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Mary Edwards Walker

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Mary Edwards Walker
Walker with her Medal of Honor
Born(1832-11-26)November 26, 1832
Oswego, New York, U.S.
DiedFebruary 21, 1919(1919-02-21) (aged 86)
Oswego, New York, U.S.
Cause of deathNatural causes
Resting placeRural cemetery
Oswego, New York, U.S.
NationalityAmerican
EducationFalley Seminary (1850–1852)
Syracuse Medical College (1853–1855)
Hygeeia Therapeutic College (1862)
OccupationSurgeon
Employer United States Army
Known forReceiving the Medal of Honor during the American Civil War, was the first female U.S. Army surgeon, feminist, prohibitionist, abolitionist, first and only female Medal of Honor recipient
SpouseAlbert Miller
AwardsMedal of Honor

Mary Edwards Walker (November 26, 1832 – February 21, 1919) was an American feminist, abolitionist, prohibitionist, alleged spy, prisoner of war and surgeon. As of 2016, she is the only woman ever to receive the Medal of Honor.[1]

In 1855, she earned her medical degree at Syracuse Medical College in New York, married and started a medical practice. She volunteered with the Union Army at the outbreak of the American Civil War and served as a surgeon at a temporary hospital in Washington, DC, even though at the time women and sectarian physicians were considered unfit for the Union Army Examining Board.[2] She was captured by Confederate forces after crossing enemy lines to treat wounded civilians and arrested as a spy. She was sent as a prisoner of war to Richmond, Virginia, until released in a prisoner exchange.

After the war, she was approved for the highest United States Armed Forces decoration for bravery, the Medal of Honor, for her efforts during the Civil War. She is the only woman to receive the medal and one of only eight civilians to receive it. Her name was deleted from the Army Medal of Honor Roll in 1917; however it was restored in 1977. After the war, she was a writer and lecturer supporting the women's suffrage movement until her death in 1919.

Early life and education

Mary Edwards Walker was born in the Town of Oswego, New York, on November 26, 1832, the daughter of Alvah (father) and Vesta (mother) Walker. She was the youngest of seven children: she had five sisters and one brother. Alvah and Vesta raised their both their son and their daughters in a progressive manner that was revolutionary for the time. Their nontraditional parenting nurtured Mary's spirit of independence and sense of justice that she actively demonstrated throughout her life. While they were devoted Christians, the Walkers were "free thinkers" who raised their children to question the regulations and restrictions of various denominations.[3] The Walker parents also demonstrated non-traditional gender roles to their children regarding sharing work around the farm: Vesta often participated in heavy labor while Alvah took part in general household chores.[3] Walker worked on her family farm as a child. She did not wear women's clothing during farm labor, because she considered it too restricting. Her mother reinforced her views that corsets and tight lacings were unhealthy.[4]

Her elementary education consisted of going to the local school that her parents started. The Walkers were determined that their daughters be as well-educated as their son, so they founded the first free school house in Oswego in the later 1830s.[3] After finishing primary school, Mary and two of her older sisters attended Falley Seminary in Fulton, New York.[3] Falley was not only an institution of higher learning, but a place that emphasized modern social reform in gender roles, education, and hygiene.[3] Its ideologies and practices further cemented Mary's determination to defy traditional feminine standards on a principle of injustice. In her free time, Mary would pore over her father's medical texts on anatomy and physiology; her interest in medicine is accredited to her exposure to medical literature at an early age.[3] As a young woman, she taught at a school in Minetto, New York, to eventually earn enough money to pay her way through Syracuse Medical College (now the State University of New York Upstate Medical University), where she graduated with honors as a medical doctor in 1855 as the only woman in her class.[3]

She married a fellow medical school student, Albert Miller, on November 16, 1855, shortly before Mary turned 23.[3] Mary wore a short skirt with trousers underneath, refused to include "obey" in her vows, and retained her last name, all characteristic of her obstinate nonconformity.[3] They set up a joint practice in Rome, New York.[5] The practice did not flourish, as female physicians were generally not trusted or respected at that time.[6] They later divorced, on account of Miller's infidelity.[7]

Walker briefly attended Bowen Collegiate Institute (later named Lenox College) in Hopkinton, Iowa, in 1860, until she was suspended for refusing to resign from the school's debating society, which until she joined had been all male.

