Jump to content

Thiruvilaiyadal

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Kailash29792 (talk | contribs) at 06:28, 14 October 2018 (→Plot). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

This article is about the 1965 film. For the 2006 film, see Thiruvilaiyaadal Aarambam.

Thiruvilaiyadal
Theatrical release poster
Directed byA. P. Nagarajan
Screenplay byA. P. Nagarajan
Produced by
  • A. P. Nagarajan
  • A. M. Shahul Hameed
Starring
CinematographyK. S. Prasad
Edited by
  • M. N. Rajan
  • T. R. Natarajan
Music byK. V. Mahadevan
Production
company
Sri Vijayalakshmi Pictures
Release date
31 July 1965
Running time
155 minutes
CountryIndia
LanguageTamil

Thiruvilaiyadal (Template:Lang-en) is a 1965 Indian Tamil-language Hindu devotional film written, directed and co-produced by A. P. Nagarajan. The film features Sivaji Ganesan, Savitri, and K. B. Sundarambal in the lead roles, with T. S. Balaiah, R. Muthuraman, Nagesh, T. R. Mahalingam, K. Sarangapani, Devika, Manorama, and Nagarajan in supporting roles. K. V. Mahadevan composed the film's soundtrack and score, and Kannadasan and Sankaradas Swamigal wrote the song lyrics.

Co-produced by A. M. Shahul Hameed, it was inspired by the Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam: a collection of sixty-four Shaivite devotional, epic stories, written in the 16th century by Paranjothi Munivar, which record the actions (and antics) of Shiva on Earth in a number of disguises to test his devotees. Thiruvilaiyadal depicts four of the stories. The first is about the poets Dharumi and Nakkeerar; the second concerns Dhatchayini (Sati). The third recounts how Shiva's future wife, Parvati, is born as a fisherwoman; Shiva, in the guise of a fisherman, finds and marries her. The fourth story is about the singers Banabhathirar and Hemanatha Bhagavathar. The soundtrack was praised, and the songs "Pazham Neeyappa", "Oru Naal Podhuma", "Isai Thamizh" and "Paattum Naane" became popular with the Tamil diaspora.

Thiruvilaiyadal was released on 31 July 1965 to critical praise of its screenplay, dialogue, direction, music and the performances of Ganesan, Nagesh and Balaiah. The film was a commercial success, running for over twenty-five weeks in several theatres and becoming a silver jubilee film. It was responsible for a resurgence in mythological and devotional cinema, since it was released when Tamil cinema was primarily producing social films.[a] Thiruvilaiyadal received the Certificate of Merit for the Second-Best Feature Film in Tamil at the 13th National Film Awards and the Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil. A digitally-restored version was released in September 2012, and was also a commercial success.

Plot

The Hindu god Shiva gives a sacred mango fruit, brought by the sage Narada, to his elder son Vinayaka as a prize for outsmarting his younger brother Muruga in a competition. Angry with his father, Muruga (dressed as a hermit) goes to Palani. He meets Avvaiyar, one of his devotees along with way. Despite her attempts to convince Muruga to return to Mount Kailash, he remains adamant about his decision to leave his family. His mother, the goddess Parvati, arrives there and tells the stories of four of Shiva's divine games to calm Muruga.

The first story is about the opening of Shiva's third eye when he visits Madurai, the capital city of the Pandya Kingdom. Shenbagapandian, the king, wants to find the answer to a question posed by his wife (whether the fragrance of a woman's hair is natural or artificial), and announces a reward of 1,000 gold coins to anyone who can come up with the answer. A poor poet named Dharumi desperately wants the reward, and starts to break down in the Meenakshi Amman Temple. Shiva, hearing him weeping, takes the form of a poet and gives Dharumi a poem containing the answer. Overjoyed, Dharumi takes the poem to Shenbagapandian's court and recites it; however, Nakkeerar (the court's head poet) claims that the poem's meaning is incorrect. On hearing this, Shiva argues with Nakkeerar about the poem's accuracy and burns him to ashes when he refuses to relent. Later, Shiva revives Nakkeerar and says that he only wanted to test his knowledge. Realising it was Shiva's will that Dharumi should get the reward, Nakkeerar requests Shenbagapandian to give it to Dharumi.

