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National Bus Company (UK)

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This article is about the National Bus Company in Britain. For the historic Australian company, see National Bus Company (Australia).

National Bus Company
Norman Wilson's National Bus Company symbol, an italicised 'N' and its shadow formed into an arrow.
Western National Bristol VR in Forder in May 1979
ParentDepartment of Transport
Founded1 January 1969
Ceased operationApril 1988
HeadquartersLondon
Service areaEngland and Wales
Service typeBus operator

The National Bus Company (NBC) was a nationalised bus company that operated in England and Wales between 1969 and 1988. NBC did not run buses itself, but was the owner of a number of regional subsidiary bus operating companies.

History

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National Welsh Omnibus Services Leyland Leopard at Cardiff Central bus station in the poppy red and white "dual purpose" version of the NBC corporate livery in June 1980
Green Line Leyland National on Oxford Street, London in July 1976

Background

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Following the Labour Party victory at the 1966 General Election, Barbara Castle was appointed Minister for Transport. Castle immediately ordered a review of public transport, with a view to formulating a new transport policy.

Among the issues to be tackled were the ownership and operation of bus services, which were rapidly losing patronage and profitability due to increased prevalence of private motor cars.[1] The state owned a considerable proportion of scheduled bus operators outside the major cities, having obtained the Tilling Group companies in 1948 as a consequence of nationalising the railways, all of which had substantial shareholdings in the Tilling Group, having previously merged into it their own bus operations.[2] [3] The Tilling Group was subsequently placed under the ownership of the nationalised Transport Holding Company (THC). London Transport was also nationalised in 1948 and others voluntarily acquiesced, the last being Red & White in 1950. When the Labour Party suddenly lost power to the Conservatives in 1951, the nationalization programme remained unfinished.

Castle proposed forming regional transport authorities, which would take over the THC subsidiaries and municipal transport undertakings in their area, and would also have the power to acquire private bus operators.[1] However, in November 1967 British Electric Traction (BET) unexpectedly offered to sell its bus operations to the government.[4] BET, who had been the only major private bus operating group, received £35 million for its 25 provincial bus companies and 11,300 vehicles.[5] The deal meant that the state or municipal bus operators now operated some 90% of scheduled bus services in England and Wales.[1] Instead of forming the regional authorities, the government published a white paper proposing the merger of the THC and BET organisations into a single National Bus Company.[6][7]

The recommendations of the White Paper formed part of the Transport Act 1968. The 1968 Act also reorganised the already nationalised bus operation in Scotland, where subsidiaries formed the Scottish Bus Group.[8]

Formation

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The National Bus Company was formed on 1 January 1969.[9]

In 1970, the company was enlarged when it acquired the country area buses of London Transport (as London Country Bus Services), the bus operations of the county boroughs of Exeter and Luton, and the Gosport & Fareham Omnibus Company, trading under the name of Provincial.[10]

Buses were operated by locally managed subsidiary companies, with their own fleetnames and liveries. In the early years of the company, there was some rationalisation, generally leading to the amalgamation of operators into larger units and the transfer of areas between them. One was the merging of Aldershot & District with Thames Valley on 1 January 1972.[11] Another example was the transfer of the 'land-locked' Trowbridge operations from Western National to Bristol Omnibus in 1970.

Corporate identity

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Eastern Coach Works bodied Bristol in Weymouth in 1978 in National Express livery

Following the appointment of Fred Wood as chairman in 1972, the National Bus Company introduced a corporate identity designed by Norman Wilson, who had previously worked with Wood to reshape the identity of the Croda International chemical company. The company's coaches, which previously carried the traditional colours of local subsidiaries, were re-branded as 'National' and painted in unrelieved white, with the NBC logo and the 'NATIONAL' name in alternate red & blue letters using a bespoke typeface. The 'white coach' played a prominent part in changing the image of coach travel, taking advantage of the new national motorway network to offer a consistent national service.[12] The services were rebranded as National Express soon afterwards. The addition of blue and white stripes appeared in 1978.[13] National Travel was the country's first attempt at a uniformly marketable express network, which superseded Associated Motorways and the plethora of other services provided by individual NBC subsidiaries. The coaches were managed by a few areas and included travel agent booking offices based at major bus stations. A hub and spoke system operated with the main hub at Cheltenham.

