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Montenegro–Russia relations

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Montenegro–Russia relations
Map indicating locations of Montenegro and Russia

Montenegro
Russia

Montenegro–Russia relations (Russian: Российско-черногорские отношения; Montenegrin: rusko-crnogorski odnosi / руско-црногорски односи) are foreign relations between Montenegro and Russia. Montenegro has an embassy in Moscow and Russia has an embassy in Podgorica.

History

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Former Russian embassy in Cetinje, used until the end of the rule of Nicholas I
Menu for the wedding of Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich of Russia with Princess Milica of Montenegro (1889) by Mikhail Mikeshin

Early modern period

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Owing to Rákóczi's War of Independence (1703–1711), the position of Serbian militiamen in the Military Frontier of the Habsburg monarchy was endangered. In 1704 the first Serbian attempts were made to offer their services to Imperial Russia in the latter's struggle against the Ottomans. Prior to the beginning of the Russo-Turkish War (1710–11) Russian emperor Peter the Great invited Serbian militiamen and Serbs in general to join the Russian forces. In 1711 the third delegation sent to Russia by metropolitan Danilo arrived in St. Petersburg. The first Russian delegation to Montenegro arrived on 3 March 1711. Peter the Great called the Balkan Orthodox to rise up against the Ottomans during the Pruth River Campaign.

In 1715–16, Montenegrin metropolitan Danilo I travelled to St. Petersburg from where he returned in April 1716 with two diplomas signed by Emperor Peter the Great, the first which obliged the Montenegrins to aid the Russians in case of war with the Ottomans, the second an annual aid of 500 rubels to the Cetinje Monastery.[1]

Šćepan Mali was an impostor of Peter III of Russia who sought to rule Montenegro. He supported Sava Petrović as bishop when the Montenegrin tribes supported Arsenije Plamenac.[2]

During the office of Metropolitan Petar I, he and guvernadur Jovan Radonjić were the two head chiefs of Montenegro, one by title, the other according to actual position.[3] The two clashed in international politics: the Metropolitan held to Russia, while Jovan relied on Austria.[3] On the question whether to support Austria or not, the two sides conflicted during the Austro-Turkish War (1787–91) and Russo-Turkish War (1787–92).[4]

19th century to 1918

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The Russian Empire opened a consulate in Kotor in the Habsburg monarchy in October 1804. It was to serve as "protection of the people of Montenegro and Brda".[5] It was officially recognized by the Austrians that same month.[6] Among active Russian emissaries in Montenegro were Mazurevsky (the deputy) and Marko Ivelić. In 1806, the Russian–Montenegrin force under Dmitry Senyavin took Kotor, but handed it over to the French.

Petar I conceived a plan in 1807 to revive a Serbian Empire ("Slaveno–Serb empire"), which he informed the Russian court. It envisioned Russia as the suzerain; the title of Serbian emperor would be held by the Russian emperor. It was thwarted by the French–Russian peace treaty.[7]

Nicholas I of Montenegro, the last king of Montenegro, exchanged support with the Russian monarchy. In 1868 he undertook a journey to Russia, where he received an affectionate welcome from the Tsar Alexander II. Two of King Nicholas's daughters were married to Romanov Grand Dukes, Princess Milica and Princess Anastasija. Under Nicholas I, Montenegro was an ally of Russia in the Russo-Japanese war. Volunteers from Montenegro were fighting in the Russian Army. In 2006 Japan recognized Montenegrin independence and declared an end to the war.[8] A peace treaty was signed.

Yugoslav period

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See also: Soviet Union–Yugoslavia relations and Tito–Stalin Split

During that period both states were part of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia, respectively.

NATO membership and escalation of tensions

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See also: Montenegro-NATO relations, 2015–16 Montenegrin crisis, and Enlargement of NATO
Dmitry Medvedev, President of Russia, and Filip Vujanović, President of Montenegro, in Moscow, 2010.

