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Romanian Naval Forces

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Romanian Naval Forces
Forțele Navale Române
The coat of arms
Founded22 October 1860 as the Flotilla Corps[1]
CountryRomania
Size7150 regulars[2]
Part ofRomanian Armed Forces
Command HQStatul Major al Forțelor Navale – Bucharest
Commanders
Commander-in-Chief of the Romanian Naval Forces StaffRear Admiral Alexandru MIRSU
Insignia
Roundel
Naval jack
Military colors
Flag of the Romanian Naval Forces (obverse)

The Romanian Navy (Romanian: Forțele Navale Române) is the navy branch of the Romanian Armed Forces; it operates in the Black Sea and on the Danube. It traces its history back to 1860.

History

See also: List of battles of the Romanian Navy
Alexandru Ioan Cuza, the founder of the Romanian Navy.

The Romanian Navy was founded in 1860 as a river flotilla on the Danube. After the unification of Wallachia and Moldavia, Alexandru Ioan Cuza, the ruling Domnitor of the Romanian Principalities, decided on 22 October 1860 by order no. 173 to unify the navies into a single flotilla. The navy was French-trained and organized.[4] Officers were initially sent to Brest Naval Training Centre in France, as the Military School in Bucharest did not have a naval section.[1] The first Commander-in-chief of the navy was Colonel Nicolae Steriade. The base was first established in 1861 at Izmail, but it was later relocated in 1864 at Brăila and in 1867 at Galați. The equipment was modest at best, with 3 ships from Wallachia and 3 from Moldavia, manned by 275 sailors.[1] The main goal of the navy was to organize, train and expand this small force.

The first seamen's training school was established in 1872 at Galați for officers, petty officers and sailors. The first acquisition of the Romanian Navy was the steamboat "Prințul Nicolae Conache Vogoride". The ship was purchased in 1861 and was later transformed into a warship at Meyer naval shipyard in Linz, being christened "România" when it was launched at Galați harbor.[1] In 1867, the royal yacht "Ștefan cel Mare" (Stephen the Great) entered service. In October 1873, the Fulgerul gunboat, ordered by the Romanian state as the first purpose-built warship in the history of the Romanian Navy, was finished at the Toulon shipyard in France. However, the ship was unarmed, so she would be allowed passage through the Turkish straits. After arriving in Romania in April 1874, she was fitted with a Krupp cannon in a mild steel turret at the Galați shipyard.[5] The next ship to enter service with the Romanian Navy was the spar torpedo boat "Rândunica" (The Swallow) in 1875. These ships represented the Romanian Flotilla during the War of Independence.

Romanian Navy during the War of Independence

See also: Action off Măcin
"Fulgerul" (The Lighting) gunboat, built in 1873 at Toulon and armed in the following year at Galați, was the first military ship to have sailed under Romanian flag in maritime waters.

During the War of Independence, the name used in Romanian historiography to refer to the 1877-1878 Russo-Turkish war, the Romanian Navy sailed under the Russian flag.[4] The main task of the Romanian Flotilla Corps was to transport Russian troops, equipment and supplies across the Danube and to protect the bridges across the river by using mine barrages in key points. The main success of the war was the sinking of the Turkish river monitor "Seyfî" near Măcin by a group of spar torpedo boats including "Rândunica" and the Russian Carevitch and Ksenya crafts.[1] Another notable success was the sinking of the Turkish river monitor "Podgoriçe" (Podgorica) by the Romanian coastal artillery on 7 November 1877.[1]

After the war, the navy transported the Romanian troops back across the Danube. The small, but successful navy had demonstrated the need for a strong Danube flotilla in order to secure the southern border of Romania. Three rearmament plans were implemented: during 1883-1885, 1886-1888 and 1906-1908.[1] These plans mainly concentrated on the Danube flotilla. In 1898, the "Flotilla Corps", as it was known until then, was organized in two sections: the Danube fleet and the Black Sea fleet.[6] The riverine base was at Galați, while the maritime base was at Constanța, which was now part of Romania.