Dress Reform

Inspired by her parents' novel standard of dressing for health purposes, Mary was infamous for contesting traditional female wardrobe. In 1871, she wrote, "The greatest sorrows from which women suffer to-day are those physical, moral, and mental ones, that are caused by their unhygienic manner of dressing!" [7] She strongly opposed women's long skirts with numerous petticoats not only for their discomfort and their inhibition to the wearer's mobility, but for their collection and spread of dust and dirt. She began experimenting with various skirt-lengths and layers, all with men's trousers underneath as a young woman. By 1861, her typical ensemble of choice included trousers with suspenders under a knee-length dress with a tight waist and full skirt.[7]

While encouraged by her family, Mary's wardrobe choices were often met with criticism. As a schoolteacher on her way home, she was assaulted by a neighboring farmer and a group of boys, who chased her and attacked her with eggs and other launched items.[3] Female colleagues in medical school criticized her choices, and patients often gawked and teased her. Nevertheless, Mary was persistent in her mission to reform women's dress. Her view that women's dress should "protect the person, and allow freedom of motion and circulation, and not make the wearer a slave to it" made her commitment to dress reform as great as her zeal for abolitionism.[8] She famously wrote to the women's journal, The Sibyl: A Review of the Tastes, Errors, and Fashions of Society, about her vendetta against women's fashion, amongst other things, for its causation of poor health, its expense, and its contribution to the dissolution of marriages.[3] Her literature contributed to the spread of her ideas, and made her a popular figure amongst other feminists and female physicians.

American Civil War

At the beginning of the American Civil War, she volunteered for the Union Army as a civilian. The U.S. Army had no female surgeons, and at first she was only allowed to practice as a nurse. During this period, she served at the First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas), July 21, 1861, and at the Patent Office Hospital in Washington, D.C. She worked as an unpaid field surgeon near the Union front lines, including at the Battle of Fredericksburg and in Chattanooga after the Battle of Chickamauga. As a suffragist, she was happy to see women serving as soldiers and alerted the press to the case of Frances Hook in Ward 2 of the Chattanooga hospital, a woman who served in the Union forces disguised as a man.[9]

In September 1862, Walker wrote to the War Department requesting employment as a spy, but her proposal was declined.[10] In September 1863, she was employed as a "Contract Acting Assistant Surgeon (civilian)" by the Army of the Cumberland, becoming the first female surgeon employed by the U.S. Army Surgeon.[11] Walker was later appointed assistant surgeon of the 52nd Ohio Infantry. During her service, she frequently crossed battle lines and treated civilians.

On April 10, 1864, she was captured by Confederate troops and arrested as a spy, just after she finished helping a Confederate doctor perform an amputation. She was sent to Castle Thunder in Richmond, Virginia, and remained there until August 12, 1864, when she was released as part of a prisoner exchange.[12] While she was imprisoned, she refused to wear the clothes provided because they were more "becoming of her sex". Walker was exchanged for a Confederate surgeon from Tennessee on August 12, 1864.[2]

She went on to serve as supervisor of a female prison in Louisville, Kentucky, and as the head of an orphanage in Tennessee.[11]

Later career

After serving in the war, Walker became disabled. She was awarded a disability pension for partial muscular atrophy while she was imprisoned during the war. She was given $8.50 a month beginning June 13, 1865, but in 1899 that amount was raised to $20 per month.[13]

A black and white image of Mary Walker wearing a suit and standing facing the camera with her right hand tucked into her jacket.
Walker, ca 1870. She often wore men's clothes.

She became a writer and lecturer, supporting such issues as health care, temperance, women's rights, and dress reform for women. She was frequently arrested for wearing men's clothing and insisted on her right to wear clothing that she thought appropriate.[14] She wrote two books that discussed women's rights and dress. She replied to criticism of her attire: "I don't wear men's clothes, I wear my own clothes."[15]

Walker supported the women's suffrage movement. She was a member of the central woman's suffrage Bureau in Washington.[2] During her time as a member, she solicited funds to endow a chair for a woman professor at Howard University medical school.[2] Walker attempted to register to vote in 1871, but was turned away. The initial stance of the movement, taking Dr. Walker's lead, was to claim that women already had the right to vote, and Congress needed only to enact enabling legislation. After a number of fruitless years advocating this position, the movement promoted the adoption of a constitutional amendment. This was diametrically opposed to Mary Walker's position, and she fell out of favor with the movement. She continued to attend conventions of the suffrage movement and distribute her own brand of literature, but was virtually ignored by the rest of the movement. Her penchant for wearing male-style clothing, including a top hat, only exacerbated the situation.[11] She received a more positive reception in England than in the United States.[16]

In 1907, Walker published a work on "Crowning Constitutional Argument". Walker argued that some states, as well as the Constitution, had already granted women the right to vote. She testified on women's suffrage before committees of the U.S. House of Representatives in 1912 and 1914.