A poll in July 2015 from the Centre for Democracy and Human Rights, which received financial support from NATO, found that 36.6 percent supported membership, to 37.3 percent against, with sharp divisions between ethnic groups: 71.2 percent of Montenegrin Albanians and 68 percent of Montenegrin Bosniaks supported membership, while only 11.3 percent of Montenegrin Serbs did. In June 2015, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg said that low public support for NATO could affect whether Montenegro was able to join the alliance.[9] In December 2015, the spokesman for Russian president Vladimir Putin said that Montenegro's accession to NATO was bound to result in "retaliatory actions".[10]

In October 2016 a Russian backed group of Serbians plotted to storm the parliament and assassinate Milo Đukanović, the then-prime minister, to mount a coup with opposition parties and thwart the plan to join NATO. The plot was uncovered and 14 people, including two alleged members of Russian intelligence services were charged, tried and sentenced to long terms in prison.[11]

In late April 2017, after the Montenegrin parliament approved the country's accession to the alliance, the Russian Foreign Ministry issued a statement that said the decision to join NATO had been made by means of defying "the will of nearly half the country′s population that comes out against" the accession.[12] A Russian establishment analyst commented that NATO needed Montenegro for launching a hybrid war and destabilising Europe.[13] Tensions between the countries increased dramatically thereafter,[14] with Montenegro accusing Russia of meddling in its internal affairs and banning entry to specified Russian nationals, including such top Russian officials as Dmitry Rogozin, Nikolai Patrushev, and Ramzan Kadyrov.[15][16][17]

On 5 June 2017, the day Montenegro formally joined NATO, the Russian foreign ministry said, "In the light of the hostile course chosen by the Montenegrin authorities, the Russian side reserves the right to take retaliatory measures on a reciprocal basis. In politics, just as in physics, for every action there is an opposite reaction."[18][19]

2022 to date

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Since the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Russia has continued to interfere in Montenegro politics, often through Serbia, where some nationalist Serbs deny the distinct identity and history of the Montenegrin nation and utilising the presence of the Serbian Orthodox Church and Serbian media to promote Russia.[20]

Around 13,000 Russian citizens have fled Russia and settled in Montenegro in the first year after the war started [21] and have set up 4,000 businesses.[22] Russians accounted for 40% of real estate sales in early 2022.[23] In July 2022 Montenegro began the process of freezing real estate owned by Russian nationals.[24]

In September 2022 Montenegro expelled six Russian diplomats, accusing them of spying and rescinded the visas of twenty eight Russian citizens. In return Russia's embassy in Podgorica was closed.[25]

Economy

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Russia plays a big role in the Montenegrin economy. In 2012, Monstat reported that Russian businessmen have majority shares 32% of foreign enterprises present in Montenegro.[26]

Tourism

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An S7 Airlines Il-86 (not used after 2009) taking off from Tivat, Montenegro.

Montenegro and Russia share a visa-free regime on travelers between the two countries since 2008.[citation needed] Montenegro is recognized as one of the most popular destinations among Russian tourists.[27] In the summer of 2011, Russians composed of over 20% of all the tourists that visited Montenegro.[28]

Controversies

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Privatization

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Up until the dissolution of Serbia and Montenegro, the majority of business enterprises in Montenegro were state-owned. Following independence, mass privatization swallowed up many of Montenegro's former-state companies. Privatization in Montenegro has been recognized among Russian officials as a matter of controversy since 2005, when Vladimir Vaniev (at the time representing the Russian Consulate in Podgorica) said sarcastically in a press conference regarding the privatization of Montenegrin aluminum-producer KAP that "he didn't know that Montenegro was the 51st state of the United States."[29] Vaniev also accused the Montenegrin press of being funded "in dollars" by the United States in order to support a disproportionate privatization wave for the benefit of American interests.[30]

Property ownership

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The dissolution of the Serbo-Montenegrin union also led to large swaths of property being sold to eccentric profiles under controversial exchanges. Russian press claimed in 2012 that Russian citizens own at least 40% of real-estate property in all of Montenegro.[31] In 2009, Croatian news portal Globus called Montenegro a "Russian colony", accusing Milo Đukanović of manipulative strategies in post-independence privatizations for the benefits of non-Montenegrins, especially Russian tycoons.[32]