Around the same time, the company launched a wide number of UK holiday services under the banner "National Holidays". This brand and its travel agent booking offices existed until the mid-1990s, when the coach holiday division closed.

The National Express overseas travel business was re-launched under the name Eurolines: this brand now operates services from the UK across Europe, booked through the main National Express website.

Example of Norman Wilson's NBC symbol and company identifier ('fleetname') in Wilson's bespoke typeface, in the green monochrome version of the 1972 corporate identity.
Example of Norman Wilson's NBC symbol and company identifier ('fleetname') using Wilson's bespoke National lettering, in the green monochrome version of the 1972 corporate identity. Southern Vectis was one of 14 local operating companies which adopted the green version of the identity in 1972.
The red version of Norman Wilson's NBC identity for local buses, applied to a Leyland National bus as specified in his Corporate Identity Manual. Eastern Counties was one of 24 local operating companies which adopted the red version of the identity in 1972.

In the 1970s all local service buses adopted a uniform design under Norman Wilson's corporate identity scheme, generally in either leaf green or poppy red, with white relief. All vehicles bore the local company fleetname in white in the bespoke National lettering/Wilson National typeface designed by Wilson and based on Akzidenz-Grotesk. The fleetname was aligned with Wilson's new NBC symbol, an italicised 'N' and its shadow forming an arrow, with the dimensions and positions precisely defined in Wilson's corporate identity manuals of 1972 and 1976.[14][15] Though around 95 per cent of the company's buses appeared in one of the two standard colours,[16] there were exceptions. Buses operating in the area of the Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive used yellow in a similar fashion to the PTE's own fleet but to the NBC specifications for layout and colour; some buses operating within West Yorkshire were liveried in WYPTE verona green and cream; Jones (Aberbeeg) was liveried in blue, while local subsidiaries East Yorkshire, Midland General and the Northern General subsidiary, Sunderland District, also retained blue for short periods.[13][17][18]

Area of operation

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Although NBC operated throughout England and Wales, it was not a monopoly. Services were provided by London Transport in Greater London, the fleets of the municipal bus companies and passenger transport executives, and by independent operators in some rural areas and a few small towns.

Bus manufacture

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Trent Motor Traction Eastern Coach Works bodied Bristol RE and Leyland National at Derby bus station in January 1980

The NBC inherited from the Transport Holding Company 75% shareholdings in chassis manufacturer Bristol Commercial Vehicles and body builder Eastern Coach Works.[9] In 1969 NBC formed a joint venture with British Leyland (who owned the other 25% of Bristol and ECW), by means of which British Leyland became a 50% owner of the NBC's manufacturing companies. The joint venture designed and built a new single-deck bus, the Leyland National. The first was delivered in 1972, and it remained in production until 1986. The National was also available to other bus operators. In 1982 NBC sold its 50% interest in the joint venture (including Bristol and ECW) to British Leyland.

Service reforms

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In the late 1970s and early 1980s services were reviewed under a process known within instigator Midland Red as the Viable Network Project and subsequently more generally as the "Market Analysis Project" (MAP). This followed on from the West Oxfordshire Market Analysis Project conducted in 1975 by the newly formed Public Transport Unit of Oxfordshire County Council. With an all-county remit Oxfordshire included services from the Banbury area running into the West Oxfordshire survey area. Having assisted in the programme and been fully informed as to the findings, the Midland Red Area Manager (Brian Barrett) was able to recommend that the programme should be extended elsewhere within National Bus Company. Conscious of the very limited information on their market (their passengers), NBC extended the programme throughout the areas served by the subsidiary Companies. Each company carefully considered its existing and potential new demands, surveyed both on and off bus, and recast local networks to reflect the results, indicating to local authorities those services requiring subsidy. As part of the MAP local area identities were invariably introduced, with new fleet names applied to buses, bus stops, timetables and publicity. The process culminated in the splitting of several larger NBC subsidiaries.

