunders and minister at Dean, Lancashire burnt 24 April 1555 Boughton, Cheshire [68]
16. William Flower Lambeth, London surgeon and teacher Westminster [69]
17. John Cardmaker Wells, Somerset clergyman – prebendary of Wells Cathedral burnt 30 May 1555 Smithfield, London [70]
18. John Warne[n 7] Walbrook, London upholsterer
19. Thomas Hawkes (or Haukes) Essex gentleman burnt 10 June 1555 Coggeshall, Essex [7][71]
20. Thomas Watts (or Wattes) Billericay, Essex linen draper Chelmsford, Essex [7][72]
21. John Ardeley (or Ardite) Wigborough, Essex husbandman burnt 30 May 1555 (or 'about 10 June', according to Foxe) Rayleigh, Essex [7][73]
22. John Simson Rochford, Essex [7][73]
23. Nicholas Chamberlain (or Chamberlaine) Coggeshall, Essex weaver burnt 14 June 1555 Colchester, Essex [7][74]
24. William Bamford (or Butler)[n 8] burnt 15 June 1555 Harwich, Essex [7][74]
25. Thomas Ormond (or Osmande)[n 9] fuller Manningtree, Essex [7][74]
26. John Bradford City of London clergyman – prebendary of St Paul's Cathedral burnt 1 July 1555 Smithfield, London [7][75][76]
27. John Leaf (or Jhon Least) Christ Church Greyfriars, London (born in Kirkby Moorside, Yorkshire) apprentice tallow chandler [7][76][77]
Canterbury Martyrs of July 1555
28. John Bland (or Blande) Rolvenden, Kent clergyman – vicar of Rolvenden, Kent burnt 12 July 1555 Canterbury, Kent [7][78]
29. Nicholas Shetterden (or Shitterdun) [7][79]
30. John Frankesh Adisham, Kent clergyman – parson of Adisham, Kent [7][n 10][79]
31. Humphrey Middleton Ashford, Kent [7][79]
32. Nicholas Hall Dartford, Kent bricklayer burnt 19 July 1555 Rochester, Kent [7][80]
33. Christopher Wade linen-weaver burnt July 1555 Dartford, Kent [7][80]
34. Margaret (or Margery) Polley[n 11][81] Pepeling, Calais[n 12][39] widow burnt 17 July 1555 Royal Tunbridge Wells, Kent [80]
35. Dirick Carver (also spelt Deryk; also known as Dirick Harman) Brighthelmstone (now Brighton), Sussex beer-brewer burnt 22 July 1555, Lewes, East Sussex [7][82][83]
36. John Launder Godstone, Surrey husbandman burnt 23 July 1555 Steyning, West Sussex [7][83]
37. Thomas Euerson (or Iueson, Iverson or Iveson) carpenter burnt (day unknown) July 1555 Chichester, West Sussex [7][82][84]
38. Richard Hook (or Hooke)[85][86] lame man [66] [7][87]
39. James Abbess Stoke-by-Nayland, Suffolk shoemaker burnt 2 August 1555 Thetford, Norfolk (or Bury, according to Foxe) [7][84]
40. John Denley Maidstone, Kent gentleman burnt 8 August 1555 Uxbridge, Middlesex [7][87]
41. Robert Smith Windsor, Berkshire clerk at the college in Windsor, Berkshire and painter [7][88]
Canterbury Martyrs of August 1555
42. William Coker burnt 23 August 1555 Canterbury, Kent [7][89]
43. William Hopper Cranbrook, Kent[79]
44. Henry Laurence
45. Richard Collier (or Colliar)
46. Richard Wright Ashford, Kent[79]
47. William Stere
48. Elizabeth Warne (or Warren)[n 13] Walbrook, London widow of John Warne, upholsterer Stratford-atte-Bow, London [7][90]
49. Roger Hues (aliases: Curryer, Corier) St Mary's, Taunton, Somerset burnt 24 August 1555 Taunton, Somerset [66][7][91]
50. George Tankerfield London (born in York) cook burnt 26 August 1555 St Albans [7][92]
51. Patrick Pakingham (aliases: Packingham, Pachingham, Patchingham or Pattenham) burnt 28 August 1555 Uxbridge, Middlesex [7][87]
52. John Newman Maidstone, Kent pewterer burnt 31 August 1555 Saffron Walden, Essex [7][87]
53. Robert Samuel (or Samuell) Barfold, Suffolk clergyman – minister at Barfold, Suffolk Thetford, Norfolk [7][93]
54. Stephen Harwood Ware, Hertfordshire brewer burnt 30 August 1555 Stratford in Essex [7][94]
55. Thomas Fust (or Fusse) hosier, August 1555 In the environs of London or Ware [7][94]
56. William Hale (or Hailes) Thorpe, Essex, late August 1555 In the environs of Barnet, London [7][94]
57. William Allen Somerton, Norfolk labourer burnt early September 1555 Walsingham, Norfolk [7][95]
58. Roger Coe (or Coo or Cooe) Melford, Suffolk shearman burnt date unknown September 1555 Yoxford, Suffolk [7][95]
59. Thomas Cob Haverhill, Suffolk butcher Thetford, Norfolk [7][95]
Canterbury Martyrs of September 1555
60. George Catmer (or Painter) Hythe, Kent burnt about 6 September 1555, according to Foxe (or 12 July 1555) Canterbury, Kent [52][7][96][97]
61. Robert Streater (or Streter)
62. Anthony Burward Calete (possibly Calais) [98]
63. George Brodbridge (or Bradbridge) Bromfield, Kent
64. James Tutty (or Tuttey) Brenchley, Kent
65. Robert Glover (or Glouer) Mancetter, Warwickshire gentleman burnt 14 September 1555 Coventry, Warwickshire [7][99]
66. Cornelius Bongey (or Bungey) capper burnt 20 September 1555 [7][100]
67. Thomas Hayward (or Heywarde) burnt mid-September 1555 Lichfield, Staffordshire [52][7]
68. John Goreway Holy Trinity Parish, Coventry, Warwickshire [50]
Ely Martyrs
69. William Wolsey Upwell, Norfolk constable, one of the Ely Martyrs burnt 16 October 1555 Cathedral Green, Ely, Cambridgeshire [7][101]
