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Tape measure

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Tape measure
Other namesMeasuring tape, Sewing tape, Tape
ClassificationHand tool
UsesMeasuring length and distance
RelatedRuler

A tape measure or measuring tape is a long, flexible ruler used to measure length or distance.[1] It usually consists of a ribbon of cloth, plastic, fibreglass, or metal strip with linear measurement markings.

Types

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Tape measures are often designed for specific uses or trades. Tapes may have different scales, be made of different materials, and be of different lengths depending on the intended use.

Tape measures used in tailoring are called "sewing tape". Originally made from flexible cloth or plastic, fiberglass is now the preferred material due to its resistance from stretching or tearing. Sewing tape is mainly used for the measuring of the subject's waist line.[2]

A loosely riveted hook lets a tape measure measure inner (1) and outer (2) lengths

Measuring tapes designed for carpentry or construction often use a curved metallic ribbon that can remain stiff and straight when extended, but can also retract into a coil for convenient storage. This type of tape measure will have a hook on the end to aid measuring. The hook is connected to the tape with loose rivets through oval holes, and can move a distance equal to its thickness, to provide both inside and outside measurements that are accurate.[3] Self-marking tape measures allows the user have a graphite tip, allowing for accurate markings.

Surveying requires the measuring of large distances and require an increased need for accuracy. Due to this, measuring tapes used for surveying may be made out of invar because of its low rate of thermal expansion.[4]

Cased measuring tape

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A self retractable measuring tape that is locked open
Self retracting measuring tape
A cased measuring tape with a hand crank
Manually return tape measure

There are two basic types of cased measuring tapes: spring return tape measures and manual return tape measures. While spring return tape measures are compact and self-retracting, manual return measures are designed for longer distances and often require manual winding, often via hand crank.

History

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Prior to the advent of standardized measuring tapes, tailors employed cloth tapes without any markings. These tapes were manually inscribed with notches to denote specific measurements, enabling tailors to record the proportions of their clients.[5]

James Chesterman, a British metalworker, is credited with the invention of the first retractable tape measure in 1821.[6] His design consisted of a spring-loaded cloth strip with marked measurements, housed within a compact case. Building upon his prior design, Chesterman would patent the first steel tape measure.[7] By capitalizing on the declining popularity of crinoline dresses, Chesterman repurposed the surplus flat wire used in the dresses to create the flexible measuring tape.[8]

On 6 December 1864 patent #45,372 was issued to William H. Bangs of West Meriden, Connecticut. Bang's rule was the first attempt in the United States to make a spring locked pocket tape measure. The tape could be stopped at any point and held by the mechanism. The tape could be returned to the case by sliding a button on the side of the case which then allowed the spring to pull the tape back into the case.[9]

The first patented long tape measure in the United States was granted U.S. patent #29,096 issued 10 July 1860 to William H. Paine of Sheboygan, Wisconsin,[10] and produced by George M. Eddy and Company of Brooklyn, New York. This tape had no increments on it. It accurately measured only a distance equal to the total length of the tape from beginning to end marker, a brass piece attached to the tape at a measured distance. The measured length was marked on the case or crank.

Hiram A. Farrand with the Farrand Rapid Rule

Later, by the early 1870s, Justus Roe of Patchogue, New York added rivets attaching small brass washers to the tape to mark inches and feet. They were attached every inch in the first and last foot and every foot from one to the end of the last foot. A small brass tag, marked with a number indicating the number of feet to that point, was attached every five feet. This feature was never patented, but Justus Roe and Sons produced tape measures, "Roe Electric Reel Tape Measures", with this feature during the 1890s and early 1900s when they started etching or stamping increments and numbers on the tapes. (The "electric" part of the name was purely an affectation; there was nothing electrical about it.)

On 3 January 1922, Hiram A. Farrand received patent #1,402,589 for his concave-convex tape, a major improvement for spring pocket tape measures.[11] Between 1922 and December 1926, Farrand experimented with the help of The Brown Company in Berlin, New Hampshire.[12] It is there Farrand and William Wentworth Brown began mass-producing the tape measure.[13] Their product was later sold to Stanley Works. It was Farrand's concave-convex tape that went on to become the standard for the majority of pocket tape measure tapes today.