The second story focuses on Shiva marrying Dhatchayini against the will of her father, Dhatchan. Dhatchan performs a Mahayajna without inviting his son-in-law. Dhatchayini asks Shiva's permission to go to the ceremony, but Shiva refuses to let her go because he feels that no good will come from it. Dhatchayini disobeys him and goes, only to be insulted by Dhatchan. She curses her father and returns to Shiva, who is angry with her. Dhatchayini says that they are one; without her, there is no Shiva. He disagrees, and burns her to ashes. He then performs his Tandava, which is noticed by the Devas, who then pacify him. Shiva then restores Dhatchayini to life and accepts their oneness.

In the third story, Parvati is banished by Shiva when she is momentarily distracted while listening to his explanation of the Vedas. Parvati, now born as Kayarkanni, is the daughter of a fisherman. When she is playing with her friends, Shiva approaches in the guise of a fisherman and tries to flirt with her. The fishermen are troubled by a giant shark who disrupts their way of life, and Shiva says that he alone can defeat the shark. After a long battle, Shiva subdues the shark (who is the bull deity Nandi in disguise) and marries Parvati.

The last story is about Banabathirar, a devotional singer. Hemanatha Bhagavathar, a talented singer, tries to conquer the Pandya Kingdom when he challenges its musicians. The king's minister advises the king to seek Banabathirar's help against Hemanatha Bhagavathar. When the other musicians spurn the competition, the king orders Banabathirar to compete against Hemanatha Bhagavathar. Knowing that he cannot win, the troubled Banabathirar prays to Shiva—who appears outside Hemanatha Bhagavathar's house in the form of a firewood vendor the night before the competition, and shatters his arrogance by singing "Paattum Naane". Shiva introduces himself to Hemanatha Bhagavathar as Banabathirar's student. Sheepish at hearing this, Bhagavathar leaves the kingdom immediately and leaves a letter for Shiva to give to Banabathirar. Shiva gives the letter to Banabathirar, and reveals his true identity; Banabathirar thanks him for his help.

After listening to the stories, Muruga realises that this too was one of Shiva's divine games to test his patience; he then reconciles with his family. The film ends with Avvaiyar singing "Vaasi Vaasi" and "Ondraanavan Uruvil", in praise of Shiva and Parvati.

Cast

Production

Development and casting

In 1965, after the critical and commercial success of Navarathri (1964), its director A. P. Nagarajan and producer A. M. Shahul Hameed came together to make a film entitled Siva-Leela (later retitled Thiruvilaiyadal). It was inspired by the Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam, a collection of sixty-four 16th-century Shaivite devotional epic stories by Paranjothi Munivar which describe the actions (and antics) of Shiva on Earth in a number of disguises to test his devotees.[1][2] Sivaji Ganesan and Nagarajan's first collaboration was Naan Petra Selvam (1956).[3] That film contained a play where the Tamil poet Nakkeerar confronts Shiva over an error in his poem (exaggerating his sensitivity to right and wrong), which laid the foundation for Thiruvilaiyadal.[4]

Four of the Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam's sixty-four stories are depicted in the film.[1][5] In addition to directing, Nagarajan co-produced the film (under the banner of Sri Vijayalakshmi Pictures)[6] and wrote the screenplay.[7] M. N. Rajan and T. R. Natarajan edited Thiruvilaiyadal; K. S. Prasad, Ganga and R. Rangasamy were the film's cinematographer, art director and Ganesan's make-up artist, respectively.[8][9]