70. Robert Pygot (or Pigot)[102] Wisbech, Isle of Ely, Cambridgeshire painter, also an Ely Martyr
Oxford Martyrs
71. Hugh Latimer (or Latymer) Baxterley, Warwickshire [103] clergyman – chaplain to King Edward VI burnt 16 October 1555 outside Balliol College, Oxford [7][104]
72. Nicholas Ridley Fulham Palace clergyman – Bishop of London under Edward VI
Canterbury Martyrs of November 1555
73. John Webbe (or Web) gentleman burnt 30 November 1555 Canterbury, Kent [7][105]
74. George Roper
75. Gregory Parke (or Paynter)[citation needed]
76. John Philpot Winchester, Hampshire clergyman – Archdeacon of Winchester burnt 18 December 1555 Smithfield, London [7][106]
77. Thomas Whittle (or Whitwell) Essex clergyman – priest or minister burnt 27 January 1556 [7][107]
78. Bartlett (or Bartholomew) Green Temple, London – born in Basinghall, London gentleman and lawyer [7][107]
79. Thomas Brown St Bride's parish, Fleet Street, London – born in Histon, Cambridgeshire [7][107]
80. John Tudson St Mary Botolph parish, London – born in Ipswich, Suffolk artificer [7][107]
81. John Went (or Winter or Hunt) Langham, Essex artificer [7][107]
82. Isobella Forster (or Annis Foster) St Bride's parish, Fleet Street, London – Born in Greystoke, Cumberland wife of John Foster, cutler [7][107]
83. Joan Lushford (or Jone Lashforde, or Warne) Little Allhallows parish, Thames Street, London maid [7][107] [n 14]
Canterbury Martyrs of 1556
84. John Lomas (or Jhon Lowmas) Tenterden, Kent burnt 31 January 1556 Wincheap, Canterbury [7][108]
85. Annes Snoth (or Annis Snod) Smarden, Kent widow [7][108]
86. Anne Wright (or Albright); alias Champnes [7][108]
87. Joan (or Jone) Soale Horton, Kent wife [7][108]
88. Joan Catmer Hythe, Kent 'wife (as it should seem) of George Catmer', burnt in 1555 [108][n 15][7]
Ipswich Martyrs of 1556
89. Agnes Potten Ipswich, Suffolk wife of Robert Potten burnt 19 February 1556 Ipswich, Cornhill [7][n 16][109]
90. Joan Trunchfield wife of Michael Trunchfield, a shoemaker [7][n 16][109]
91. Thomas Cranmer Lambeth Palace clergyman – Archbishop of Canterbury (former) burnt 21 March 1556 outside Balliol College, Oxford [7][110]
92. John Maundrel Beckhampton, Wiltshire – brought up in Rowde, Wiltshire husbandman burnt 24 March 1556 outside Salisbury, Wiltshire [7][n 17][111]
93. William Coberly Wiltshire tailor [7][n 17][111]
94. John Spicer (or Spencer) Winston, Suffolk[50] freemason or bricklayer [7][111]
95. John Harpole (or Hartpoole) St Nicholas Parish, Rochester, Kent burnt 1 April 1556 Rochester, Kent [7][112]
96. Joan Beach Tunbridge Wells, Kent widow [7][112]
97. John Hullier (or Hulliarde) Babraham, Cambridgeshire clergyman – curate of Babraham, Cambridgeshire burnt 16 April 1556 Cambridge, Cambridgeshire [7][113][114]
98. William Tyms (or Timmes) Hockley, Essex clergyman – curate of Hockley, Essex burnt 24 April 1556 Smithfield, London [7][115]
99. Robert Drake Thundersley, Essex clergyman – minister or parson of Thundersley, Essex
100. Richard Spurge Bocking, Essex shearman
101. Thomas Spurge Bocking, Essex fuller
102. George Ambrose Bocking, Essex fuller
103. John Cavel (or Cauell) Bocking, Essex weaver
Colchester martyrs of April 1556
104. Christopher Lister Dagenham, Essex husbandman burnt 28 April 1556 Colchester, Essex [7][116]
105. John Mace Colchester, Essex apothecary
106. John Spencer weaver
107. Simon Joyne sawyer [116]
108. Richard Nicol Colchester, Essex weaver [7][116]
109. John Hamond tanner
110. Hugh Laverock (or Lauarocke) Barking, Essex painter, (a lame man) burnt 15 May 1556 Stratford in Essex [7][117]
111. John Apprice (or Aprice) blind man Stratford-Atte-Bow or Stratford in Essex
112. Thomas Drowry blind boy Gloucester, Gloucestershire [7][n 18][118]
113. Thomas Croker bricklayer
114. Katherine Hut Bocking, Essex widow burnt 16 May 1556 Smithfield, London [7][117]
115. Elizabeth Thackvel Great Burstead, Essex maid
116. Joan (or Jone) Horns Billericay, Essex
117. Thomas Spicer Winston, Suffolk labourer burnt 21 May 1556 Beccles, Suffolk [7][n 19][119]
118. John Deny (or Denny) (possibly a female Joan or Jone) Beccles, Suffolk
119. Edmund Poole
120. Thomas Harland Woodmancote, Sussex carpenter burnt 6 June 1556 Lewes, Sussex [7][82][120][121][122]
121. John Oswald (or Oseward) husbandman
122. Thomas Reed Ardingly, Sussex burnt about 6 June 1556 [7][82][121]
123.[n 20][123] Thomas Avington (or Euington) turner [7][82][121][122]
124. Adam Forster (or Foster) Mendlesham, Suffolk husbandman burnt 17 June 1556 Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk [124][125]
125. Robert Lawson linen weaver
126. Thomas Wood clergyman – pastor burnt about 20 June 1556 Lewes, Sussex [7][82][121]
127. Thomas Milles Hellingly, Sussex [7][82][121][n 21][122]
128. Thomas Moor servant and husbandman burnt 26 June 1556 Leicester, Leicestershire [85][n 22][7][121][38]
Stratford Martyrs, 11 men and 2 women.