Creation of the Romanian Black Sea Fleet

The Romanian Black Sea Fleet was founded in the summer of 1890, 10 years after Romania acquired its first sea-going warship: the gunboat Grivița. The newly-created division consisted of: the small protected cruiser Elisabeta, the training ship Mircea, the three Smeul-class torpedo boats and the fore-mentioned Grivița.[7]

Involvement in the Potemkin mutiny

Potemkin at anchor with the Romanian flag hoisted on her mast, Constanța, July 1905

On 2 July 1905, during the mutiny of the Russian battleship Potemkin, the Romanian protected cruiser Elisabeta engaged the Russian torpedo boat Ismail as the latter was trying to sneak into the Romanian port of Constanța. Elisabeta fired two warning shots, first a blank charge then an explosive charge, forcing the torpedo boat to retreat. Later that day, Potemkin and Ismail left Romanian waters.[8] During the night of 7 July, however, Potemkin returned to the Romanian port, this time accepting to surrender to the Romanian authorities in exchange for the latter giving asylum to the crew. On the noon of 8 July, Captain Negru, the commander of the port, came aboard the Potemkin and hoisted the Romanian flag before allowing the warship to enter the inner harbor.[9] On 10 July, after negotiations with the Romanian Government, Potemkin was handed over to Imperial Russian authorities and taken to Sevastopol.[10][11]

Romanian Navy during World War I

See also: Romanian Navy during World War I and Romanian Black Sea Fleet during World War I
The protected cruiser Elisabeta (Elizabeth), built in 1888 by Armstrong.

After the War of Independence, two naval rearmament programs were proposed for the Black Sea flotilla. The 1899 program called for six coastal battleships, four destroyers and twelve torpedo boats.[6] None of these ships were ever built,[12] while the battleship Potemkin was returned 1 day after being acquired. The 1912 naval program envisioned six 3,500-ton light cruisers, twelve 1,500-ton destroyers and a submarine.[6][12] Four destroyers (and allegedly a submarine[4][6]) were actually ordered from Italy, but they were not delivered as the Italian Navy requisitioned them in 1914.[4][6][12] Three 340-ton coastal submarines were ordered from France in early 1917, but these were also requisitioned at the end of the year and completed for the French Navy as the O'Byrne class. The largest Romanian Black Sea ship was the old cruiser Elisabeta, laid down in 1888.[13] The protected cruiser had guarded the mouths of the river Danube during the Second Balkan War, but she was disarmed when World War I began. Her armament was emplaced on the bank of the Danube River to protect against possible attacks by Austro-Hungarian river monitors, and she remained in Sulina for the duration of the war.[6] The Romanian Black Sea squadron also had four old gunboats from the 1880s, which were of limited value, and three old Năluca-class torpedo boats, built in France.[12] The Romanian Navy had to rely on the armed merchant ships of the state merchant marine, known as SMR (Serviciul Maritim Român).[4][6] The steam liners Regele Carol I, România, Împăratul Traian and Dacia were converted into auxiliary cruisers.[12][14]

The Danube Flotilla was more modern,[6][15] and consisted of four river monitors (Lascăr Catargiu, Mihail Kogălniceanu, Ion C. Brătianu and Alexandru Lahovari) and eight British-built torpedo boats.[4] The four river monitors were built in 1907 at Galați. They were armed with three 12-cm cannons each. In 1918, Mihail Kogălniceanu was converted to a sea-going monitor. The British torpedo boats from the Căpitan Nicolae Lascăr Bogdan class were built during 1906-1907 and weighed 50 tons each. There were also approximately six older gunboats used for border patrol, minelayers and other auxiliary ships used for transport or supply.[15] The Romanian Navy had a secondary role during World War I and only had light losses.[4] The river monitors participated in the defense of Turtucaia and later secured the flank of the Romanian and Russian defenders in Dobruja.[16] The main success of the war was the mining of an Austro-Hungarian river monitor.[4]

Romanian Navy during the interwar period

File:Scout cruiser Nibbio (Mărășești).jpg
The scout cruiser Mărășești (ex-Nibbio).
The destroyer Regele Ferdinand in 1935.