Ganesan was cast as Shiva,[10] and Savitri as the goddess Parvati.[11] K. B. Sundarambal was chosen to play Avvaiyar, reprising her role in the 1953 film of the same name.[12][13] Nagesh, R. Muthuraman, T. S. Balaiah and T. R. Mahalingam were cast as Dharumi, Shenbagapandian, Hemanatha Bhagavathar and Banabhathirar, respectively,[14] and Nagarajan appeared as Nakkeerar.[10] Other supporting actors included Devika, Manorama, K. Sarangapani and O. A. K. Thevar.[15]

Filming

We had to talk as we walked. We could not break up the dialogues for our convenience as that would slow down the tempo of the shot. We had such a degree of understanding that we enacted the scene with immaculate timing and with the required expressions in one continuous shot. It came out very well and is enjoyed by people even today.

— Sivaji Ganesan on his experience filming with Nagesh, Autobiography of an Actor: Sivaji Ganesan, October 1928-July 2001.[16]

Thiruvilaiyadal was shot on a custom-built set at Vasu Studios in Madras (now Chennai).[17] It was filmed in Eastmancolor, thereby making it Nagarajan's first picture to be shot in colour.[18][19] it was filmed in The conversations between Shiva and Dharumi were improvised by Ganesan and Nagesh, and not scripted by Nagarajan.[20]

Due to his busy schedule, Nagesh had a call sheet of one-and-a-half days to finish his portion.[17] When he learned that Ganesan's arrival was delayed because his make-up had not been completed, he asked Nagarajan whether they could film any solo sequences (which included a scene where Dharumi laments his misfortune in the Meenakshi Amman Temple).[17] While filming, Nagesh spontaneously came up with the line "Varamaattan. Varamaattan. Avan nichchaiyam varamaattan. Enakku nalla theriyum. Varamaattan" ("He won't come. He won't come. He will definitely not come. I know he won't come").[17][21] According to the actor, two incidents inspired him. One involved two assistant directors discussing whether Ganesan would be ready before or after lunch; one said he would be ready, and the other said he would not. The other was when Nagesh overheard a passerby talking to himself about how the world had fallen on bad times.[17][21] Dubbing of the scenes with Nagesh and Ganesan was completed soon after the footage was shot. After watching the scenes twice, Ganesan asked Nagarajan not to remove a single frame of Nagesh's portions from the final version, because he believed that those scenes along with the ones involving Balaiah would be the highlights of the film.[21][22]

Thiruvilaiyadal was the first Tamil film since P. U. Chinnappa's Jagathalaprathapan (1944) in which the lead actor plays five roles in one scene. Ganesan does so during the song "Paattum Naane", where he sings and plays four instruments: the veena, mridangam, flute and jathi.[23][24] Asked by his biographer, T. S. Narayanawami, about the Tandava he performed in the film, Ganesan replied that he simply learned the movements necessary for the dance and followed the choreographer's instructions.[25][26] Thiruvilaiyadal was the last film produced by Hameed, who died on 20 May 1965 (a few days after filming ended).[1] Neither he nor Nagarajan were credited in the film as producers.[27]

Themes

The film's title is explained in an introductory voiceover. Greeting the audience, it quotes Shiva's literary epic of the same name. According to the narrator, Shiva does what he does to test the patience of his disciples; the god plays games, which evoke more devotion in the hearts of his worshippers. Therefore, the film's title refers to the games played by Shiva. Opening in medias res, it has a nonlinear narrative.[28]

According to Hari Narayan of The Hindu, Thiruvilaiyadal celebrates the deeds of a god (in this case, Shiva) by depicting miracles performed by him.[29] R. Bharathwaj wrote for The Times of India that the story of the competition between Hemanatha Bhagavathar and Banabathirar is comparable to a contest between Carnatic music composer Syama Sastri and Kesavvaya, a singer from Bobbili.[30][31] Sastri had sought divine intervention from the goddess Kamakshi to defeat Kesavayya, mirroring Banabathirar's plea for Shiva's help.[31]