After a long illness, Walker died at home on February 21, 1919, from natural causes at the age of 87[17] and is buried in Rural Cemetery in Oswego, New York. She had a plain funeral with an American flag draped over her casket. She was buried in her black suit instead of a dress.[18] Her death in 1919 came one year before the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which guaranteed women the right to vote.[11]

Honors and awards

Medal of Honor citation

Mary Edwards Walker, around 1911.

After the war, Walker was recommended for the Medal of Honor by Generals William Tecumseh Sherman and George Henry Thomas. On November 11, 1865, President Andrew Johnson signed a bill to present her the medal.

In 1917, the U.S. Congress created a pension act for Medal of Honor recipients and in doing so created separate Army and Navy Medal of Honor Rolls. Only the Army decided to review eligibility for inclusion on the Army Medal of Honor Roll. The 1917 Medal of Honor Board deleted 911 names from the Army Medal of Honor Roll, including those of Dr. Mary Edwards Walker and William F. "Buffalo Bill" Cody. None of the 911 recipients were ordered to return their medals, although on the question of whether the recipients could continue to wear their medals, the Judge Advocate General advised the Medal of Honor Board that there was no obligation on the Army to police the matter. Walker continued to wear her medal until her death.

President Jimmy Carter restored her medal posthumously in 1977.[19][20] She was one of six people to regain the award.[2]

Walker felt like she was awarded the Medal of Honor because she went into enemy territory to care for the suffering inhabitants when no man had the courage to respond in fear of being imprisoned.[2] She had no fear of being imprisoned; resulting in her doing what her calling was, which was a doctor.

Attribution and citation

Rank and organization: Contract Acting Assistant Surgeon (civilian), U. S. Army. Places and dates: Battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861; Patent Office Hospital, Washington, D.C., October 1861; Chattanooga, Tenn., following Battle of Chickamauga, September 1863; Prisoner of War, April 10, 1864 – August 12, 1864, Richmond, Va.; Battle of Atlanta, September 1864. Entered service at: Louisville, Ky. Born: 26 November 1832, Oswego County, N.Y.

Citation:

Whereas it appears from official reports that Dr. Mary E. Walker, a graduate of medicine, "has rendered valuable service to the Government, and her efforts have been earnest and untiring in a variety of ways," and that she was assigned to duty and served as an assistant surgeon in charge of female prisoners at Louisville, Ky., upon the recommendation of Major-Generals Sherman and Thomas, and faithfully served as contract surgeon in the service of the United States, and has devoted herself with much patriotic zeal to the sick and wounded soldiers, both in the field and hospitals, to the detriment of her own health, and has also endured hardships as a prisoner of war four months in a Southern prison while acting as contract surgeon; and Whereas by reason of her not being a commissioned officer in the military service, a brevet or honorary rank cannot, under existing laws, be conferred upon her; and Whereas in the opinion of the President an honorable recognition of her services and sufferings should be made. It is ordered, That a testimonial thereof shall be hereby made and given to the said Dr. Mary E. Walker, and that the usual medal of honor for meritorious services be given her.[21]

National Women's Hall of Fame

Walker was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in 2000.

Legacy

During World War II, a Liberty ship, the SS Mary Walker, was named for her.[22]

In 1982, the U.S. Postal Service issued a 20-cent stamp in her honor marking the anniversary of her birth.[23][24]

The medical facilities at SUNY Oswego are named in her honor (Mary Walker Health Center). On the same grounds a plaque explains her importance in the Oswego community.

There is a United States Army Reserve center named for her in Walker, Michigan.

The Whitman-Walker Clinic in Washington, D.C. is named in honor of Dr. Walker and the poet Walt Whitman who was a nurse in D.C. during the Civil War.[20]

The Mary Walker Clinic at the National Training Center and Fort Irwin, California is named in honor of Dr. Walker.[25]

The Mary E. Walker House is a 30-bed transitional residence run by the Philadelphia Veterans Multi-Service & Education Center for women veterans who have found themselves in difficult life situations and without a home.[26][27]

With the Civil War anniversary (2011–2015), a number of historians have had a renewed interest in Walker, especially historian Mercedes Graf, who wrote the introduction to Walker's Hit for the 2003 edition.