Following the end of World War I, the Kingdom of Romania took possession of three Austro-Hungarian river monitors[6] (renamed after the newly incorporated territories of Ardeal, Basarabia and Bucovina), and in 1921 purchased four Italian patrol boats. These ships, together with the ones already in service, made Romania's Danube flotilla the most powerful riverine fleet in the world until World War II.[4]

The main focus of the Romanian Navy during the interwar period was the Black Sea fleet. In 1920, two of the initial four Aquila-class scout cruisers (officially designated as destroyers) ordered from Italy were received.[6] These were renamed Mărășești and Mărăști.[17] Four gunboats were purchased from the French Navy: Stihi, Dumitrescu, Lepri and Ghiculescu.[4][18] Another gunboat of the same class was bought for spares.[17] Seven torpedo boats were received as war reparations from Austria-Hungary.[6] The torpedo boat Fulgerul however was lost during the trip to Romania when she capsized and sank in the Bosphorus in 1922.[17] Năluca, Sborul and Smeul, three of these old torpedo boats, will later see service in World War II. In 1926, two additional destroyers were ordered from Italy: Regele Ferdinand and Regina Maria of the Regele Ferdinand class destroyer, together with the Romanian Navy's first submarine, Delfinul, and the submarine tender Constanța.[18] These ships were commissioned between 1930 and 1936.[4]

The expansion of the Romanian Navy during the interwar period required more training facilities and ships. The first step towards this issue was taken in 1920, when a naval college was founded at Constanța. In 1938, the sail ship Mircea was built in Hamburg by the Blohm & Voss shipyard as a training vessel for the Romanian Navy. The SMR (Serviciul Maritim Român, the Romanian state merchant marine) was also endowed with a number of new ships: the steamer Oituz, the ex-German freighters Ardeal, Peleș, Alba Iulia and Suceava (all of them commissioned between 1932-1933), the passenger liners Basarabia and Transilvania (bought from Germany in 1938) and four new freighters from Italy just before the start of the Second World War: Balcic, Cavarna, Mangalia and Sulina.[19] In 1940, the SMR had 17 merchant ships with a total of over 72,000 tons of shipping.[19]

The 1937 naval program and subsequent developments

Anti-aircraft escort minelayer Amiral Murgescu, the largest Romanian-built warship of World War II
Submarines Rechinul (left) and Marsuinul (right)
Vedenia-class MTB Vântul

In 1937, a new rearmament program was proposed. The new plan envisioned a cruiser, four small destroyers, three submarines, two minelayers and ten motor torpedo boats.[20] These warships were to be built locally at the Galați shipyard, where a new dry dock was developed.[19]

The anti-aircraft escort minelayer Amiral Murgescu was laid down at the Galați shipyard in August 1938, launched in June 1939 and commissioned during the first half of 1941. She replaced the planned cruiser as the largest warship yielded by the 1937 program. She was employed in minelaying operations as well as convoy escort missions. Due to her frequent and successful usage as an escort ship, as well as her specifications (dimensions, speed and firepower), she represented the Romanian counterpart to the American destroyer escorts or the Japanese kaibokan. Her main armament consisted of 10.5 cm SK C/32 naval guns, much like the German anti-aircraft cruisers Arcona and Niobe. Her sister ship, Cetatea Albă, was laid down in 1939, but abandoned at an early stage.[21][22] Her construction was transferred to Germany and in 1940 she was completed by the Blohm & Voss shipyard in Hamburg.[23] Cetatea Albă had the same standard displacement and top speed as her sister. It is not known, however, if her armament consisted of more than two 105 mm dual-purpose main guns, two 37 mm anti-aircraft guns and 135 mines.[24]