In the 1900's certain manufacturers started selling novelty tape measurers with prophecies and fortunes instead of numbers: users could check friends' heights and receive a fortune instead of their number.[14][15]

TALmeter showing the three scales on the measuring tape.

In 1947, the Swedish engineer Ture Anders Ljungberg began developing an improved version and in 1954 the TALmeter was introduced. It features edges at both the end of the tape and the mouth to cut marks so measures (including arcs) can be transferred without reading the scale, as well as a fold-out metal tongue at the rear, also with an edge, to be used when taking internal measures. The tape has three scales: the normal metric, the internal scale and a diameter scale used for instance to measure sheet metal to be rolled into a cylinder of a certain diameter. It was produced by his own company T A Ljungberg AB until 2005, when it was bought by Hultafors in 2005, who retained the name "Talmeter" for the product they now refer to as a märkmeter (marker-meter).[16]

In March 1963,[17] Stanley Tools introduced the PowerLock tape measure series which defined the standard for tape measure form factors thats still persists today. It was novel in its use of a molded ABS case, thumb actuated tape lock, and riveted end hook. By 1989, Stanley was producing more than 200,000 tape measures every day.[18]

The first commercialized Digital Tape Measure was released by Starrett in 1995 under the DigiTape brand. In March 2022, REEKON Tools announced the T1 Tomahawk Digital Tape Measure which featured significant accuracy improvements over previous attempts.[19]

Design

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The basic design on which all modern spring tape measures are built can trace its origins back to an 1864 patent by a Meriden, Connecticut resident named William H. Bangs Jr. According to the text of his patent, Bang's tape measure was an improvement on other versions previously designed.[20]

The spring tape measure has existed in the U.S. since Bang's patent in 1864, but its usage did not become very popular due to the difficulty in communication from one town to another and the expense of the tape measure. In the late 1920s, carpenters began slowly adopting H. A. Farrand's design as the one more commonly used. Farrand's new design was a concave/convex tape made of metal which would stand straight out a distance of four to six feet. This design is the basis for most modern pocket tape measures used today.

With the mass production of the integrated circuit (IC) the tape measure has also entered into the digital age with the digital tape measure. Some incorporate a digital screen to give measurement readouts in multiple formats. An early patent for this type of measure was published in 1977.[21]

There are also other styles of tape measures that have incorporated lasers and ultrasonic technology to measure the distance of an object with fairly reliable accuracy.

Tape measures often have black and red measurements on a yellow background as this is the optimal color combination for readability.[22]

United States

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Tape measure with 16 and 19.2 inch marks

Most tapes sold in the United States are inches- and feet-based. Some tapes have additional marks in the shape of small black diamonds, appearing every 19.2 inches (488 mm), used to mark out equal spacing for joists (five joists or trusses per US standard 8-foot (2,438 mm) length of building material). Many US tapes also have special markings every 16 inches (406 mm), which is a US standard interval for studs in construction: three spaces of 16 inches make exactly 4 feet (1,219 mm) which is the US commercial width of a sheet of plywood, gyproc or particle board.

A dual scale inch/centimeter tape measure.

The sale of dual Metric/US Customary scale measuring tapes is slowly becoming common in the United States. For example, in some Walmarts there are Hyper Tough brand tapes available in both US customary units and Metric units. Unlike US rulers, of which an overwhelming majority contain both centimeter and inch scales, tape measures are longer and thus traditionally have had scales in both inches and feet & inches. So, the inclusion of a metric scale requires the measuring device either to contain 3 scales of measurement or the elimination of one of the US Customary scales.

A US made 5 meter measuring tape with markings only in millimeters.

The use of millimeter only tape measures for housing construction is a part of the US metric building code.[23][24] This code does not permit the use of centimeters. Millimeters produce whole (integer) numbers, reduce arithmetic errors, thus decreasing wastage due to such errors. The US made measuring tape shown on the right is interesting in that it is a "Reverse Measuring Tape", where the measurements can be read from right to left just as well as they can be read when the tape is used from left to right.