Works

  • Mary Edwards Walker (1912). Woman suffrage, No.1: hearings before the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, Sixty-second Congress, second session, statement of Dr. Mary E. Walker. February 14, 1912. Government Printing Office. Retrieved February 11, 2010. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Walker, Mary Edwards (1871). Hit: Essays on Women's Rights. The American News Company. Retrieved February 11, 2010. Reissued in paperback with a new introduction in 2003.[8]
  • Mary Edwards Walker (1878). Unmasked, or the Science of Immorality, To Gentlemen by a Woman Physician and Surgeon.

See also

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mary Edwards Walker.
  1. ^ "The Case of Dr. Waler, Only Woman to Win (and Lose) the Medal of Honor". New York Times. June 4, 1977. Retrieved October 22, 2015.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Spiegel, Allen; Suskind, Peter (June 1, 1996). "Mary Edwards Walker, M.D. A Feminist Physician a Century Ahead of Her Time". Journal of Community Health. 21: 211. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Harris, Sharon M. (2009). Dr. Mary Walker: American Radical, 1832–1919. Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-4611-7.
  4. ^ Graf, 2010, p. 11
  5. ^ Graf, 2010, p. 91
  6. ^ Walker, 2010, pp. 26–27
  7. ^ a b c Leonard, Elizabeth D. (1994). Yankee Women: Gender battles in the Civil War. New York, New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-31372-7.
  8. ^ a b Mary Edwards Walker M.D. (Author) (2003-08-01). "Hit: Essays on Women's Rights (Classics in Women's Studies): Mary Edwards Walker M.D.: 9781591020981: Amazon.com: Books". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2014-04-22. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  9. ^ Blanton, DeAnne, and Lauren M. Cook. They Fought Like Demons: Women Soldiers in the American Civil War. Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press, 2002, page 96.
  10. ^ National Archives, RG108, E22, M1635, Mary E. Walker to Edwin M. Stanton, September 22, 1862
  11. ^ a b c d Walker, Dale L. (2005). Mary Edwards Walker: Above and Beyond. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-7653-1065-1. Retrieved February 11, 2010. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  12. ^ Massey, 1994, pp 62–63
  13. ^ Spiegel, Allen; Suskind, Peter (1 June 1996). "Mary Edwards Walker, M.D: A Feminist Physician a Century Ahead of Her Time". Journal of Community Health. 21: 211. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  14. ^ Massey, 1994, pp 360–361
  15. ^ Lineberry, Cate (December 2, 2013). "'I Wear My Own Clothes'". New York Times. Retrieved October 22, 2015.
  16. ^ Massey, 1994, p 361
  17. ^ "Dr. Mary Walker, Crusader, is Dead". New York Times. February 23, 1919. Retrieved October 22, 2015.
  18. ^ "Mary Edwards Walker". Claim to Fame: Medal of Honor recipients. Find a Grave. Retrieved January 1, 2008.
  19. ^ United Press International (June 11, 1977). "Highest Medal Restored to War Heroine". New York Times. Retrieved 2014-11-09. Army Secretary Clifford Alexander today restored the Medal of Honor to Mary Edwards Walker, a Civil War surgeon who had been the only woman to have won the medal.
  20. ^ a b "About WWH". Our Namesakes. Whitman-Walker Health. Retrieved October 21, 2015.
  21. ^ "Medal of Honor recipients". Medal of Honor citations. United States Army Center of Military History. June 11, 2007. Retrieved February 11, 2010.
  22. ^ "Liberty Ships built by the United States Maritime Commission in World War II". Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  23. ^ Walker, 2010, pp. 21–22
  24. ^ Graf, 2010, p 82
  25. ^ "WACH - Dr Mary Walker Center". army.mil.
  26. ^ Mary E. Walker House Site http://www.pvmsec.org/index.php/services/homeless-veteran-services/the-mary-e-walker-house
  27. ^ "Dinniman, Mary E. Walker House Recognize Women in the Military," Senator Dinneman's Official Website http://www.senatordinniman.com/dinniman-mary-e-walker-house-recognize-women-in-the-military