The four planned destroyers were replaced by four German M-class minesweepers. These were built locally from German materials in 1943. They were 500-ton vessels armed each with two 88 mm main guns, five anti-aircraft guns (two 37 mm and three 20 mm) and two depth charge throwers.[25]

Two of the three planned submarines were laid down at the Galați shipyard in 1938, launched in May 1941 and commissioned in May 1943. The first one was Marsuinul, a 620-ton attack submarine armed with one 105 mm deck gun, one 37 mm anti-aircraft gun and six 533 mm torpedo tubes (4 bow and 2 stern). Her smaller sister ship, Rechinul, was a 585-ton minelaying submarine armed with one 20 mm anti-aircraft gun, four 533 mm torpedo tubes and 40 mines. The third planned submarine was replaced by five Italian CB midget submarines, commissioned in late 1943.[26]

The two minelayers were acquired in 1941.

Three of the ten planned motor torpedo boats were built by Vospers in the United Kingdom and acquired in 1940. They were named Viforul, Viscolul and Vijelia.[27] Six more MTBs, of the Power type, were built locally as the Vedenia class. They were laid down in 1939 and commissioned in 1943. The planned number of MTBs was exceeded in August 1943, when seven Italian MAS were also commissioned.[28] These were followed by four 65-ton German S-boats in August 1944, each armed with two 500 mm torpedo tubes.[29][30]

Warships envisioned by the 1937 program Warships acquired until 23 August 1944
1 cruiser 2 anti-aircraft escort minelayers
4 destroyers 4 escort minesweepers
3 submarines 2 submarines (plus 5 midget submarines)
2 minelayers 2 minelayers
10 MTBs 20 MTBs

World War II and postwar

Main article: Romanian Navy during World War II
Further information: Submarine warfare in the Black Sea campaigns (1941–42), Soviet Black Sea Fleet during the Battle of Stalingrad, Romanian World War II destroyers, Romanian submarines of World War II, and List of Romanian-built warships of World War II
NMS Delfinul, the only Axis submarine in the Black Sea in 1941, acted mainly as a "ship-in-being" due to its obsolescence and sank only one unescorted merchant ship.

In 1941, The Royal Romanian Navy had four destroyers (Mărășești, Mărăști, Regele Ferdinand and Regina Maria), one submarine (Delfinul), two minelayers (Amiral Murgescu and Cetatea Albă, also employed as a destroyer escorts), three auxiliary minelayers, three motor torpedo boats (Viforul, Vijelia, and Viscolul), three gunboats, fifteen small auxiliary vessels and twenty seaplanes.[31][32][33] Mărăști had a cracked shaft and could not exceed the speed of 24 knots. As a result, Mărăști never ventured far from the coast. Delfinul, the only Axis submarine present in the Black Sea in 1941, was obsolete and mechanically unreliable.[34] In comparison, the Soviet Black Sea Fleet had a battleship, three medium cruisers, three light cruisers, three flotilla leaders, eight modern destroyers, five old destroyers, two large torpedo boats, 47 submarines and many other auxiliary and small vessels.[19] The overwhelming superiority of the Soviet Navy forced the Royal Romanian Navy to conduct mainly defensive operations throughout the entire war and its warships rarely hazarded further east than Cape Sarych.[35]

The two Regele Ferdinand-class destroyers were the most powerful surface units available to the Axis powers during the naval war in the Black Sea but were mostly used for convoy escort. The Romanian-built minelayer/destroyer escort Amiral Murgescu and the three auxiliary minelayers of the Romanian Navy played an important role in the defence of Constanța in 1941 and later in securing the merchant convoy routes to the Bosphorus and the supply routes to Odessa and Sevastopol. Mines were the main cause of Soviet submarine losses in the Black Sea naval war.