129. Henry Adlington (or Addlinton) Grinstead, Sussex sawyer burnt 27 June 1556 Stratford-Atte-Bow [7][126]
130. Lawrence (or Laurence) Parnam Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire smith
131. Henry Wye Stanford-le-Hope, Essex brewer
132. William Holywell (or Hallywell) Waltham Holy Cross, Essex, smith
133. Thomas Bowyer (or Bowier) Great Dunmow, Essex weaver
134. George Searle White Notley, Essex tailor
135. Edmond Hurst St James's Parish, Colchester labourer
136. Lion/Lyon Cawch City of London merchant/broker
137. Ralph Jackson Chipping Ongar, Essex, serving-man
138. John Derifall (or Dorifall) Rettendon, Essex labourer
139. John Routh/Roth Wickes, Essex
140. Elizabeth Pepper St James's parish, Colchester wife of Thomas Pepper, weaver [7][n 23][126]
141. Agnes George West Barefold, Essex wife of Richard George, husbandman [7][n 23][126][n 24][127]
142. Roger Bernard Framsden, Suffolk labourer burnt 30 June 1556 Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk [124][125]
143. Julins Palmer Reading, Berkshire schoolmaster burnt about 15 July 1556 'The Sand-pits', Nr Newbury, Berkshire [7][128]
144. John Guin/Jhon Gwin shoemaker [66]
145. Thomas Askin/Askue
Guernsey Martyrs – (Three women and one unborn male foetus)
146. Catherine Cauchés (sometimes spelt Katherine Cawches) St Peter Port, Guernsey, Channel Islands burnt 18 July 1556 St Peter Port, Guernsey, Channel Islands [129]
147. Perotine Massey (pregnant) wife of Norman Calvinist minister
148. Guillemine Gilbert
149. Thomas Dungate (or Dougate) East Grinstead, Sussex burnt 18 July 1556 Grinstead, Sussex [7][85][122][130]
150. John Forman (or Foreman)
151. Anne Tree (or Try) West Hoathly, Sussex
152. Joan Waste All Hallows', Derby, Derbyshire blind woman burnt 1 August 1556 Derby, Derbyshire [85]
153. Edward Sharp glover (possibly)[66] burnt early September 1556 Bristol, Gloucestershire/Somerset
154. Rose Pencell burnt 17 October 1555 Bristol [131]
155. William Shapton weaver
156. John Kurde Syresham, Northamptonshire shoemaker burnt October 1556 or 20 September 1557 Northampton, Northamptonshire [85][132]
157. John Noyes Laxfield, Suffolk shoemaker burnt 22 September 1556 or 1557 [133]
158. Thomas Ravensdale burnt 24 September 1556 Mayfield, Sussex [85][122]
159. John Hart
160. Unknown man shoemaker [85]
161. Unknown man currier
162. Nicholas Holden Withyham, Sussex weaver [66][122]
163. Unknown man carpenter burnt 25 September 1556 Bristol, Gloucestershire/Somerset [85]
164. John Horn burnt late September 1556 Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire [85][134][n 25][135]
165. John Phillpott Tenterden, Kent burnt 16 January 1557 Wye, Ashford, Kent [7][n 26][136]
166. Thomas Stephens Biddenden, Kent
Canterbury Martyrs of January 1557
167. Stephen Kempe Norgate, Kent burnt 15 January 1557 Canterbury, Kent [136]
168. William Waterer Biddenden, Kent
169. William Prowting Thurnham, Kent
170. William Lowick Cranbrook, Kent
171. Thomas Hudson Selling, Kent
172. William Hay Hythe, Kent
173. Nicholas Final Tenterden, Kent burnt 16 January 1557 Ashford, Kent [7][n 27][136]
174. Martin Bradbridge [7][n 27][137]
175. William Carman (or Carmen)[n 28] burnt day and month unknown 1557 [138]
176. Thomas Loseby burnt 12 April 1557 Smithfield, London [7][139][n 29]
177. Henry Ramsey [7][139]
178. Thomas Thyrtell (or Sturtle)
179. Margaret Hyde [7][139][n 30]
180. Agnes Stanley (or Stanlye) [7][139][140]
181. Richard Sharpe weaver burnt 7 May 1557 Cotham, Bristol [141]
182. Thomas Hale shoemaker
183. Stephen Gratwick (or Steuen Grathwick) Brighthelmstone (now Brighton), Sussex burnt at end of May 1557 St. George's Fields, Southwark, Surrey [7][142]: p. 272 [143]
184. William Morant
185. Thomas King[66] [7][n 31][142]: p.272 [143]
Maidstone martyrs
186. Joan (or Jone) Bradbridge Staplehurst, Kent Presumably a relative of Widow Bradbridge, burnt 19 June 1557[144] burnt 18 June 1557 Maidstone, Kent [7][145]
187. Walter Appleby Maidstone, Kent
188. Petronil Appleby wife of Walter Appleby
189. Edmund Allin (or Allen) Maplehurst Mill, Frittenden, Kent miller
190. Katherine Allin (or Allen) Wife of Edmund Allin/Allen, miller
191. Joan (or Jone) Manning Maidstone, Kent
192. Elizabeth (surname possibly 'Lewis') blind maid
Canterbury martyrs of June 1557
193. John Fishcock/Jhon Fiscoke burnt 19 June 1557 Canterbury, Kent [7][145]
194. Nicholas White
195. Nicholas Pardue/Perdue
196. Barbara Final