Music

Untitled

K. V. Mahadevan composed the film's soundtrack and score,[32][33] Kannadasan wrote the song lyrics except for the first portions of "Pazham Neeyappa", which were written by Sankaradas Swamigal.[34] Nagarajan initially wanted Sirkazhi Govindarajan to sing "Oru Naal Podhuma", but he refused and M. Balamuralikrishna sang the song.[35] Each line in the song is from a different raga,[36][37] including Darbar,[38] Todi,[39] Maand,[40] Mohanam and Kalyani.[37] "Pazham Neeyappa" is based on three ragas: Darbari Kanada,[41] Shanmukhapriya and Kambhoji.[42][43][44] "Isai Thamizh", "Paattum Naane" and "Illadhathondrillai" are based on the Abheri,[45][46] Gourimanohari and Simhendramadhyamam ragas, respectively.[47][48][49] Vikku Vinayakram and Cheena Kutty were the ghatam and mridangam players, respectively, for "Paattum Naane".[50][51] Subbiah Asari made the Macha Veena seen in "Paattum Naane", and the crew of Thiruvilaiyadal purchased it from him for ₹10,000 (equivalent to ₹670,000 or US$8,000 in 2023).[52]

Songs from the album, including "Pazham Neeyappa", "Oru Naal Podhuma", "Isai Thamizh", "Paarthal Pasumaram" and "Paattum Naane", became popular with the Tamil diaspora.[14] Film historian Randor Guy, in his 1997 book Starlight, Starbright: The Early Tamil Cinema, called "Pazham Neeyappa" (performed by Sundarambal) the "favourite of millions".[53] Singer Charulatha Mani wrote for The Hindu that Sundarambal produced a "pure and pristine depiction" of the Neelambari raga in "Vaasi Vaasi", and praised Balamuralikrishna's rendition of "Oru Naal Podhuma".[54][38] Mana Baskaran of The Hindu Tamil described the album as an attractive package for all listeners.[55] After T. M. Soundararajan's death in May 2013, M. Ramesh of Business Line wrote: "The unforgettable sequences from ... [Thiruvilaiyadal] ... have forever divided the world of Tamil music lovers in two: those who believe that the [Oru Naal Podhuma] of the swollen-headed Hemanatha Bhagavathar could not be bested, and those who believe that Lord Shiva’s Paattum Naane Bhavamum Naane won the debate hands down." He praised Soundararajan's performance in "Paattum Naane", calling it "stupefying".[56] For The Hindu, C. V. Vasudevan wrote that the film "clearly showcased the talents" of Sundarambal, Mahalingam, Balamuralikrishna and Soundararajan and the "composing forte" of Mahadevan.[57]

Track list[32][33]
No.TitleSinger(s)Length
1."Pazham Neeyappa"K. B. Sundarambal06:29
2."Oru Naal Podhuma"M. Balamuralikrishna05:28
3."Isai Thamizh"T. R. Mahalingam03:50
4."Paarthal Pasumaram"T. M. Soundararajan03:44
5."Paattum Naane"T. M. Soundararajan05:54
6."Podhigai Malai Uchiyiley"P. B. Sreenivas, S. Janaki02:52
7."Ondraanavan Uruvil"K. B. Sundarambal03:04
8."Illadhathondrillai"T. R. Mahalingam03:08
9."Vaasi Vaasi"K. B. Sundarambal05:57
10."Om Namasivaya"Sirkazhi Govindarajan, P. Susheela03:32
11."Neela Chelai Katti Konda"P. Susheela04:40
Total length:45:30

Release

Photo of actor Nagesh
Nagesh (pictured in 2005) was praised for his performance.