Wartime additions to the fleet included 3 KFK naval trawlers and 3 landing craft of the MFP type.[36]

The Royal Romanian Navy was involved in the evacuation of Axis forces from Crimea in 1944. The Romanian naval commander, Rear Admiral Horia Macellariu, was awarded the German Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross after Operation 60,000, the contingency plan for the evacuation of Crimea.[37] Until King Michael's Coup, the Romanian Navy retreated behind the protection of the coastal mine barrages and anti-aircraft defences of Constanța as the Soviet Air Force began to launch heavy air attacks. On the capitulation of Romania in August 1944, the German warships were ordered to leave Romanian harbours. However, when the Soviet minesweeper T-410 Vzryv, accompanied by Amiral Murgescu, was sunk by a German submarine, the Soviet Navy accused the Royal Romanian Navy of betrayal and seized all vessels using this excuse on 5 September 1944.[38] By this late stage of the war, only one destroyers (Regina Maria), one leader (Mărășești), two gunboats (Dumitrescu and Ghiculescu), one minelayer (Amiral Murgescu) and three motor torpedo boats were still operational. The rest of the warships were in repairs after the evacuation of Crimea and the Soviet air attacks of the last couple of months or had been relegated to training duties. The Soviet Navy moved all Romanian warships to Caucasian ports. They were not return until after the war. The older vessels were received in September 1945, while the more modern ones (such as the Regele Ferdinand class) were kept by the Soviet Black Sea Fleet until the early 1950s.[39] A number of warships were never returned.

The largest Romanian warship loss of the entire war was the accidental sinking of the gunboat Lepri. The gunboat ran into a Romanian mine laid by the minelayer Aurora near Sulina in January 1941, when hostilities between the Soviet Union and the Axis had not begun. While the Royal Romanian Navy had light losses throughout the war, the state merchant navy was practically non-existent by late 1944: every ship of the SMR was sunk or damaged by the Soviet Navy and Air Force because of the light Romanian and German forces in the Black Sea that were unable to provide adequate protection.[40]

The following is a list of battles and operations of the World War II Black Sea Campaign involving the Romanian Navy:

The Romanian Naval Forces were reorganized during the Soviet occupation of Romania.[41][42]

World War II Romanian Black Sea Fleet warships

List includes surface warships with a displacement greater than 1,000 tons and submarines

List of enemy warships sunk by the Romanian Navy during World War II

Command, control and organisation

The Fleet Command building in Constanța.
"Mircea cel Bătrân" Naval Academy in Constanța.
4K51 Rubezh anti-ship missile launching system at Capu Midia firing range.
IAR 330 Puma Naval
Regele Ferdinand frigate is the current flagship of the Romanian Navy.
See also: List of active Romanian Navy ships

The Romanian Navy is organized in one Frigate Flotilla and one Riverine Flotilla. Equipment includes two Type 22 frigates, one "Mărășești" class frigate, four corvettes (two Tetal-I and two Tetal-II), three Tarantul-I missile corvettes, three Osa class torpedo boats, one minelayer, four minesweepers, three "Mihail Kogălniceanu" class river patrol monitors, five Smârdan-class river monitor and other small crafts and auxiliary ships.[2]

As of 2015, ca. 7,150 men and women serve in the Romanian Navy.[2] The main base of the Romanian Navy is located at Constanţa. The current chief of the Romanian Navy, succeeding Admiral Aurel POPA on 18 December 2013, is Rear Admiral UH Alexandru MIRSU.

The Romanian Naval Forces ordered three IAR 330 Puma Naval helicopters, with the last one being commissioned in December 2008. The helicopters are in a similar configuration to those of the Romanian Air Force, including the SOCAT upgrade package; the Navy Pumas also have flotation gear fitted under the nose and main undercarriage fairings. They are currently operated from Navy frigates for search and rescue, medevac and maritime surveillance missions.