197. Bradbridge's Widow (Bradbridge's Wife) Probably Tenterden, Kent Probably the widow of Martin Bradbridge, burnt 16 January 1557 [145]
198. Mistress Wilson (also referred to as 'Wilson's Wife') [7][145]
199. Alice Benden, possibly also referred to as 'Benson's Wife' Staplehurst (or possibly Cranbrook), Kent[146]
Lewes Martyrs
200. Richard Woodman Warbleton, Sussex iron-maker burnt 22 June 1557 Lewes, Sussex [7][82][147]
201. George Stevens (or Steuens)
202. William Mainard Mayfield, Sussex
203. Alexander Hosman servant of William Mainard
204. Thomasina Wood maidservant of William Mainard
205. Margery Morris (or Morice) Heathfield, Sussex [7][82][122][147]
206. James Morris (or Morice) – son of Margery [7][122][147]
207. Denis Burcis (or Burgis) Buxted, Sussex [7][82][122][147]
208. Ann Ashdon (or Ashdown; also referred to as 'Ashdon's Wife') Rotherfield, Sussex [7][82][147]
209. Mary Groves (also referred to as 'Gloue's Wife') Lewes, Sussex [7][82][147][n 32][122][148]
210. Simon Miller (or Milner) Lynn, Norfolk burnt 13 July 1557 Norwich, Norfolk [7][149]
211. Elizabeth Cooper St Andrew's Church, Norwich, Norfolk wife of a pewterer [7](which calls her 'a woman')[149]
212. George Egles/Eagles hung, drawn & quartered, August 1557 Chelmsford, Essex [7][150]
Colchester Martyrs of August 1557
213. William Bongeor St Nicholas Parish, Colchester, Essex glazier burnt 2 August 1557 Colchester, Essex [151]
214. William Purchase (or Purcas) Bocking, Essex fuller
215. Thomas Benhote (or Benold) Colchester, Essex tallow-chandler
216. Agnes Silverside (or Smith) widow
217. Helen (or Ellen) Ewring wife of John Ewring, miller
218. Elizabeth Folk 'young maiden' and servant
219. William Munt (or Mount) Much Bentley, Essex
220. Alice Munt (or Mount) wife of William Munt (or Mount)
221. Rose Allen (or Allin) spinster, daughter of Alice Mount
222. John Johnson Thorpe, Essex labourer
223. Richard Crashfield Wymondham, Norfolk burnt 5 August 1557 Norwich, Norfolk [7] which records 'one at Norwich' in July[152]
224. Father Fruier burnt August 1557 Rochester, Kent [7][150]
225. Robert Stevenson [153]
226. Sister of George Eagles [7][150]
227. Unknown Woman [7]
228. Agnes Prest Boyton, Cornwall Spinner burnt 15 August 1557 Southernhay, Exeter [154]
229. Thomas Benion weaver burnt 27 August 1557 Bristol [141]
230. Joyce Lewis Mancetter, Warwickshire gentlewoman burnt September 1557 Lichfield, Staffordshire [155][156] – may be the same as Joyce Bowes, August 1557 (the Regester)
231. Ralph Allerton/Rafe Glaiton Much Bentley, Essex burnt 17 September 1557 Islington [7][157]
232. James Austoo (or Auscoo)
233. Margery Austoo (or Auscoo)
234. Richard Roth (or Rooth)
235. Agnes Bongeor (also known as Bowmer's Wife), wife of Richard Bongeor (similar name but different death date) burnt 17 September (or unknown date July) Colchester, Essex [132] (or March 1558, Colchester)[7]
236. Margaret Thurston/Widow Thurston-similar name but different death date
237. Cicely Ormes St Edmund's Parish, Norwich, Norfolk wife of Edmund Ormes, worsted-weaver burnt 23 September 1557 Norwich, Norfolk [158][159][160]
238. Thomas Spurdance servant of the Queen burnt November 1557 Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk [159][161]
239. John Halingdale/Hallingdale/Hollingday carpenter[66] burnt, 18 November/or day unknown October 1557, Smithfield, London [7][159][162]
240. William Sparrow
241. Richard Gibson gentleman[66]
242. John Rough/Jhon Roughe London/Islington, Middlesex clergyman – minister at London/Islington, Middlesex burnt 22 December 1557 [7][163]
243. Margaret Maring (or Mering)
244. [Unknown forename ...] Lawton burnt March 1558 Huntingdon, Huntingdonshire [66]
245.[n 33] Cuthbert Symson/Symion London/Islington, Middlesex clergyman – deacon of the church in London/Islington, Middlesex died 28 March 1558 Smithfield, London [7][6]
246. Hugh Foxe hosier[66]
247. John Devinish/Jhon Denneshe wool winder[66]
248. William Nichol burnt 9 April 1558 SM9515 Haverfordwest/Hwlffordd, Pembrokeshire/Sir Benfro [7][164][165]
249. William Seaman (or Symon) Mendlesham, Suffolk husbandman burnt 19 May 1558 Norwich, Norfolk [7][166]
250. Thomas Hudson Aylsham, Norfolk glover [166] described as 'Glouer' in [7]
251. Thomas Carman[n 28] [7][166]
252. William Harris burnt 26 May 1558 Colchester [7][127]
253. Richard Day
254. Christian George (female) burnt 26 May 1558 Colchester, Essex her husband had previously been married to Agnes George, mentioned above[7][127]
Islington Martyrs[167]