On 3 October, 2019, the government of Montenegro announced that it was receiving applications for its citizenship-for-investment programme that will last until December 2022. The very first "golden passport" of Montenegro after the opening of the borders was received by a citizen of Russia. [33]

Resident diplomatic missions

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Stamatović 1999.
  2. ^ Journal of Central European Affairs. 1959. p. 81.
  3. ^ a b Stanojević & Vasić 1975, p. 460.
  4. ^ Čubrilović 1983, p. 362.
  5. ^ Nikola Čupić (1938). Godišnjica Nikole Čupića. Vol. 47–50. p. 98.
  6. ^ Raspopović 1996, p. 190.
  7. ^ Јован Милићевић (1994). "Петар I Петровић, Идеја о обнови српске државе". Црна Гора 1797-1851. Београд. pp. 170–171. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. ^ "Montenegro, Japan end 100 years' war | History News Network".
  9. ^ "NATO Seeks Higher Montenegro Public Support for Membership". The New York Times. Associated Press. 11 June 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  10. ^ Nato invitation to Montenegro prompts Russia warning BBC, 2 Dec 2015
  11. ^ Indictment tells murky Montenegrin coup tale: Trial will hear claims of Russian involvement in plans to assassinate prime minister and stop Balkan country's NATO membership. Politico, 23 May 2017.
  12. ^ Комментарий Департамента информации и печати МИД России в связи с голосованием в Скупщине Черногории по вопросу присоединения к НАТО 28.04.17.
  13. ^ НАТО в Черногории попытается развязать гибридную войну - эксперт Zvezda, 28 April 2017.
  14. ^ "Montenegro protests after senior politician held while changing planes at a Moscow airport". AP. 29 May 2017. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
  15. ^ Montenegro Bars 149 Russians Linked To Annexation Of Crimea Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 3 June 2017.
  16. ^ Черногория запретила въезд 149 гражданам России и Украины NEWSru, 2 June 2017.
  17. ^ Iznenadilo nas miješanje Rusije RTCG, 28 May 2017.
  18. ^ Russia threatens retaliation as Montenegro becomes 29th NATO member Reuters, 5 June 2017.
  19. ^ Подгорица ушла на Запад
  20. ^ "Russia's Hybrid War Against Montenegro". 22 February 2023.
  21. ^ "Montenegro: Political and Social Impact One Year After the Start of Russia's War of Aggression against Ukraine". 28 February 2022.
  22. ^ "Over 7,000 companies set up, more than half belongs to Russians". 6 March 2023.
  23. ^ "Russian Interest in Montenegrin Real Estate Spikes Despite Sanctions". 7 July 2022.
  24. ^ "Montenegro begins to freeze real estate owned by Russian nationals". 27 July 2022.
  25. ^ "Montenegro expels Russian diplomats amid spying suspicions". Deutsche Welle. 30 September 2022.
  26. ^ Blic - Vesti - Ekonomija - Rusi vlasnici trećine stranih firmi u Crnoj Gori (Serbian) Retrieved July 2, 2012.
  27. ^ Tourism-Review: Ten Most Popular Foreign Countries Among Russian Tourists Retrieved August 23, 2010.
  28. ^ Balkans.com - Serbia and Russian tourists lead Montenegro's tourism in August Archived 2011-10-14 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved September 30, 2011.
  29. ^ "A Slav's best friend". The Economist. 28 April 2005. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  30. ^ "Russian consul calls Montenegro USA's 51st state". Pravda. 6 April 2005. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  31. ^ "Rusi vlasnici 40 odsto nekretnina u Crnoj Gori" [Russians own 40 percent of real estate in Montenegro]. Novi Magasin (in Serbian). 10 January 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  32. ^ Ruska kolonija Crna Gora
  33. ^ "Первый паспорт по программе гражданства через инвестиции Черногории получил россиянин". Tranio. 25 June 2020.

Sources

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