Structure of the Navy

  • Fleet Command[citation needed]
  • "Mircea cel Bătrân" Naval Academy
  • "Vice Admiral Constantin Bălescu" Naval Training School
  • "Admiral I. Murgescu" Navy Petty Officer School
  • Diving Center
  • "CALLATIS" Radio-Electronics and Surveillance Center
  • IT Center
  • Training, Simulation and Evaluation Center
  • Maritime Hydrographic Directorate
  • Naval Medical Center
  • Navy Museum
  • Naval Logistics Base "Pontica"
    • Special Destination Ship Squadron
    • 338 Naval Maintenance Center
    • 335 Logistics Section, Mangalia
    • 329 Logistics Section, Brăila
    • 330 Logistics Section, Constanța
    • 325 Logistics Section, Tulcea
  • 307 Marine Battalion
  • 110 Communications and IT Battalion
  • Naval Forces Support Battalion

Bases

As of 2011, the naval bases are in:

Soldiers from the 307th Marine Battalion disembark from a Dutch landing ship at Vadu beach during a military exercise.

The 307th Marine Battalion ('Batalionul 307 Infanterie Marină') is the coastal defence unit of the Romanian Navy.[89] The unit was formed in the mid 1970s for the defence of the Danube Delta and Romanian Black Sea shore. It was initially located at 2 Mai village near Mangalia, but since 1975 the Marine Battalion was moved to Babadag, Tulcea County. "The 307 Marine Battalion is destined to carry out military operations in an amphibious river and lagoon environment, the security of objectives in the coastal area, the Danube Delta and the support of local authorities in case of a civil emergency."[90] Its base is near the largest military training range in Romania.

The battalion is organized into infantry, reconnaissance, sniper, mortars, anti-tank artillery, engineers, communications, logistic and naval support units. Standard equipment includes PA md. 86 assault rifles, PM md. 64 light machine guns, Md. 66 machine guns, 60/82/120mm mortars, AG-7 and AG-9 launchers, 76mm Md. 82 mountain howitzers, 13 ABC-79M and 3 TABC-79M armoured personnel carriers.[2] The 307th Marine Battalion was involved in military exercises with similar troops from United States, the Netherlands, Spain, Portugal, Italy and Ukraine that were organized locally or abroad. Also, two companies from this unit have participated in the KFOR mission "Joint Enterprise" in 2008-09.[1]

Since June 1st 2018, the 307th Marine Battalion has been redesignated as 307th Marine Regiment.

Equipment

Sea Fleet

For the river fleet and auxiliary vessels see List of active Romanian Navy ships .

Name Type Class Origin Details
Frigates
F-221 Regele Ferdinand Multipurpose Frigate Type 22  United Kingdom
F-222 Regina Maria Multipurpose Frigate Type 22  United Kingdom
F-111 Mărășești Multipurpose Frigate Mărășești  Romania
Submarine
Delfinul Conventional Submarine Kilo  Soviet Union Requires repairs
Corvettes
F-263 Vice-Amiral Eugeniu Roșca Multipurpose corvette Tetal-I  Romania
F-260 Amiral Petre Bărbuneanu Multipurpose corvette Tetal-I  Romania
F-264 Contraamiral Eustațiu Sebastian Multipurpose corvette Tetal-II  Romania
F-265 Contraamiral Horia Macellariu Multipurpose corvette Tetal-II  Romania
Missile fast patrol boat
F-188 Zborul Missile fast patrol boat Tarantul class  Soviet Union
F-189 Pescărușul Missile fast patrol boat Tarantul class  Soviet Union
F-190 Lăstunul Missile fast patrol boat Tarantul class  Soviet Union
Fast Attack Craft
F-202 Smeul Torpedo boats Epitrop  Romania Based on the Soviet Osa-class missile boat.
F-204 Vijelia Torpedo boats Epitrop  Romania Based on the Soviet Osa-class missile boat.
F-209 Vulcanul Torpedo boats Epitrop  Romania Based on the Soviet Osa-class missile boat.
Mine Warfare
F-24 Lt. Remus Lepri Minesweeper Musca  Romania
F-25 Lt. Lupu Dinescu Minesweeper Musca  Romania
F-29 Lt. Dimitrie Nicolescu Minesweeper Musca  Romania
F-30 Slt. Alexandru Axente Minesweeper Musca  Romania
F-274 Vice-Amiral Constantin Bălescu Minelayer Cosar  Romania
Model Origin Type Variant Numbers Details
IAR 330  Romania Maritime helicopter Puma Naval 3[91] Include the SOCAT upgrade package; the Navy Pumas also have flotation gear fitted under the nose and main undercarriage fairings. Currently operated from Navy frigates for search and rescue, medevac, maritime surveillance missions and ASW.[92][93]