255. Henry Pond (or Houde) burnt 27 June 1558 Smithfield, London [7][167]
256. Reinald Eastland (or Launder)
257. Robert Southain (or Southam)
258. Matthew Ricarby (or Ricarbie)
259. John Floyd (or Flood)
260. John Holiday (or Hollyday)
261. Roger Holland London (taken in or near St John's Wood) merchant tailor
262. Sir Richard Yeoman (or Yeman) Hadleigh, Suffolk clergyman – curate of Hadleigh, Suffolk burnt 10 July 1558 Norwich, Norfolk [7][168][169]
Islington Martyrs (second group)[167]
263. Robert Mills burnt 14 July 1558 Brentford, Middlesex [167]
264. Stephen Cotton [7][167]
265. Robert Dynes [167]
266. Stephen Wight (or Wreight) [7][167]
267. John Slade
268. William Pikes (aliases: Pikas, Peckes) tanner
269. John Cooke sawyer burnt about 25 July 1558 Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk [170]
270. Robert Milles (or Plummer) shearman
271. Alexander Lane wheelwright
272. James Ashley bachelor
273. Thomas Benbrike/Benbridge gentleman burnt unknown day in July 1558 Winchester, Hampshire [7][171]
274. John (or Richard) Snell Bedale, Yorkshire burnt 9 September 1558 Richmond, Yorkshire [172]
Ipswich Martyrs of 1558
275. Alexander Gooch (or Geche, or Gouch) Woodbridge or Melton, Suffolk weaver of shredding-coverlets burnt 4 November 1558 Ipswich Cornhill [7][173]
276.[n 34] Alice Driver Grundisburgh, Suffolk wife of a husbandman [173]
277. Philip Humphrey (or Humfrey) burnt November 1558 Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk [174]
278. John David/Jhon Dauy (brother of Henry David)
279. Henry David/H. Dauy (brother of John David)
Canterbury Martyrs of 1558
280. John Corneford Wrotham, Kent burnt 15 November 1558 Canterbury, Kent [175]
281. Christopher Brown Maidstone, Kent
282. John Herst Ashford, Kent
283. Alice Snoth
284. Katherine Knight/Tynley an aged woman
Note: Mary I died on 17 November 1558.
Radical Protestants executed under Elizabeth I
1. Jan Wielmacker[n 35] Dutchman – member of a conventicle in Aldgate, London 22 July 1575 Smithfield, London [176]
2. Hendrik Ter Woort[n 35]
3. Matthew Hamont[n 36] Hethersett, Norfolk ploughwright 20 May 1579 Norwich Castle [177]
4. John Lewes[n 36] 18 September 1583 Norwich, Norfolk [177]
5. Peter Cole[n 36] Ipswich, Suffolk tanner 1587 Norwich [177]
6. Francis Kett[n 36] Wymondham, Norfolk clergyman and physician 14 January 1589 Norwich Castle [178]-
7. John Greenwood London Puritan divine: Separatist 6 April 1593 London [179]-
8. Henry Barrowe (or Barrow) London lawyer : Separatist
9. John Penry born Llangammarch, Powys, arrested Ratcliffe, London writer and preacher 29 May 1593 St Thomas a Watering, Old Kent Road, London [180]
Radical Protestants executed under James I
1. Bartholomew Legate[n 37] Hornchurch, Essex cloth trader 18 March 1612 Smithfield, London [181]
2. Edward Wightman[n 35] Burton-upon-Trent, Staffordshire mercer and minister 11 April 1612 Lichfield, Staffordshire [182]

Also mentioned by Foxe

[edit]

Posthumous proceedings

[edit]

Those who sickened or died in prison

[edit]
No. Name Residence Description Date of death Place of death References
Henry VIII
1. Christopher, a Dutchman Antwerp, Flanders 1531 died in prison at Westminster [186]
2. John Porter Chipping Campden, Gloucestershire and St Sepulchre's, London tailor 1542 Newgate Prison, London [37][50]
3. Thomas Sommers London merchant About 1542 Tower of London, [37][38]
Mary I
1C. John Alcock (or Awcock) Hadleigh, Suffolk shearman 2 April 1555 Newgate Prison, London [191][192]
2. William Minge clergyman – priest 2 July 1555 Maidstone Prison, Kent [7][188]
3. John Aleworth July 1555 Reading Prison, Berkshire [n 38][84]
4. ... Tingle September 1555 Newgate Prison, London [7][193]
5.[n 39][194] George Kyng (or King) sickened in Lollard's Tower [7][94][194]
6. Jhon Lesse Newgate Prison, London [7][n 40][94]
7. John Wade sickened in Lollard's Tower [94]
8. William Androwes (or Andrew, or Andrews) Horsley, Essex carpenter Newgate Prison, London [7][94]
9. James Gore 7 December 1555 Colchester Prison, Essex [7][105]
10. William Wiseman clothworker 13 December 1555, Lowlar's Tower/Lollard's Tower, Lambeth Palace, London
11. Margaret Eliot (or Ellis) Billericay, Essex maid May 1556 Newgate Prison, London [7][117]
12. William Sleeke (or Slech) 31 May 1556 'King's Bench' Southwark, Surrey [7][121]
13. William Adheral minister 24 June 1556
14. John Clemente wheelwright 26 June 1556
15. Thomas Parret 27 June 1556 [124][125]
16. Martyne Hunte 29 June 1556
17. John Morris (or Morice)
