Ptolemaic dynasty

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This article is about the royal family. For the territorial state over which it ruled, see Ptolemaic Kingdom.
Ptolemaic Dynasty
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CountryAncient Egypt

Macedon

Mauretania
Founded305 BC
FounderPtolemy I Soter
Current headextinct
Final rulerCleopatra VII
TitlesPharaoh of Egypt

King of Macedon

King of Mauretania
Estate(s)Egypt, Cyrenaica, Cyprus, Canaan
Ptolemy I Soter.
Periods and dynasties of ancient Egypt
All years are BC
Early
Pre-dynastic period
First Dynasty I c. 3150–2890
Second Dynasty II 2890–2686
Old Kingdom
Third Dynasty III 2686–2613
Fourth Dynasty IV 2613–2498
Fifth Dynasty V 2498–2345
Sixth Dynasty VI 2345–2181
First Intermediate
Seventh Dynasty VII spurious
Eighth Dynasty VIII 2181–2160
Ninth Dynasty IX 2160–2130
Tenth Dynasty X 2130–2040
Early Eleventh Dynasty XI 2134–2061
Middle Kingdom
Late Eleventh Dynasty XI 2061–1991
Twelfth Dynasty XII 1991–1803
Thirteenth Dynasty XIII 1803–1649
Second Intermediate
Fourteenth Dynasty XIV 1705–1690
Fifteenth Dynasty (Hyksos) XV 1674–1535
Sixteenth Dynasty XVI 1660–1600
Abydos Dynasty 1650–1600
Seventeenth Dynasty XVII 1580–1549
New Kingdom
Eighteenth Dynasty XVIII 1549–1292
Nineteenth Dynasty XIX 1292–1189
Twentieth Dynasty XX 1189–1077
Third Intermediate
Twenty-first Dynasty XXI 1069–945
Twenty-second Dynasty XXII 945–720
Twenty-third Dynasty XXIII 837–728
Twenty-fourth Dynasty XXIV 732–720
Twenty-fifth Dynasty (Nubian) XXV 732–653
Late Period
Twenty-sixth Dynasty XXVI 672–525
XXVII 525–404
Twenty-eighth Dynasty XXVIII 404–398
Twenty-ninth Dynasty XXIX 398–380
Thirtieth Dynasty XXX 380–343
XXXI 343–332
Hellenistic Egypt
Thirty-second Dynasty XXXII 332–305
Thirty-third Dynasty XXXIII 305–30
Roman Egypt
XXXIV 30 BC – 313 AD

The Ptolemaic dynasty /ˌtɒləˈmeɪ.[invalid input: 'ɨ']k/ (Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαῖοι, Ptolemaioi), sometimes also known as the Lagids /ˈlædʒ[invalid input: 'ɨ']dz/ or Lagidae /ˈlædʒ[invalid input: 'ɨ']ˌdiː/ (Ancient Greek: Λαγίδαι, Lagidai, after Lagus, Ptolemy I's father), was a Macedonian Greek[1][2][3][4][5] royal family which ruled the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt during the Hellenistic period. Their rule lasted for 275 years, from 305 BC to 30 BC. They were the last dynasty of ancient Egypt.

Ptolemy, one of the seven somatophylakes (bodyguards) who served as Alexander the Great's generals and deputies, was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death in 323 BC. In 305 BC, he declared himself King Ptolemy I, later known as "Soter" (saviour). The Egyptians soon accepted the Ptolemies as the successors to the pharaohs of independent Egypt. Ptolemy's family ruled Egypt until the Roman conquest of 30 BC.

All the male rulers of the dynasty took the name Ptolemy. Ptolemaic queens, some of whom were the sisters of their husbands, were usually called Cleopatra, Arsinoe or Berenice. The most famous member of the line was the last queen, Cleopatra VII, known for her role in the Roman political battles between Julius Caesar and Pompey, and later between Octavian and Mark Antony. Her apparent suicide at the conquest by Rome marked the end of Ptolemaic rule in Egypt.

Ptolemaic rulers and consorts

Dates in brackets represent the regnal dates of the Ptolemaic pharaohs. They frequently ruled jointly with their wives, who were often also their sisters. Several queens exercised regal authority. Of these, the most famous and successful was Cleopatra VII (51–30 BC), with her two brothers and her son serving as successive nominal co-rulers. Several systems exist for numbering the later rulers; the one used here is the one most widely used by modern scholars.