Future equipment

The Romanian government plans to acquire new vessels to modernize the Romanian Naval Forces.[94] This plan includes:

  • Buying 4 new ships for the navy. Previously these were to be based on the Sigma 10514 design of Damen Group. The frigates were to be built locally (Damen owns two major shipyards in Romania) and the total deal was estimated to be worth 1.6 billion euros (equivalent to U.S. $1.96 billion). However, the decision to go with Damen Group was repealed last year.[95]
  • Acquiring 3 new submarines, which also will be built locally at a Romanian shipyard.[96]

Ranks and insignia

Main article: Romanian Armed Forces ranks and insignia § Naval Forces

References

Notes
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Romanian Navy official website[permanent dead link]
  2. ^ a b c d IISS (2010), p. 157
  3. ^ a b Template:Ro icon MoND Budget as of 2007 Archived 22 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Ziarul Financiar, October 30, 2006
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Axworthy, p. 327
  5. ^ Locot.-Comandor C. Ciuchi - "Istoria Marinei Române în curs de 18 secole" (Tipografia "Ovidiu" H. Vurlis, Constanța, 1906), pag. 160-162
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Gardiner (1984), p. 421
  7. ^ Warship International, Volume 21, International Naval Research Organization, 1984, p. 160
  8. ^ Neal Bascomb, Red Mutiny: Eleven Fateful Days on the Battleship Potemkin, p. 252
  9. ^ Neal Bascomb, Red Mutiny: Eleven Fateful Days on the Battleship Potemkin, pp. 286–99
  10. ^ Neal Bascomb, Red Mutiny: Eleven Fateful Days on the Battleship Potemkin, p. 252
  11. ^ Anthony Preston, Warship 2001-2002, p. 121
  12. ^ a b c d e Halpern, p. 276
  13. ^ Gardiner (1997), p. 419
  14. ^ Gardiner (1984), p. 423
  15. ^ a b Halpern, p. 277
  16. ^ Halpern, p. 278
  17. ^ a b c Gardiner (1984), p. 422
  18. ^ a b Gardiner (1980), p. 359
  19. ^ a b c d Axworthy, p. 328
  20. ^ Robert Gardiner, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922-1946, Naval Institute Press, 1980, p. 360
  21. ^ Naval Institute Proceedings, Volume 65, United States Naval Institute, 1939, p. 1364
  22. ^ Robert Gardiner, Warship 1991, Conway Maritime Press, 1991, p. 147
  23. ^ Earl Thomas Allnutt Brassey, Brassey's Annual: The Armed Forces Year-book, Volume 58, Praeger Publishers, 1947, p. 259
  24. ^ Earl Thomas Allnutt Brassey, Brassey's Annual: The Armed Forces Year-book, Volume 58, Praeger Publishers, 1947, p. 259
  25. ^ Frederick Thomas Jane, Jane's Fighting Ships, Sampson Low, Marston and Company, 1974, p. 275
  26. ^ Robert Gardiner, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922-1946, Naval Institute Press, 1980, p. 361
  27. ^ Robert Gardiner, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922-1946, Naval Institute Press, 1980, p. 362
  28. ^ Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1922-1946, Conway Maritime Press, 1980, pp. 313-314
  29. ^ Crăciunoiu, Cristian. Romanian navy torpedo boats (Modelism Publishing, 2003), pp. 154-155.
  30. ^ Jane's fighting ships: 1953-1954, Sampson Low, Marston, 1955, p. 294
  31. ^ Axworthy, p. 328-329
  32. ^ Robert Gardiner, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922-1946, Naval Institute Press, 1980, p. 362
  33. ^ Navypedia: VIFORUL motor torpedo boats (1939/1940)[self-published source]
