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Roads in Ukraine

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See also: Transport in Ukraine
The network of trunk roads (M-highways) (some of which are expressways) of Ukraine is in blue, in green are identified automagistrals (motorways)

Roads in Ukraine (Template:Lang-uk) is a network of automobile roads that includes various types of roadways. The roads are usually categorized into general (public) use including streets and roads within populated areas (i.e. cities/villages), and other including official, private, and special use. The general use roadways are the main traveling routes and some better are part of the E-road network. High-speed highways (motorways), however, locally known as auto-magistrali or expressways (shvydkisni dorohy) are rare and only available on selected segments of major routes. Big construction projects to improve the national road infrastructure was announced in early 2010 in preparation to the Euro 2012 football competition and there was established Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine headed by Borys Kolesnikov. The reality turned to be more prosaic and the road infrastructure continues to be among main problems in the country.

Ukraine's network of roadways was inherited from the Ukrainian SSR (Soviet Ukraine), and during the Soviet period it was part of the bigger Soviet network of roadways. The modern network consists 99% of roads for public use with 12% assigned as of state importance and 87% - local importance. The whole network of all automobile roads (roadways) consists of some 172,400 km (107,100 mi) of which 164,100 km (102,000 mi) - have hard surface or 95.19%. The existing road network was mostly built (established) sometime in the 1960s and 1970s. For comparison, in 1940 the highway network of Ukraine consisted of 270,700 kilometers of which only 10.8% contained a paved surface.

Some critics point out that not only road conditions, but road safety is in complete disarray and the level of police corruption has not diminished after the recent reforms.[1]

Overview

Section of the E95 M 05 highway near Kyiv.

After the fall of the Soviet Union all road service state bodies within Ukraine were reorganized. The state agency Ukravtodor was established as a state corporation in 1990, replacing the Ministry of Roadways of Soviet Ukraine as the state governing body of automobile roads in modern Ukraine. It is supplemented by a project institute Ukrhiprodor which designs objects of road management. Ukravtodor[2] is supervised by the Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine.[3] On February 28, 2002 by the Presidential order the state owned open stock company Avtomobilni dorohy Ukrainy (ADU) was created.[4] The company was directly involved in road construction and maintenance. In 2016 ADU was merged into Ukravtodor, with the latter now owning 100% of its shares.[5]

In 2015 the World Bank Group approved a US$560 million loan to improve road conditions in Ukraine particularly along the M03 route between Poltava and Kharkiv among others.[6]

In 2016 many of Ukraine's major provincial highways were in very poor condition, with 97% of roads in need of repair at that time, according to Ukravtodor. This high figure was mostly a result of budget misallocations due to corruption, and lackluster weight restriction enforcement for trucks.[7] In 2016 the road repair budget was set at about 20 billion hryvnias. In 2017 the Groysman government began a three year large-scale renovation of Ukraine's motorway infrastructure,[8] with the road budget climbing to 42 billion hryvnia in 2018.[8] In 2019, the annual road budget rose further to 51 billion hryvnia,[9] and reached a record high of 70 billion hryvnia in 2020.[10]

Ukraine's increased efforts at road maintenance and construction are showing tangible results. On the Quality of Roads Report of the World Economic Forum, Ukraine rose from 139th place in 2014 to 119th place in 2019, improving 20 places in five years.[11]

Classifications

The state importance roads have three indexes M, H, P, T, each stand for the respective letter of Cyrillic. The state importance roads are utilized by the European E-network of highways.

The M-network of roads which stands for International network along with H-network (National) range from 01 to 23 and consist of two digits. These roads are designed for the major transportation corridors across the country and the European highway system.

The P-network (Regional) of roads ranges from 01 to 65 and also is a combination of two digits.

The T-network (Territorial) of roads are part of territorial road network within the main subdivision of Ukraine (i.e. oblasts of Ukraine) and their index includes a combination of four digits with extra two indices to identify the region where a particular road is located.

Automagistrals

In Ukraine high-speed divided highways or motorways are called automagistrals which is a generic Russian-type term for high-speed road. Currently automagistrals are not designated into a separate network, instead only segments of automobile roads adopted for automagistrals.