As a curious fact, in 1956, Justus Roe, a surveyor and tape-maker by trade, made the 600 feet (183 m) gold-plated tape measure and, in a publicity gimmick, presented it to American professional baseball player Mickey Mantle.[25]

Australia

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The building industry was the first major industry grouping in Australia to complete its change to metric, being completed by January 1976.[26]

Australian measuring tape with markings in millimetres.

In this the industry was grateful to the SAA (now Standards Australia) for the early production of the Standard AS 1155-1974 "Metric Units for Use in the Construction Industry", which specified the use of millimetres as the small unit for the metrication upgrade. In the adoption of the millimetre as the "small" unit of length for metrication (instead of the centimetre) the Metric Conversion Board leaned heavily on experience in the UK and within the ISO, where this decision had already been taken.[27][28][circular reference]

This was formally stated as follows: "The metric units for linear measurement in building and construction will be the metre (m) and the millimetre (mm), with the kilometre (km) being used where required. This will apply to all sectors of the industry, and the centimetre (cm) shall not be used. … the centimetre should not be used in any calculation and it should never be written down".[29]

The logic of using the millimetre in this context was that the metric system had been so designed that there would exist a multiple or submultiple for every use. Decimal fractions would not have to be used. Since the tolerances on building components and building practice would rarely be less than one millimetre, the millimetre became the sub-unit most appropriate to this industry.

Because of this, those in the building/construction industry mainly use millimetre only tapes. While dual scale tapes showing both inches and centimetres are sold, these are mainly imported low-cost items (since it would be a restriction of trade to not allow their importation).

United Kingdom

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Tape measures sold in the UK often have dual scales for metric and imperial units. Like the American tape measures described above, they also have markings every 16 in (40.6 cm) and 19.2 in (48.8 cm).

Canada

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Tape measures sold in Canada often have dual scales for metric and imperial units. All tapes in imperial units have markings every 16 in (40.6 cm), but not at every 19.2 in (48.8 cm). Home construction in Canada is largely, if not entirely, in imperial measure.

In surveying

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Tapes are used in surveying for measuring horizontal, vertical or slope distances. Tapes are issued in various lengths and widths and graduated in a variety of ways.[30] The measuring tapes used for surveying purposes are classified in 4 types according to the material from which they are manufactured:

  1. Linen or Cloth Tape is made of linen cloth with brass handle at zero end whose length is included in the tape length. It is very light and handy, but cannot withstand much wear and tear. So it cannot be used for accurate work. It is little used in surveying except for taking subsidiary measurements like offsets.
  2. Metallic Tape is reinforced with copper wires to prevent stretching or twisting of fibers. They are available in many lengths but tapes of 20 m and 30 m are more commonly used.[31]
  3. Steel Tape is made of steel ribbon varying in width from 6 mm to 16 mm. It is available in lengths of 1, 2, 10, 30 and 50 meters. It cannot withstand rough usage and should therefore be used with great care.
  4. Invar Tape is made of invar, an alloy of steel (64%) and nickel (36%). It is 6 mm wide and is available in lengths of 30 m, 50 m and 100 m. It is costly and delicate and should be thus handled with great care.[32]

Accuracy and standardisation

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Red EC classification symbols printed on a Class II measure, calibrated at 20°C.

The accuracy of a tape measure is dependent on the ends of the tape and the markings printed onto the tape. The accuracy for the end of a retractable tape measure is dependent on the hook's sliding mechanism and thickness.

The European Commission (EC) has standardised a non-compulsory classification system for certifying tape measure accuracy, with certified tapes falling into one of three classes of accuracy: Classes I, II, and III.[33] For example, under specific conditions the tolerances for 10m long tapes are:

  • Class I: accurate to ±1.10mm over 10m length
  • Class II: accurate to ±2.30mm over 10m length
  • Class III: accurate to ±4.60mm over 10m length

If a tape measure has been certified then the class rating is printed onto the tape alongside other symbols including the nominal length of the tape, the year of manufacture, the country of manufacture, and the name of the manufacturer.[34] For retractable tapes, Class I are the most accurate and tend to be the most expensive, while Class II tapes are the most common class available.[35]