Deregulation and privatisation

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Midland Red Eastern Coach Works bodied Leyland Leopard in National Holidays livery

From 1986, bus services in the UK were deregulated and progressively privatised, with the remaining larger companies forcibly broken up.

NBC was divided into 70 units, with the first sale being of National Holidays to Pleasurama in July 1986.[19] The last sale was completed in April 1988.[20][21][22]

The sales spawned a renewed interest in individual liveries and the "double-N" logo disappeared. However, it was kept by National Express when it was sold to their management and continued to be used until 2003, when the NBC logo finally disappeared in favour of a new logo, since replaced in 2007. Most local companies passed from state control to management buyouts.[20] The independence of many however, was short lived, as they were acquired by the emerging large private bus groups, represented today by:

Subsidiaries

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Preserved former Crosville Eastern Coach Works bodied Bristol VR in August 2010
Midland Red South Leyland National in Tamworth in 1986

Original companies

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The original bus and coach operating subsidiaries of the National Bus Company in 1969 and 1970 were:

In addition, another NBC subsidiary Amalgamated Passenger Transport Ltd. inherited the former British Railways/THC shareholdings in several further Joint Omnibus Committees in Yorkshire, comprising Halifax JOC and Todmorden JOC (merged to form Calderdale JOC in 1971), Huddersfield JOC and Sheffield JOC.

Consolidation

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During its early years, NBC pursued a policy of merging smaller subsidiaries to form larger regional companies. At the same time, some depots were transferred between subsidiaries to reduce overlap between operating territories. In addition to those businesses inherited from the Transport Holding Company, NBC took over the municipal bus operations in Exeter and Luton during 1970, with these operations being absorbed by Devon General and United Counties respectively, while the country area services of London Transport also passed to NBC in 1970 as London Country. Notable independent operators acquired during this period included Jones of Aberbeeg, Venture of Consett, Provincial of Fareham, and Wessex of Bristol which were (at least initially) retained as subsidiaries. 1974 saw the coach-only subsidiaries consolidated into four "National Travel" companies, while a fifth was established to take over another independent coach operator, Don Everall of Wolverhampton.

On the other hand, the NBC shareholdings in Huddersfield and Sheffield JOCs were sold to the respective local authorities in 1969, and most of Hebble's bus operations passed to the jointly owned Halifax JOC during 1970. The 1968 Transport Act gave the new passenger transport executives the right to purchase any bus operations within their territories, including those of the National Bus Company. Not all of the PTEs chose to exercise this power, but on 1 January 1972 SELNEC PTE purchased the majority of North Western Road Car, and in 1973 the services of Midland Red within the West Midlands PTE passed to that executive. In 1974 the remaining NBC interest in Calderdale JOC was acquired by the newly-formed West Yorkshire PTE.

By 1978 the following bus-operating companies existed:

Break-up and privatisation

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In 1981 Midland Red, weakened by losing its core area, was broken into six smaller operating companies. Most of the National Travel companies were closed down in the mid-1980s, with coaches mainly going to local bus companies. Wessex National was formed from part of National Travel South West, and Pilgrim Coaches from part of National Travel West.

NBC bus-operating subsidiaries in 1981
  1. United Automobile Services
  2. Northern General
  3. Cumberland
  4. Ribble
  5. West Yorkshire
  6. East Yorkshire
  7. West Riding / Yorkshire Woollen
  8. Yorkshire Traction
  9. East Midland / Mansfield
  10. Lincolnshire
  11. Potteries Motor Traction
  12. Trent Motor Traction
  13. Midland Red
  14. Crosville
  15. United Counties
  16. Eastern Counties
  17. South Wales / De Cymru
  18. National Welsh / Cymru Cenedlaethol
  19. Bristol
  20. Oxford South Midland
  21. Eastern National
  22. Alder Valley
  23. London Country / Green Line
  24. Western National / Devon General
  25. Hants & Dorset
  26. Southern Vectis
  27. Provincial
  28. Southdown
  29. Maidstone & District
  30. East Kent

In preparation for the introduction of deregulation in 1986, and for privatisation soon after, many of the companies were broken up into smaller units. In some cases the names of earlier companies – such as Wilts & Dorset or North Western – were revived, although often with quite different areas from their namesakes.