In the late 2000s the first improved highspeed freeways were installed, such as the automagistral Kyiv - Boryspil (Template:Lang-uk), which connected the capital with its major airport and runs along M03 road, and the other one Kharkiv - Dnipro which connected to major cities and runs along M18 road. The Kyiv-Boryspil freeway stretches for 18 km (11 mi) and has an ability to allow the traffic volume of 40,000 vehicles on daily basis (24 hrs). An important supplemental feature of the automagistral is an electronic informational system that allows the traveling drivers to be informed of any updates on the route. That experimental project was installed in 2007 and cost 40 million hryvnia.

Road characteristics categories

Aside of classification the roads in Ukraine are categorized by the road's ability to handle a certain degree of traffic. There are five categories with roads of I category split in a and b subcategories. Also all roads of I category are considered automagistrals, however not all of them could be considered as real motorways. Around 2010 there were two major automagistrals: Kyiv - Boryspil and Kharkiv - Dnipro. They are categorized as the top roads of category Ia.

Categories IA IB II III IV V
Average traffic intensity (daily) >7,000 >7,000 >3,000-7,000 >1,000-3,000 >200-1,000 <200
Maximum traffic intensity (daily) >14,000 >14,000 >6,000-14,000 >2,000-6,000 >400-2,000 <400
Estimated traffic speed, km/h 150 120 120 100 80 60
Number of lanes (in both directions) 4-6 4-6 2 2 2 1(total)
Width of lanes, m 3,75 3,75 3,75 3,75 3,5 4,5
Width of median, m 6 5 - - - -
Width of an edge reinforced lane on median, m 1 1 - - - -
Width of an edge reinforced lane on roadside, m 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,5 - -
Total road width, m 28,5 27,5 15 12 10 6
Radius of a curvature on a turn, m 1,200 800 800 600 300 150
Maximum lengthwise gradient, per mil 30 40 40 50 60 70

List of International E-road network in Ukraine

The European routes are part of the International E-road network, routes of which run not only throughout the European continent covering such remote areas as the British Isles, but also parts of the Asian continent regions such as Middle Asia, Caucasus mountains, and Asia Minor. The European routes in Ukraine mostly travel on the Ukrainian International routes network, known as M-network.

International E-road network in Ukraine

In the list below with a green background are identified the main routes. Those are either ones that end with zero (0) or five (5). Note that odd numbers have north-south directions and even numbers - east-west. With the red background are the obsolete routes.

Highway Local routes Length in Ukraine Notes
E38 P 65 37 km The shortest
E40 M 10 - M 06 - M 03 - M 04 1334 km The longest
E50 M 08 - M 06 – M 12 - M 04 - M 03
E58 M 08 - M 06 - P 54 - M 23 - P 55 ... (Moldova) ... M 16 - M 14
E81 P 54 - M 23 - P 55/DN1C 41 km
E85 M 19 - M 19
E87 M 15
E93 Changed to E95
E95 M 01 - M 05...(Turkey) 692 km ferry service in Odessa
E97 M 17...(Russia) 423.6 km Kerch Strait ferry
E101 M 01 - M 02
E105 M 18 – M 20 777 km
Auxiliary routes
E372 M 09 62.5 km
E373 M 07 486.5 km
E381 Kyiv - Hlukhiv
E391 Hlukhiv (same as E101) 160 km
E471 M 06 221 km
E573 M 06 26 km
E577 Changed to E584
E581 M 16 58.7 km
E583 M 21 260 km
E584 M 13 - M 12 - M 04 - M 22 507 km

Notes:

  • Route E471 is completely located within Ukraine.

Transportation corridors

Main article: Pan-European corridors

The European route network creates several important transport corridors known as Pan-European corridors and also including such as Gdańsk-Odessa, Eurasian, Europe-Asia, ChES, and others. There exist a proposition to create a beltway around the Black Sea, traveling through the Crimean peninsula.

Among the Pan-European corridors system, Ukraine houses such corridors as III (Brussels - Dresden - Krakow - Kyiv), V (Venice - Budapest - Lviv - Kyiv), VII (The Danube river), and IX (Helsinki - Saint-Petersburg - Gomel - Kyiv - Chisinau - Bucharest - Thrace).