References

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  1. ^ "TAPE MEASURE Definition & Meaning". Dictionary.com. 16 December 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2024.
  2. ^ Bohnengel, Barrett (5 August 2022). "What To Consider When Choosing A Measuring Tape for Sewing". Perfect Measuring Tape Co. Retrieved 12 November 2024.
  3. ^ Aird, Forbes (1999). Mechanic's guide to precision measuring tools. Osceola, WI: MBI Pub. Co. p. 18. ISBN 9780760305454.
  4. ^ "Different Types of Measuring Tapes used in Surveying operations". Testbook. 6 June 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2024.
  5. ^ says, TSSC Group (2 August 2017), Made to Measure: the Tailor Shop at Colonial Williamsburg, retrieved 12 November 2024
  6. ^ "Tape (Chesterman)". National Museum of American History. Retrieved 12 November 2024.
  7. ^ Magazine, Smithsonian; Eschner, Kat (14 July 2017). "How Hoop Skirts Led to Tape Measures". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 12 November 2024.
  8. ^ "Tale of the Tool: A History of the Tape Measure". Build Your Future. 14 July 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2024.
  9. ^ U. S. Patent Full-Text Database Number Search, Patent #45,372 Retrieved on 23 October 2017.
  10. ^ U. S. Patent Full-Text Database Number Search, Patent #29,096 Retrieved 23 December 2017.
  11. ^ US 1402589, Hiram A. Farrand, "Rule", issued 3 January 1922 
  12. ^ Hiram A. Farrand Inc. (December 1930). Popular Science. Popular Science Monthly. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
  13. ^ Walter W. Jacob (September 2004). "Stanley Advertising and Imprinted Tape Rules". The Chronicle of the Early American Industries Association. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
  14. ^ Opie, Iona Archibald; Opie, Peter (1987). The lore and language of schoolchildren. Internet Archive. Oxford [Oxfordshire]; New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-282059-4.
  15. ^ "Rare Vintage Deans Made in England Fortune Telling Tape - Etsy". www.etsy.com. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
  16. ^ "Talmeter — Hultafors". Archived from the original on 9 February 2013.
  17. ^ "Worth the Money: Stanley Tape Measure". Popular Mechanics. 20 March 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  18. ^ Uchitelle, Louis (23 July 1989). "The Stanley Works Goes Global". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  19. ^ "I Never Thought I'd Have Gadget Lust for a Tape Measure, but Here We Are". Gizmodo. 23 March 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  20. ^ U. S. Patent Full-Text Database Number Search, Patent #45,372 Retrieved 23 October 2017.
  21. ^ "Electronic read out tape measure". Google Patents. 21 June 1977. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  22. ^ "Optimal Colors to Improve Readability for People with Dyslexia - Text Customization for Readability Online Symposium". w3.org. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
  23. ^ Public Buildings Service (September 1995). "Metric Design Guide (PBS-PQ260)" (PDF). U.S. General Services Administration.
  24. ^ Holland, Andrew J. (1997). Metric Implementation in US Construction (Master's thesis). University of Florida. hdl:10945/26631.
  25. ^ "Suffolk County News, Via the Grapevine" (PDF). 13 July 1956.
  26. ^ Wilks, Kevin Joseph (1992). Metrication in Australia (PDF). Australian Government Pub. Service. Section 9.2 Page 34. ISBN 0-644-24860-2.
  27. ^ Kevin Wilkes (1992). "Metrication in Australia" (PDF). Book. Commonwealth of AustraliaEntire document.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  28. ^ ISO 2848
  29. ^ (Standards Association of Australia "Metric Handbook, Metric Conversion in Building and Construction" 1972)
  30. ^ "Surveying tapes". tpub.com.
  31. ^ book on surveying by "Dr. B.c Punmia and Ashok Kumar Jain"
  32. ^ surveying volume 1 by Prof. C.L Kochher, p. 17
  33. ^ Directive 2014/32/EU of the European Parliament, vol. OJ L, 26 February 2014, retrieved 10 October 2020
  34. ^ "Rollbandmasse". sola.at. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
  35. ^ "Tape Measures Guide | RS Components". uk.rs-online.com. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
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