18. John Careless Coventry, Warwickshire weaver 1 July 1556 [7][195]
19.–21. William Dangerfield, his wife Joan and their infant child sickened in prison [85]
22.–24. Three people October 1556 Chichester Castle, Sussex (or Canterbury Castle, Kent, according to Knox) [66][85]
25. John Clark in or after November 1556 Canterbury Castle, Kent [85]
26. Dunston Chittenden
27. William Foster Stone, Kent
28. Alice Potkins Staplehurst, Kent
29. John Archer Cranbrook, Kent
30. John Thurston taken at Much Bentley, Essex May 1557 Colchester Castle, Essex [151]
31. N. Ambrose about June 1557 (according to Foxe), or July 1557 (according to Farr) Maidstone Prison, Kent [7][124][196]
32. John Dale Hadleigh, Suffolk weaver Bury St Edmunds Prison [7][169]
33. Matthew Withers (or Wythers) June 1558 Newgate Prison, London [7][167]
34. Thomas Tyler

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ 'Foxe has a terse report in the Rerum of an old man of Buckingham- shire being executed in 1531 for eating pork during Lent (Rerum, p. 126). Foxe's source for this episode is unknown; Bale does not mention this old man in any of his works. Perhaps Laurence Humphrey, who was Foxe's friend, a native of Buckinghamshire, and who was with Foxe in Basel, was the source for this story. In any case, the Rerum account was translated word-for-word in the 1563 edition. The story was dropped from all subsequent editions, possibly because Foxe grew unsure of this individual's existence or at least of his ability to prove it.' Foxe's Book of Martyrs, Critical Apparatus
  2. ^ Foxe describes him as being 'mad and beside his right senses ... and destitute of sense and reason'. The Critical Apparatus to Foxe's Book of Martyrs lists a number of unorthodox beliefs which he held.
  3. ^ Foxe describes him as being 'mad ... ravished of his wits ... beside his wits'.
  4. ^ Six months before the execution of Robert Harvey for treason in Spring 1541 Harvey#C241.56 Foxe's Book of Martyrs, Critical Apparatus
  5. ^ 'within the space of a year, or thereabout, after' the previous man
  6. ^ The 1563 edition of Foxe's Book of Martyrs records that William Dighel was burned at about the same time as Nicholas Sheterden. However, this information is not repeated in subsequent editions of Foxe's work. "Was his omission in subsequent editions due to an accident in the print shop or did Foxe come to doubt his information on Dighel?"
  7. ^ husband of Elizabeth Warne, burnt in August 1555
  8. ^ May be the same as ... Butter, burnt (day unknown) June 1555, Location unknown (the Regester)
  9. ^ Buried in St. Michaels & All Angels Marble placed in 1748
  10. ^ which calls him 'Sir Franke'
  11. ^ The same as Jone Polley, burnt (day unknown) July 1555, Location unknown (the Regester)
  12. ^ Foxe erred in stating that Polley came from Pepenbury; see PRO C/85/144/33r.
  13. ^ widow of John Warne, burnt in May 1555
  14. ^ which says that 'Joan Lashford ... was the daughter of one Robert Lashford ..., and of ... Elizabeth, who afterward was married to John Warne'
  15. ^ may be the same as Jone Painter (the Regester)
  16. ^ a b which refers to 'two women in Ippeswiche towne'
  17. ^ a b which refers to 'two brethren more'
  18. ^ which refers to 'two at Glocester'
  19. ^ which refers to 'two men and a syster dere'
  20. ^ 'The Regester' states that a person called 'Milwright' was burnt along with Harland, Oswald, Reed and Avington. However, this person is not mentioned in Foxe's Book of Martyrs, although he does appear in
  21. ^ may be the same as John Milles
  22. ^ the same as 'A merchant's servant burned at Leicester' and the same as 'the yong man at Leicester'
  23. ^ a b which refers to "two women"
  24. ^ her husband then married Christian George, mentioned below
  25. ^ May be an error for Edward Horne, burnt at Newent, Gloucestershire in September 1558. Foxe states that a woman was burnt with Horne. However, the Critical Apparatus quotes a letter from Foxe's papers stating that 'Edward Horne's wife was condemned with him but she recanted and her life was spared'
  26. ^ which refers to 'two at Wye'
  27. ^ a b which refers to 'two at Asheforde'. A number of Kentish people of Ashford Area are recorded as having been burnt 16 January 1556 at Ashford, Kent in Ashford Borough Council – Parks and Open Spaces. However, at this time the civil or legal year in England began on 25 March, so the date now known as 16 January 1557 would then have been recorded as 16 January 1556.