Border checkpoints

See also: State Border of Ukraine
Country Highway Nearest settlement Region
Russia Russia E101 Bachivsk, Hlukhiv Raion Sumy
E58 Novoazovsk
E50 Dolzhansky
E105 Shcherbakivka
E40 Izvaryne, Krasnodon Luhansk
Poland Poland Shehyni, Mostyska Raion Lviv
Krakivets, Yavoriv Raion
E372 Rava-Ruska, Zhovkva Raion
Ustyluh, Volodymyr-Volynskyi Raion Volyn
E373 Yahodyn
Hungary Hungary E573 Kosyny, Chop Zakarpattia
Slovakia Slovakia E50 Uzhhorod
Maly Berezny, Velykyy Bereznyi Raion
Moldova Moldova Kuchurhan, Rozdilnianskyi Raion
Mamalyha, Dnistrovskyi Raion Chernivtsi
E584 Platonove, Krasni Okny Raion
E583 Mohyliv-Podilsky Vinnytsia
Romania Romania E81 Velyka Kopanya
E87 Reni Odessa
E85 Terebleche
Belarus Belarus Domanove
E95 Novi Yarylovychi, Ripky Raion Chernihiv

Projects

Dnipro - Reshetilovka Highway (N-31) [12]

As of 2020, work is ongoing on the strategic N-31 highway connecting the capital with Dnipro, a major industrial hub. The largest construction site is located in the Poltava region, where a 7-kilometre section of concrete-surface highway is being built from scratch.[13] The bypass section around Poltava includes a 518-metre long viaduct.[14]

Kyiv - Odessa Highway (M-05)

As of 2020, work is underway to reconstruct the Kyiv-Odessa Highway along its entire length of 453 km. Reconstruction is scheduled to finish in 2021. According to Ukravtodor, the reconstruction is "complex", as it includes not just the road surface, but adjacent road services as well, such as the installation of weight-in-motion (WiM) complexes, grade-separated intersections, and the abandonment of left-turning lanes.[15]

Zhytomyr Northern Bypass (M-06)

The Northern Bypass section of the M-06 Highway around Zhytomyr is being expanded to four lanes, with the maximum speed increased to 110 km/h.[16] The project includes four multi-level interchanges and three grade-separated railway crossings. Construction is scheduled to finish in 2020.[17]

Rivne Northern Bypass Phase One

A two-lane bypass road is currently under construction around the city of Rivne. The first phase is a 6 km road section built from scratch, linking the N-25 and T-18-32 highways. The project aims to relieve the city center from heavy transit traffic.[18] The project includes a 280-metre long overpass above a ravine.[19]

Roads of local importance

The local importance roads have three classes as well, but only two indexes T, O. The Raion network of roads does not have a system implemented. The indexes for the local roads are also supplemented by an oblast index where they are located.

Indexes of territorial roads of local importance and total length of all highways per oblast
Index Oblast/City Road length, km Index Oblast/City Road length, km Index Oblast/City Road length, km
01 Crimea 6,605 10 Kyiv Oblast 8,490 20 Ternopil Oblast 5,063
02 Vinnytsia Oblast 9,519 12 Kirovohrad Oblast 6,545 21 Kharkiv Oblast 9,551
03 Volyn Oblast 6,199 13 Luhansk Oblast 5,810 22 Kherson Oblast 4,950
04 Dnipropetrovsk Oblast 9,182 14 Lviv Oblast 8,334 23 Khmelnytsky Oblast 7,136
05 Donetsk Oblast 8,052 15 Mykolaiv Oblast 4,831 24 Cherkasy Oblast 6,118
06 Zhytomyr Oblast 8,513 16 Odessa Oblast 8,232 25 Chernihiv Oblast 7,680
07 Zakarpattia Oblast 3,330 17 Poltava Oblast 8,836 26 Chernivtsi Oblast 2,869
08 Zaporizhia Oblast 6,974 18 Rivne Oblast 5,056 27 Sevastopol city
09 Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast 4,160 19 Sumy Oblast 7,281

Note that the list is arranged in the order of Cyrillic(for some unexplained reasons Chernihiv oblast goes in front of Chernivtsi oblast). For example, the territorial highway 22 in Rivne Oblast would be identified as T-18-22 where 18 is the index for the Rivne Oblast. The T-network (Territorial) as the rest of the roads networks of local importance differs per oblast, but the road numbering itself consists of two digits. The Oblast network (O-network), on the other hand, has the same concept of T-network, but the road numbering contains four digits and the code does not have the hyphen as in T-networks. For example, a highway in Kharkiv Oblast would have code O-21xxxx.