NBC bus-operating subsidiaries at privatisation
  1. Northumbria
  2. Northern General
  3. United
  4. Cumberland
  5. Ribble
  6. West Yorkshire
  7. East Yorkshire
  8. West Riding / Yorkshire Woollen
  9. Yorkshire Traction
  10. North Western
  11. Crosville
  12. East Midland / Mansfield
  13. Lincolnshire
  14. Potteries Motor Traction
  15. Trent Motor Traction
  16. Crosville Wales
  17. Midland Red North
  18. Midland Red West
  19. Midland Fox
  20. Midland Red South
  21. United Counties
  22. Cambus
  23. Milton Keynes City Bus
  24. Eastern Counties
  25. Luton & District
  26. Eastern National/Thamesway
  27. South Wales / De Cymru
  28. National Welsh / Cymru Cenedlaethol
  29. Cheltenham & Gloucester
  30. Oxford
  31. South Midland
  32. Badgerline
  33. Bristol
  34. Western National
  35. North Devon (Red Bus)
  36. Devon General
  37. Southern National
  38. Wilts & Dorset
  39. Hampshire Bus
  40. Southern Vectis
  41. Provincial
  42. The Beeline
  43. Alder Valley South
  44. Southdown
  45. Brighton & Hove Bus & Coach Company
  46. London Country North West
  47. London Country North East
  48. London Country South West
  49. Kentish Bus
  50. Hastings & District
  51. Maidstone & District
  52. East Kent
Original company Year of split Companies formed Privatisation
Alder Valley 1986 Alder Valley North – renamed The Beeline 1987
Alder Valley 1986 Alder Valley South 1987
Bristol 1983 Bristol (Cityline) 1987
Bristol 1983 Badgerline 1986
Bristol 1983 Cheltenham & Gloucester 1986
Crosville 1986 Crosville 1988
Crosville 1986 Crosville Wales 1987
Cumberland Gained Ribble's North Cumbrian operations in 1986 Cumberland 1987
East Kent n/a East Kent 1987
East Midland n/a East Midland 1988
East Yorkshire n/a East Yorkshire 1987
Eastern Counties 1984 Ambassador Travel 1987
Eastern Counties 1984 Cambus 1986
Eastern Counties 1984 Eastern Counties 1986
Eastern National 1986 Eastern National/Thamesway 1986
Hants & Dorset 1983 Hampshire Bus 1987
Hants & Dorset 1983 Shamrock & Rambler 1987
Hants & Dorset 1983 Wilts & Dorset 1987
Lincolnshire n/a Lincolnshire 1988
London Country 1986 London Country North East 1988
London Country 1986 London Country North West 1988
London Country 1986 London Country South East – renamed Kentish Bus 1988
London Country 1986 London Country South West 1988
Maidstone & District 1986 Hastings & District 1987
Maidstone & District 1986 Maidstone & District 1987
Midland Red 1981 Midland Red East renamed Midland Fox 1987
Midland Red 1981 Midland Red Express – renamed Midland Red Coaches 1986
Midland Red 1981 Midland Red North 1988
Midland Red 1981 Midland Red South 1987
Midland Red 1981 Midland Red West 1986
National Travel East n/a National Travel East 1987
National Welsh n/a National Welsh 1987
Northern General n/a Northern General 1987
Oxford 1986 Oxford Bus Company 1987
Oxford 1986 South Midland 1986
Pilgrim Coaches n/a Pilgrim Coaches Limited 1987
Potteries n/a PMT Limited 1986
Provincial Gained part of Hants & Dorset 1983 Provincial Bus Company 1987
Ribble 1986 Transfer of North Cumbrian operations Cumberland 1988
Ribble 1986 North Western 1988
Ribble 1986 Ribble 1988
South Wales n/a SWT 1987
Southdown 1986 Brighton & Hove Bus & Coach Company 1987
Southdown 1986 Southdown 1987
Southern Vectis n/a Southern Vectis 1986
Trent n/a Trent Motor Traction 1986
United 1986 Northumbria 1987
United 1986 United 1987
United Counties 1986 Luton & District 1987
United Counties 1986 Milton Keynes City Bus 1987
United Counties 1986 United Counties 1987
Wessex National n/a Wessex National Limited 1987
West Riding / Yorkshire Woollen n/a West Riding 1987
West Yorkshire n/a West Yorkshire 1987
Western National / Devon General 1983 Devon General 1986
Western National / Devon General 1983 North Devon (Red Bus) 1988
Western National / Devon General 1983 Southern National 1988
Western National / Devon General 1983 Western National 1987
Yorkshire Traction n/a Yorkshire Traction 1987