  28. ^ a b William Carman burnt unknown month 1557 and Thomas Carman burnt 19 May 1558 were brothers
  29. ^ may be the same as Jhon Lothesby, burnt at Smithfield, April 1557 (the Regester)
  30. ^ may be the same as Annis Hide, burnt at Smithfield, April 1557 (the Regester)
  31. ^ which records an 'other' burnt with Morant and Grathwick
  32. ^ May be the same as Christian Grover of the archdeaconry of Lewes
  33. ^ 'The Regester' states that a person called 'Hayne' was burnt along with Cuthbert Symion. However, this person is not mentioned in Foxe's Book of Martyrs.
  34. ^ 'The Regester' gives the name of the woman burnt with Alexander Gooch as Elizabeth Launson.
  35. ^ a b c An Anabaptist
  36. ^ a b c d A Unitarian
  37. ^ An Arian
  38. ^ may be the same as William Ailewarde (the Regester)
  39. ^ Richard Smith is said to have died in prison (day unknown) September, Lowlar's Tower/Lollard's Tower, Lambeth Palace, London in 'the Regester', but is described as 'non-existent' in
  40. ^ may be the same as Thomas Leyes of Thorpe, Essex, sickened in Lollard's Tower, died (day unknown) September, Location unknown

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b David Loades: Power in Tudor England. New York: St Martin's Press, 1997.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Richards, Judith M. Mary Tudor, Routledge 2009 ISBN 0415327210
  3. ^ Christopher Haigh (29 May 1987). The English Reformation Revised. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33631-4. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  4. ^ Kenneth O. Morgan (1 April 2009). The Oxford Illustrated History of Britain. Oxford University Press. p. 259. ISBN 978-0-19-954475-2. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Duffy, Eamon Fires of Faith: Catholic England Under Mary Tudor, New Haven, Yale 2008 ISBN 0300152167
  6. ^ a b "Fox's Book of Martyrs". Ccel.org. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg Thomas Bryce, "The Regester" in Edward Farr, ed., Select Poetry of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth. 1845.
  8. ^ Margaret Baker (4 March 2008). Discovering London Statues and Monuments. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7478-0495-6. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  9. ^ "The Calendar". The Church of England. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  10. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 170. Mummuth and Hitton
  11. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 179. Thomas Benet
  12. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 171. Thomas Bilney
  13. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 173. Richard Bayfield, martyr
  14. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 174. John Tewkesbury, leatherseller, of London, martyr
  15. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 1563 Edition | Book 3 | Page 546
  16. ^ Gairdner, James Lollardy and the Reformation in England: An Historical Survey London, Macmillan and Co, 1908, Vol 1, P 392, Note 1
  17. ^ Andrews, William Eusebius (1826). Review of Fox's Book of Martyrs, Page 119 – William Eusebius Andrews – Google Books. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
  18. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 176. James Bainham, lawyer and martyr
  19. ^ a b Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 177. John Bent and others
  20. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 166. Martyrs in Scotland and England, 1525–32
  21. ^ David Daniell, 'Frith, John (1503–1533)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Oct 2006 accessed 21 Sept 2014
  22. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 178. John Frith and Andrew Hewet
  23. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 181. King Henry's breach with Rome. See Susan Brigden, London and the Reformation [Oxford,1989], pp. 270–71 for the background to these executions.
  24. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs, 1583 edition, Book 8, page 1073
  25. ^ a b c d e Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 192. Other martyrs, 1538. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
  26. ^ a b Foxe's Book of Martyrs, Critical Apparatus
  27. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 191. John Lambert. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  28. ^ Stow's Annals of England to 1603, P971
  29. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 222. Three divers sorts of judgments amongst the papists, against heretics as they call them. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
  30. ^ Stow's Annals of England to 1603, p. 974
  31. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 197. The history of Robert Barnes, Thomas Garret, and William Jerome, divines. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
  32. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 175. John Randall and Edward Freese. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
  33. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs, Critical Apparatus
  34. ^ a b Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 199. Further persecution arising from the Six Articles. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
  35. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs, Critical Apparatus
  36. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs, Critical Apparatus
  37. ^ a b c d 200. John Porter, Thomas Sommers, and others. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
  38. ^ a b c Foxe's Book of Martyrs – Glossary of People
  39. ^ a b Foxe's Book of Martyrs – Glossary of People
  40. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs, Critical Apparatus
  41. ^ a b Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 204. Persecution in Calais. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  42. ^ a b c Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 203. Four Windsor Martyrs. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 9 August 2014.