Thiruvilaiyadal was released on 31 July 1965.[58] During a screening at a Madras cinema, several women went into a religious frenzy during a scene with Avvaiyar and Murugan. The film was temporarily suspended so the women could be attended to.[53] According to artist Jeeva, the management of the Raja Theatre built a replica of Mount Kailash to promote Thiruvilaiyadal.[59]

A commercial success, the film ran for twenty-five weeks at the Ganesan-owned Shanti Theatre.[60] It also ran for 25 weeks at the Crown and Bhuvaneshwari Theatres in Madras and other theatres across South India,[61] becoming a silver jubilee film.[b] It added to Ganesan's string of successful films.[63]

In mid-2012, legal issues arose when attempts were made to digitally re-release the film. G. Vijaya of Vijaya Pictures filed a lawsuit against Gemini Colour Laboratory and Sri Vijayalakshmi Pictures for attempting to re-release the film without her company's permission. In December 1975, Sri Vijayalakshmi Pictures transferred the film rights to Movie Film Circuit; MFC transferred them to Vijaya Pictures on 18 May 1976.[64] Vijaya Pictures approached the Gemini Colour Laboratory to digitise the film for re-release, but Sri Vijayalakshmi Pictures asked laboratory officials not to release the film without their consent. Sri Vijayalakshmi Pictures disputed Vijaya's claim by running an advertisement in a Tamil newspaper on 18 May 2012 saying that it owned the film's rights, and anyone who wanted to exhibit it in a digital format should only do so with their permission. R. Subbiah, the judge who presided over the case, ordered that the status quo be maintained by both parties.[64][65]

Encouraged by the success of the re-release of Karnan (1964), C. N. Paramasivam (Nagarajan's son and the head of Sri Vijayalakshmi Pictures) found film negatives of Thiruvilayadal in a Gemini Films storage facility. Paramasivam restored the film and re-released it in CinemaScope on September 2012.[3][14] The digitised version premiered at the Woodlands Theater in Royapettah, Chennai.[66][67] Despite its being a re-release, Thiruvilaiyadal received public acclaim and was a commercial success.[68][69] Producer Ramkumar (Ganesan's son) said about the digitised version, "It was like watching a new film".[70]

Critical reception and accolades

Thiruvilayadal was praised by critics.[1] The Tamil magazine Kalki, in a review dated 22 August 1965, considered the film a victory for Tamil cinema.[71] A 28 August 1965 Ananda Vikatan review noted that since social films dominated Tamil cinema, a devotional film like Thiruvilaiyadal was a welcome change and deserved another viewing.[72] On 7 August 1965, a critic from The Indian Express appreciated Nagarajan for treating the four episodes adapted from the Thiruvilayadal Puranam with "due reverence and respect" and chaste Tamil dialogue (a "delight to the ears"). However, the critic derided Nagarajan's "unimaginative" handling of the fisherman episode and Ganesan's "awkward" gestures, which turned what would have been a "sublime, divine love story" into a typical "boy-meets-girl affair". They also criticised technical aspects such as "jumpy" shots, the colour scheme, Shiva's fight with the shark and the facial make-up. The reviewer also criticised him for over-acting while opining that Savitri had nothing to do, they commended the performances of Sundarambal, Mahalingam, Balaiah, Nagesh, Sarangkapani, Muthuraman and Nagarajan.[73]

In a 22 May 2015 review in The Hindu Tamil, Mana Baskaran appreciated Nagarajan's blending of contemporary social issues into a devotional film; the costume and set designs gave a new dimension to Tamil cinema.[55] M. Suganth and Karuna Amarnath of The Times of India lauded Ganesan for his versatility in terms of both his performance and appearance as Shiva and termed the film as a "must watch".[74] Actor and film historian Mohan Raman believed Balaiah's screen presence, especially in the song "Oru Naal Podhuma", was instrumental to the film's success.[75] S. Theodore Baskaran gave the film a mixed review, saying that it was like "watching a merely photographed drama" but commended Nagesh's performance: "If there is just one role that he is remembered for, it is this."[76][77] Baskaran also praised Ganesan's portrayal of Shiva's incarnations,[78] and enjoyed the actor's dialogue in the scene where Shiva argues with Nakkeerar.[79] Subha J. Rao and K. Jeshi of The Hindu, in their article "Laughter Lines", highlighted Nagesh's "bring[ing] the house down as the impoverished poet."[80]

At the 13th National Film Awards, Thiruvilaiyadal received the Certificate of Merit for the Second-Best Feature Film in Tamil.[81] It also received the Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil.[82]

Legacy and influence

Main article: Influence of Thiruvilaiyadal

Only two actors can pull the scene away from under my feet when we face the camera together – one is M. R. Radha, the other, Nagesh.