  34. ^ Axworthy, p. 336
  35. ^ Axworthy, p. 332
  36. ^ Cornel I. Scafeș, Armata Română 1941-1945, RAI Publishing, 1996, p. 174.
  37. ^ Axworthy, p. 344
  38. ^ Axworthy, p. 345
  39. ^ Gardiner (1980), p. 361
  40. ^ Axworthy, p. 348
  41. ^ Șperlea, Florin (2009). From the royal armed forces to the popular armed forces: Sovietization of the Romanian military (1948-1955). East European monographs. Boulder : New York: East European Monographs ; distributed by Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780880336628.
  42. ^ "Romania - Navy". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
  43. ^ Robert Forczyk, Where the Iron Crosses Grow: The Crimea 1941–44, p. 39
  44. ^ David T. Zabecki, World War II in Europe: An Encyclopedia, p. 1468
  45. ^ Richard L. DiNardo, Germany and the Axis Powers from Coalition to Collapse, p. 109
  46. ^ John Jordan, Stephen Dent, Warship 2008, p. 112
  47. ^ Antony Preston, Warship 2000-2001, p. 70
  48. ^ Antony Preston, Warship 2001-2002, p. 72
  49. ^ Cristian Crăciunoiu, Romanian navy torpedo boats, p. 135
  50. ^ Donald A Bertke, Gordon Smith, Don Kindell, World War II Sea War, Volume 4: Germany Sends Russia to the Allies, p. 134
  51. ^ Mikhail Monakov, Jurgen Rohwer, Stalin's Ocean-going Fleet: Soviet Naval Strategy and Shipbuilding Programs 1935-1953, p. 265
  52. ^ Antony Preston, Warship 2000-2001, p. 70
  53. ^ Mikhail Monakov, Jurgen Rohwer, Stalin's Ocean-going Fleet: Soviet Naval Strategy and Shipbuilding Programs 1935-1953, p. 265
  54. ^ Antony Preston, Warship 2000-2001, p. 70
  55. ^ Mikhail Monakov, Jurgen Rohwer, Stalin's Ocean-going Fleet: Soviet Naval Strategy and Shipbuilding Programs 1935-1953, p. 265
  56. ^ Donald A Bertke, Gordon Smith, Don Kindell, World War II Sea War, Volume 4: Germany Sends Russia to the Allies, p. 323
  57. ^ Mikhail Monakov, Jurgen Rohwer, Stalin's Ocean-going Fleet: Soviet Naval Strategy and Shipbuilding Programs 1935-1953, p. 265
  58. ^ Donald A Bertke, Gordon Smith, Don Kindell, World War II Sea War, Volume 4: Germany Sends Russia to the Allies, p. 323
  59. ^ Jipa Rotaru, Ioan Damaschin, Glorie și dramă: Marina Regală Română, 1940-1945, p. 67 (in Romanian)
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References
  • Axworthy, Mark; Scafeș, Cornel; Crăciunoiu, Cristian (1995). Third Axis. Fourth Ally. Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945. London: Arms and Armour. ISBN 1-85409-267-7.
  • Gardiner, Robert (1997). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 1860–1905 (Conway's naval history after 1850). Conway Maritime Press Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85177-133-5.
  • Gardiner, Robert (1984). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 1906–1921 (Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, Vol. 2). CUS Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-907-8.
  • Gardiner, Robert (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1922–1946. US Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-913-9.
  • Halpern, Paul G. (1995). A naval history of World War I. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-85728-498-0.
  • Zaloga, Steven (1985). Soviet Bloc Elite Forces. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85045-631-8.
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