Two additional non-bus-operating subsidiaries were also disposed of in 1988:

The Scarborough operations of United Automobile Services passed to East Yorkshire Motor Services in September 1986.[23]

References

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  1. ^ a b c "'State buses plan goes' : report". The Times. 4 December 1967. p. 1.
  2. ^ John A Birks et al (1990): National Bus Company 1968-1989, a commemorative volume; pp9-12, 'The pre-history of the National Bus Company: its origins and background' (The Other Oxford Company, Oxford, 1990)
  3. ^ Richard Price (1983): City and county, an economic study of the Eastern Counties Omnibus Company (Hewett, Norwich, 1983)
  4. ^ "BET could benefit from bus sale". The Times. 18 November 1967. p. 12.
  5. ^ "BET to accept £35m". The Times. 23 November 1967. p. 19.
  6. ^ Michael Baily (6 December 1967). "£20m subsidy plan for city transport". The Times. p. 3.
  7. ^ Public Transport and Traffic (Cmnd 3481), 5 December 1967
  8. ^ Transport Act – the main provisions Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine Commercial Motor 1 November 1968 page 30
  9. ^ a b National Bus Company Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine Commercial Motor 3 January 1969 page 27
  10. ^ NBC to buy 'provincial' Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine Commercial Motor 21 November 1969 page 29
  11. ^ Aldershot and Thames Valley merge Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine Commercial Motor 26 February 1971 page 26
  12. ^ NBC Corporate Identity Project (2021): "The rise of the white coach"
  13. ^ a b Lyons, Mark (7 August 2022). "Creating a National identity". Buses. No. 810. Stamford: Key Publishing. pp. 42–45. Retrieved 18 August 2022.(subscription required)
  14. ^ National Bus Company (1976): Corporate Identity Manual (NBC, London, 1976)
  15. ^ Richard Price (2022): Norman Wilson: a Manchester modernist (The Modernist, no 44, Autumn 2022, pp33-44)
  16. ^ NBC Corporate Identity Project (2024): NBC’s true colours? Modern shades of red and green, May 2024
  17. ^ NBC Corporate Identity Project (2020): Poppy yellow, October 2020.
  18. ^ NBC Corporate Identity Project (2023): The story of the blues, Match 2023
  19. ^ Holidays leads NBC sell-off Archived 18 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine Commercial Motor 19 July 1986
  20. ^ a b NBC sale is completed with London Country NE Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine Commercial Motor 7 April 1988 page 16
  21. ^ Hansard Archived 29 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine House of Commons 18 April 1988
  22. ^ Morris, Stephen (September 1996). "NBC since NBC: a history of the former NBC subsidiaries". Buses Focus. p. 46.
  23. ^ "WRAC chases United". Commercial Motor. Temple Press. 10 September 1987. p. 25. Retrieved 18 August 2022.

Sources

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Bus Company (United Kingdom).
  • Stewart J Brown, NBC: antecedents and formation, Shepperton, 1983
  • D R Kennedy and A Kennedy, National Bus Company 1981, Oxford, 1982
  • Ray Stenning, A National Bus Company Album, Wiveliscombe, 1979
  • Ray Stenning, The Years before National 1948 – 1968, Swindon, 1982
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