— Ganesan, while listening to an audio version of Thiruvilaiyadal[83]

Thiruvilaiyadal has attained cult status in Tamil cinema.[84] It was responsible for a resurgence in mythological and devotional cinema, since it was released at a time when Tamil cinema primarily featured social films.[85][a] Film critic Baradwaj Rangan called Thiruvilaiyadal "the best" Tamil film epic released during the 1960s.[86] Nagarajan and Ganesan collaborated on several more films in the genre, including Saraswati Sabatham (1966), Thiruvarutchelvar (1967), Kandhan Karunai (1967) and Thirumal Perumai (1968).[22][87] Other notable films which followed the trend set by Thiruvilaiyadal include Sri Raghavendrar (1985) and Meenakshi Thiruvilayadal (1989).[88][89] The film was a milestone of Nagesh's career, and the character of Dharumi is cited as one of his finest roles.[83][90]

In July 2007, when S. R. Ashok Kumar of The Hindu asked eight notable directors to list ten films they liked the most, C. V. Sridhar and Ameer chose Thiruvilaiyadal. Ameer found the film "imaginative", depicting mythology in "an interesting way", and called it "one of the best films in the annals of Tamil cinema."[91] After Nagesh's death in 2009, Thiruvilaiyadal ranked fifth on the Sify list of "10 Best Films of late Nagesh"; according to its entry, the actor "was at his comic best in this film".[92] Thiruvilaiyadal is included with other Sivaji Ganesan films in 8th Ulaga Adhisayam Sivaji, a compilation DVD with Ganesan's "iconic performances in the form of scenes, songs and stunts" which was released in May 2012.[93]

The film has been parodied and referenced in cinema, television and theatre. Notable films alluding to Thiruvilaiyadal include Netrikkann (1981),[94] Poove Unakkaga (1996),[95] Mahaprabhu (1996),[96] Kaathala Kaathala (1998),[97] Vanna Thamizh Pattu (2000),[98] Middle Class Madhavan (2001),[99] Kamarasu (2002),[100] Vanakkam Thalaiva (2005),[101] Kanthaswamy (2009)[102] and Oru Kal Oru Kannadi (2012).[103] In his review of Oru Kanniyum Moonu Kalavaanikalum (2014), Baradwaj Rangan noted that the use of touchscreen human facial icons on mobile apps was a "Thiruvilaiyadal-like framing device".[104]

The Star Vijay comedy series Lollu Sabha parodied the film twice: in an episode of the same name,[105] and in a contemporary version titled Naveena Thiruvilayaadal.[106] Pavithra Srinivasan of Rediff included the film in her April 2012 list, "The A to Z of Tamil Cinema".[107] The character of Dharumi was parodied in Iruttula Thedatheenga, a play staged in November 2013.[108] In a January 2015 interview with The Times of India, playwright Y. G. Mahendra said: "Most character artists today lack variety [...] Show me one actor in India currently who can do a [Veerapandiya] Kattabomman, a VOC, a Vietnam Veedu, a Galatta Kalyanam and a Thiruvilayadal [sic]."[109] In October 2014, Thiruvilaiyadal was ranked fourth on an October 2014 Times of India "Top 5 Sivaji Ganesan films on his birthday", a tribute to Ganesan and Nagesh.[110] After Manorama's death in October 2015, Thiruvilaiyadal was ranked eighth on The New Indian Express' list of top movies featuring the actress.[111]