Ptolemaic family tree

Ptolemaic family tree
Ptolemy I
Soter		Berenice IPhilip
Arsinoe IIPtolemy II
Philadelphus		Arsinoe IMagas
of Cyrene		Apama II
Ptolemy III
Euergetes		Berenice II
Ptolemy IV
Philopator		Arsinoe III
Ptolemy V
Epiphanes		Cleopatra I
Syra
Ptolemy VI
Philometor		Cleopatra IIPtolemy VIII
Physcon		Eirene
Ptolemy VII
Neos Philopator		Cleopatra IIIPtolemy
Memphites		Ptolemy
Apion
Cleopatra IVPtolemy IX
Lathyros		Cleopatra
Selene I		Ptolemy X
Alexander I
Ptolemy XII
Auletes		Berenice IIIPtolemy XI
Alexander II
Cleopatra V
Cleopatra VIBerenice IVPtolemy XIII
Theos Philopator		Cleopatra VII
Thea Philopator		Ptolemy XIVArsinoe IV
Julius CaesarMark Antony
Ptolemy XV
Caesarion		Alexander HeliosPtolemy XVI
Philadelphus		Cleopatra
Selene II

Other members of the Ptolemaic dynasty

Medical analysis

Contemporaries describe a number of the Ptolemaic dynasty as extremely obese, whilst sculptures and coins reveal prominent eyes and swollen necks. Familial Graves' disease could explain the swollen necks and eye prominence (exophthalmos), although this is unlikely to occur in the presence of morbid obesity.

In view of the familial nature of these findings, members of this dynasty likely suffered from a multi-organ fibrotic condition such as Erdheim–Chester disease or a familial multifocal fibrosclerosis where thyroiditis, obesity and ocular proptosis may have all occurred concurrently.[6]

Gallery of images

  • Ptolemy of Macedon founded the Ptolemaic Dynasty.
    Ptolemy of Macedon founded the Ptolemaic Dynasty.
  • Ptolemy II
    Ptolemy II
  • Ptolemy III
    Ptolemy III
  • Ptolemy IV
    Ptolemy IV
  • Ptolemy V
    Ptolemy V
  • Ptolemy VI
    Ptolemy VI
  • Cleopatra II (right)
    Cleopatra II (right)
  • Ptolemy VIII
    Ptolemy VIII
  • Ptolemy IX
    Ptolemy IX
  • Ptolemy X
    Ptolemy X
  • Ptolemy XI
    Ptolemy XI
  • Ptolemy XII
    Ptolemy XII
  • Ptolemy XIII and Isis
    Ptolemy XIII and Isis
  • Ptolemy XIV
    Ptolemy XIV
  • Cleopatra VII
    Cleopatra VII
  • Ptolemy XV, commonly called Caesarion.
    Ptolemy XV, commonly called Caesarion.

See also

References

  1. ^ Jones, Prudence J. (2006). Cleopatra: A Sourcebook. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 14. They were members of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Macedonian Greeks, who ruled Egypt after the death of its conqueror, Alexander the Great.
  2. ^ Pomeroy, Sarah B. (1990). Women in Hellenistic Egypt. Wayne State University Press. p. 16. while Ptolemaic Egypt was a monarchy with a Greek ruling class.
  3. ^ Redford, Donald B., ed. (2000). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. Cleopatra VII was born to Ptolemy XII Auletes (80–57 BCE, ruled 55–51 BCE) and Cleopatra, both parents being Macedonian Greeks.
  4. ^ Bard, Kathryn A., ed. (1999). Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. Routledge. p. 488. Ptolemaic kings were still crowned at Memphis and the city was popularly regarded as the Egyptian rival to Alexandria, founded by the Macedonian Greeks.
  5. ^ Bard, Kathryn A., ed. (1999). Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. Routledge. p. 687. During the Ptolemaic period, when Egypt was governed by rulers of Greek descent...
  6. ^ Ashrafian, Hutan (2005). "Familial proptosis and obesity in the Ptolemies". J. R. Soc. Med. 98 (2): 85–86.

Further reading

  • Susan Stephens, Seeing Double. Intercultural Poetics in Ptolemaic Alexandria (Berkeley, 2002).
  • A. Lampela, Rome and the Ptolemies of Egypt. The development of their political relations 273-80 B.C. (Helsinki, 1998).
  • J. G. Manning, The Last Pharaohs: Egypt Under the Ptolemies, 305-30 BC (Princeton, 2009).

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ptolemaic dynasty.


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