  43. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs – Glossary of People
  44. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs – Glossary of People
  45. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs – Glossary of People
  46. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 207. John Athy, John Heywood, Kerby, and Roger Clarke
  47. ^ a b Diane Watt, 'Askew , Anne (c. 1521–1546)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 24 Aug 2014
  48. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 209. Anne Askew
  49. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 210. The Martyrdom of John Lacels, John Adams, and Nicholas Belenian
  50. ^ a b c d e f Foxe's Book of Martyrs, Glossary of People
  51. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 211. One Rogers, a martyr, burned in Norfolk
  52. ^ a b c Foxe's Book of Martyrs – 311. GEORGE CATMER, ROBERT STREATER, .ANTHONY BURWARD, GEORGE BRODBRIDGE, AND JAMES TUTTY; THOMAS HAYWARD AND JOHN GOREWAY. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  53. ^ Andrew Hope, 'Bocher, Joan (d. 1550)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 24 Aug 2014
  54. ^ Strype's Memorials of Cranmer, P 332
  55. ^ David Hume, The History of England, vol. 3 Chapter XXXIV
  56. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 264. John Rogers. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  57. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 265. Laurence Saunders. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  58. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 266. John Hooper. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  59. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 267. Rowland Taylor. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  60. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 277. Rawlins White. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  61. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 272. Thomas Tomkins. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  62. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 274. Thomas Causton and Thomas Higbed. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  63. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 273. William Hunter. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  64. ^ a b Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 275. William Pygot, Stephen Knight, and John Laurence. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  65. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs, Critical Apparatus
  66. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Brief Exhortation to England, John Knox, 1559
  67. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 276. Robert Ferrar. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  68. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 279. George Marsh. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  69. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 280. William Flower. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  70. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 282. John Cardmaker and John Warne. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  71. ^ "Foxe's Book of Martyrs – 286. Thomas Haukes". Exclassics.com. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
  72. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 287. Thomas Wats. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  73. ^ a b Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 284. John Ardeley and John Simson. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  74. ^ a b c Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 291. Thomas Osmond, William Bamford, Thomas Osborne and others.Exclassics.com. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  75. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 292. John Bradford. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  76. ^ a b Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 294. The execution of Leaf and Bradford. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  77. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 293. John Leaf, burnt with Bradford. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  78. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 297. John Bland Exclassics.com. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
  79. ^ a b c d e Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 298. Nicholas Shetterden, John Frankesh and Humphrey Middleton. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
  80. ^ a b c Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 299. Nicholas Hall and Christopher Wade. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
  81. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs, Critical Apparatus
  82. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Lewes Sussex Protestant Martyrs Reformation 6. Lewes Bonfire Celebrations. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  83. ^ a b Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 300. Dirick Carver and John Launder. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
  84. ^ a b c Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 301. Thomas Iveson, John Aleworth and James Abbes. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
  85. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 351. Other martyrs in 1556. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 26 May 2013
  86. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs, 1583 edition
  87. ^ a b c d Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 302. John Denley, Gentleman, John Newman and Patrick Packingham. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
  88. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 307. Robert Smith. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
  89. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 303. William Coker, William Hopper, Henry Laurence, Richard Colliar, Richard Wright, and William Stere. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
  90. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 305. Elizabeth Warne. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
  91. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs, Critical Apparatus
  92. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 306. George Tankerfield. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
  93. ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 309. Robert Samuel. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
  94. ^ a b c d e f g Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 308. Stephen Harwood, Thomas Fust, William Hale, George King, Thomas Leyes, John Wade, and William Andrew. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
  95. ^ a b c "Foxe's Book of Martyrs – 310. William Allen, Roger Coo, and Thomas Cobb". Exclassics.com. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
  96. ^ Image of FOXE: BOOK OF MARTYRS. – The Burning Of George Catmer, Robert Streater, Anthony Burward And George Broadbridge At Canterbury, England, 12 July 1555. Line Engraving, From A Late 18th Century English Edition Of John Foxe's 'The Book Of Martyrs,' First Published In 1563. From The Granger Collection. Granger.com. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  97. ^ The Martyrs Memorial, Canterbury. Machadoink.com (16 October 1907). Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  98. ^ Transactions of the Congregational Historical Society, Vol 2, p. 366 (1969)
  99. ^ a b c d "Foxe's Book of Martyrs – 312. Robert Glover, Gentleman, and John and William Glover, his brothers". Exclassics.com. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
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  164. ^ Memorial to William Nichol, martyr:: OS grid SM9515 :: Geograph Britain and Ireland – photograph every grid square!. Geograph.org.uk (18 June 2007). Retrieved 16 August 2012.
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  180. ^ John Penry (1563–1593), the Welsh Puritan preacher and author. Briefly imprisoned in 1587 for his book the Aequity of an Humble Supplication, in which he called for more preaching in the Welsh language. Returned to London from exile in Scotland in September 1592, and allied himself with the Separatist followers of Henry Barrow. Arrested on 22 March 1592/3. Indicted under the Act of Uniformity (1 Eliz. 1. c. 2). Executed by hanging at S. Thomas a Watering on 29 May 1593. The first signature on his death warrant was that of John Whitgift, Elizabeth I's Archbishop of Canterbury. Sources : PENRY, JOHN, by Robert Tudur Jones, Dictionary of Welsh Biography, https://biography.wales/article/s-PENR-JOH-1563 accessed 25 May 2016; 'Crefydd, Cenedlgarwch a'r Wladwriaeth: John Penry (1563–1593) a Phiwritaniaeth Gynnar', John Gwynfor Jones (University of Wales Press, 2014); BBC News article on the call by Welsh Independents for an apology from the Anglican Church: http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/wales/south_west/7402541.stm Published: 2008/05/15 14:01:01. Retrieved 25 May 2016
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