Notes

  1. ^ a b In Indian cinema terminology, social films (or simply socials) are films with a contemporary setting, as opposed to those which have mythological and period settings.[112][113]
  2. ^ A silver jubilee film is one that runs for at least twenty-five weeks in a single theatre.[62]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Nainar, Nahla (31 August 2018). "Tinsel-edged memories". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 4 September 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Thiagarajan 1965, p. xviii.
  3. ^ a b Raghavan, Nikhil (5 September 2012). "Classic gets a new life". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 9 October 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ Guy 1997, pp. 280–281.
  5. ^ David 1983, p. 40.
  6. ^ Film News Anandan (2004). Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru [Tamil film history and its achievements] (in Tamil). Chennai: Sivagami Publishers. Archived from the original on 16 January 2018. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ Nagarajan 1965, Opening credits, from 3:17 to 3:25.
  8. ^ Nagarajan 1965, Opening credits, from 1:40 to 2:07.
  9. ^ Kannan, Uma (27 June 2011). "Kollywood's make-up specialists of the 1960s". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 11 October 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ a b Guy 1997, p. 281.
  11. ^ Tilak, Sudha G. (22 May 2004). "Mother goddesses rule the telly". Tehelka. Archived from the original on 7 October 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ Guy 1997, p. 120.
  13. ^ "தென்னகத்தின் இசைக்குயில் மறைந்தது; தமிழ் சினிமா முன்னோடிகள் தொடர்-19". Ananda Vikatan (in Tamil). 28 December 2015. Archived from the original on 1 June 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2016. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ a b c "டிஜிட்டல் தொழில்நுட்பத்தில் 'திருவிளையாடல்' படம் மீண்டும் ரிலீஸ்" [Thiruvilayadal released again in digital technology]. Maalai Malar (in Tamil). 6 September 2015. Archived from the original on 11 October 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ Nagarajan 1965, Opening credits, from 0:55 to 1:20.
  16. ^ Ganesan & Narayanaswami 2007, p. 150.
  17. ^ a b c d e V. Raman, Mohan (9 September 2012). "An interesting nugget". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 8 October 2015. Retrieved 8 October 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ Nagarajan 1965, From 0:43 to 0:47.
  19. ^ "திருவிளையாடல், தில்லானா மோகனாம்பாள் படங்களை தயாரித்த ஏ.பி.நாகராஜன்" [A. P. Nagarajan, the man who created Thiruvilaiyadal and Thillana Mohanambal]. Maalai Malar (in Tamil). 9 December 2011. Archived from the original on 11 October 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ Krishnamachari, Suganthy (13 August 2010). "Of performing arts". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 8 October 2015. Retrieved 8 October 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ a b c "திருவிளையாடல் படத்தில் தருமியாக வாழ்ந்து காட்டிய நாகேஷ்" [Nagesh, the man who lived the role of Dharumi in Thiruvilaiyadal]. Maalai Malar (in Tamil). 10 May 2012. Archived from the original on 8 October 2015. Retrieved 8 October 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ a b V. Raman, Mohan (14 April 2012). "Master of mythological cinema". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 28 April 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ "10 வேடத்தில் நடித்த முதல் நடிகர் பி.யு சின்னப்பா ! ( தமிழ்சினிமா முன்னோடிகள்-தொடர் 24)". Ananda Vikatan (in Tamil). 14 March 2016. Archived from the original on 1 June 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2016. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ Nagarajan, A. P. (1 February 2010). Paattum Naane Bhavamum Naane — Thiruvilayadal Song — Sivaji Ganesan, T.S. Baliah (Motion picture). India: Rajshri Media.
  25. ^ Ganesan & Narayanaswami 2007, p. 158.
  26. ^ Nagarajan 1965, From 1:13:35 to 1:16:18.
  27. ^ Nagarajan 1965, Opening credits, from 0:00 to 3:25.
  28. ^ Rajya V. R. 2014, pp. 46–47.
  29. ^ Narayan, Hari (31 October 2016). "Not just another sequel". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 15 November 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2016. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ Panikkar 2002, p. 44.