Special routes in Ukraine

Behavior of some special routes in the United States

There are two main technical terms for special routes: pidyizd (ukr. під'їзд) and obyizd (ukr. об'їзд).

  • Pidyizd route is usually an access route that splits from the main route towards an important geographic point such as city, airport, park etc. On the adjacent picture it can be compared to the spur route.
  • Obyizd route is a type of ring road which is not necessarily complete. On the adjacent picture it can be compared to the bypass route, business route, truck route.

Historical routes

Populated area roadways

Types of roadways

  • Vulytsia/street, a most common and generic type of a roadway within a populated area with the English counterpart becoming more widely used
  • Shose, a broad road built for high-speed traffic for big distances with limited number of points through which drivers can access it;[20] generally accessible road, especially main road that connects cities or settlements[21]
  • Prospekt, a term for a broad, long, and straight road in big cities
  • Bulvar, a scenic broad road, such as boulevard
  • Naberezhna, a roadway along shore or bank of body of water (i.e. sea, river, or lake)
  • Obyizdna/kiltseva, a roadway around city
  • Provulok, a back street, small roadway such as side street

See also

References

  1. ^ Sylvester, P. Driving in Ukraine: Beware of Poor Road Safety. World Nomads. 26 Jun 2015
  2. ^ Ukravtodor Regulations (in Ukrainian)
  3. ^ Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine
  4. ^ ADU official website (in Ukrainian)
  5. ^ УКРАВТОДОР ПОВНІСТЮ ЗМІНИВ КЕРІВНИЙ СКЛАД ПАТ «ДАК «АВТОМОБІЛЬНІ ДОРОГИ УКРАЇНИ» ТА ДП «УКРДОРІНВЕСТ», Ukravtodor (18 July 2016) (in Ukrainian)
  6. ^ World Bank Paves the Way for Safer Roads in Ukraine. The World Bank. November 3, 2015
  7. ^ Dan Peleschuk (16 June 2016). "Ukraine's Broken Road to Europe". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
  8. ^ a b Road works booming: Ukraine plans to change its road map within 3 years, UNIAN (16 November 2017)
  9. ^ Дороги VS Шляхи, Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine (2019) (in Ukrainian)
  10. ^ Володимир Зеленський підписав зміни до держбюджету на 2020 рік щодо фінансування боротьби з поширенням коронавірусу, president.gov.ua (18 April 2020) (in Ukrainian)
  11. ^ https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/rankings/roads_quality/#Ukraine
  12. ^ На Днепропетровщине строят новый участок Решетиловской трассы (in Russian)
  13. ^ В Полтавской области показали, как строят участок автодороги "с нуля" (фото) (in Russian)
  14. ^ БУДІВНИЦТВО ПІВДЕННО-ЗАХІДНОЇ ОБ’ЇЗНОЇ ДОРОГИ ПОЛТАВИ З ВИСОТИ ПТАШИНОГО ПОЛЬОТУ (in Ukrainian)
  15. ^ В "Укравтодоре" намерены полностью обновить трассу Киев-Одесса за два года (in Russian)
  16. ^ Северный объезд Житомира будет расширен до четырех полос движения (in Russian)
  17. ^ Гройсман в рамках рабочего визита осмотрел реконструкцию житомирской объездной. ФОТОРЕПОРТАЖ (in Russian)
  18. ^ Белорусы построят объездную дорогу в Ровно (in Russian)
  19. ^ Как ремонтируют мосты и дороги в Украине летом 2020 года (in Russian)
  20. ^ Definition of shose
  21. ^ Another definition of shose

Sources

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