Further reading

  • Bloch, Raphael S. Healers and Achievers: Physicians Who Excelled in Other Fields and the Times in Which They Lived. [Bloomington, IN]: Xlibris Corp, 2012. ISBN 1-4691-9247-0 OCLC 819323018
  • Conner, Jane Hollenbeck. Sinners, Saints, and Soldiers in Civil War Stafford. Stafford, Va.: Parker Pub., 2009. ISBN 0-9708370-1-1 OCLC 430058519
  • Eggleston, Larry G. Women in the Civil War: Extraordinary Stories of Soldiers, Spies, Nurses, Doctors, Crusaders, and Others. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company, Inc., Publishers, 2003. ISBN 0-7864-1493-6
  • Fitzgerald, Stephanie. Mary Walker: Civil War Surgeon and Feminist. Minneapolis, Minn.: Compass Point Books, 2009. ISBN 0-7565-4083-6 OCLC 244293210
  • Frank, Lisa Tendrich. Women in the American Civil War. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO, 2008. ISBN 1-85109-600-0 OCLC 152580687
  • Goldsmith, Bonnie Zucker. Dr. Mary Edwards Walker: Civil War Surgeon & Medal of Honor Recipient. Edina, Minn: ABDO Pub, 2010. ISBN 1-60453-966-6 OCLC 430736535
  • Graf, Mercedes, and Mary Edwards Walker. A Woman of Honor: Dr. Mary E. Walker and the Civil War. Gettysburg, PA: Thomas Publications, 2001. ISBN 1-57747-071-0 OCLC 48851708
  • Hall, Richard C. Women on the Civil War Battlefront. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 2006. ISBN 978-0-7006-1437-0
  • Hall, Marjory. Quite Contrary: Dr. Mary Edwards Walker. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1970. OCLC 69716
  • Harper, Judith E. Women During the Civil War: An Encyclopedia. New York: Routledge, 2004. ISBN 0-415-93723-X OCLC 51942662
  • Joinson, Carla. Civil War Doctor: The Story of Mary Edwards Walker. Greensboro, N.C.: Morgan Reynolds Pub., 2006. ISBN 1-59935-028-9 OCLC 71241973
  • LeClair, Mary K., Justin D. White, and Susan Keeter. Three 19th-Century Women Doctors: Elizabeth Blackwell, Mary Walker, Sarah Loguen Fraser. Syracuse, N.Y.: Hofmann, 2007. ISBN 0-9700519-3-X OCLC 156809843
  • Massey, Mary Elizabeth. Women in the Civil War. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994. ISBN 0-8032-8213-3
  • Mendoza, Patrick M. Extraordinary People in Extraordinary Times: Heroes, Sheroes and Villains. Englewood, Colo: Libraries Unlimited, 1999. ISBN 1-56308-611-5 OCLC 632890705
  • Mikaelian, Allen, and Mike Wallace. Medal of Honor: Profiles of America's Military Heroes from the Civil War to the Present. New York: Hyperion, 2002. ISBN 0-7868-6662-4 OCLC 49698595
  • Nash, J. V. Famous Eccentric Americans. Girard, Kan: Haldeman-Julius Publications, 1930. OCLC 10836948
  • Schroeder-Lein, Glenna R. The Encyclopedia of Civil War Medicine. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, Inc, 2008. ISBN 0-7656-1171-6 OCLC 122291324
  • Snyder, Charles McCool. Dr. Mary Walker: The Little Lady in Pants. New York: Arno Press, 1974. ISBN 0-405-06122-6 OCLC 914744
  • Tsui, Bonnie. She Went to the Field: Women Soldiers of the Civil War. Guilford, Connecticut: TwoDot, 2006. ISBN 0-7627-4384-0
  • United States, Mary Edwards Walker, Edward T. Taylor, and Jane Addams. Woman Suffrage, No. 1: Hearings Before the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, Sixty-Second Congress, Second Session, Statement of Dr. Mary E. Walker. February 14, 1912. Washington: Govt. Print. Off, 1912. OCLC 2766859
  • Walker, Dale L. Mary Edwards Walker: Above and Beyond. New York: Forge, 2005. ISBN 0-7653-1065-1 OCLC 57349050
  • Walker, Mary Edwards. Hit: Essays on Women's Rights. Amherst, N.Y.: Humanity Books, 2003. ISBN 1-59102-098-0 OCLC 52165894
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