  31. ^ a b Bharathwaj, R. (5 December 2008). "A different beat". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ a b "Thiruvilayadal (1965)". Raaga.com. Archived from the original on 13 March 2013. Retrieved 22 February 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  33. ^ a b Nagarajan, A. P. (1 February 2010). Neela Selai Kattikonda — Thiruvilayadal — Savithri (Motion picture) (in Mohan). India: Rajshri Media.{{cite AV media}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  34. ^ "திருப்புமுனைத் திரைப்படங்கள் - 37 - திருவிளையாடல் (1965)" [Pathbreaking films – 37 – Thiruvilaiyadal (1965)]. Cinema Express (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 7 May 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  35. ^ "பிளாஷ் ஃபேக்:சீர்காழி கோவிந்தராஜன் பாட மறுத்த பாடல்". Dinamalar (in Tamil). 24 July 2016. Archived from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
  36. ^ Rajya V. R. 2014, p. 57.
  37. ^ a b "Did You Know?". The Times of India. 30 October 2010. Archived from the original on 17 April 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  38. ^ a b Mani, Charulatha (27 September 2013). "A Raga's Journey — The royal Durbar". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 9 October 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  39. ^ Mani, Charulatha (21 December 2012). "A Raga's Journey — Towering Todi". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 9 October 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  40. ^ Mani, Charulatha (21 December 2012). "A Raga's Journey — Mesmeric Maand". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 9 October 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  41. ^ Mani, Charulatha (8 June 2012). "A Raga's Journey — Dynamic Durbarikaanada". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 9 October 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  42. ^ Mani, Charulatha (2 September 2011). "A Raga's Journey — Sacred Shanmukhapriya". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 9 October 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  43. ^ Sundararaman 2007, p. 153.
  44. ^ Mani, Charulatha (17 August 2012). "A Raga's Journey — Devotional Kambhoji". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 9 October 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  45. ^ Mani, Charulatha (5 September 2011). "A Raga's Journey — Aspects of Abheri". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 9 October 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  46. ^ Sundararaman 2007, p. 133.
  47. ^ Mani, Charulatha (20 January 2012). "A Raga's Journey — The passionate appeal of Simhendramadhyamam". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 9 October 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  48. ^ Mani, Charulatha (25 October 2013). "A Raga's Journey — Godly Gowrimanohari". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 9 October 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  49. ^ Sundararaman 2007, p. 152.
  50. ^ Krupa, Lakshmi (24 March 2013). "From kutcheris to recording studios". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 10 October 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  51. ^ Kolappan, B. (31 October 2012). "Artiste Cheena Kutty no more". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 6 September 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  52. ^ Kavitha, S. S. (30 January 2013). "Vestiges of an old art". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  53. ^ a b Guy 1997, p. 121.
  54. ^ Mani, Charulatha (28 March 2014). "A Raga's Journey — Soothing the senses". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 9 October 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  55. ^ a b Baskaran, Mana (22 May 2015). "சமயம் வழியே சமூகம் கண்ட காவியம்! - திருவிளையாடல்" [The epic seen by the people! - Thiruvilaiyadal]. The Hindu (Tamil). Archived from the original on 11 October 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  56. ^ Ramesh, M. (25 May 2013). "Veteran playback singer TMS is no more". Business Line. Archived from the original on 1 June 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2016. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  57. ^ Vasudevan, C. V. (31 December 2016). "The classic quartet". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 3 January 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2017. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  58. ^ Dheenadhayalan, Pa. (27 June 2015). "சாவித்ரி- 8. தென்றலும் புயலும்". Dinamani (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 1 June 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2016. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  59. ^ Jeevanathan, V.; Sivashankar, Nithya (28 May 2012). "The painter of banners". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 14 October 2015. Retrieved 14 October 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  60. ^ V. Raman, Mohan (17 January 2011). "Movie hall crosses a milestone". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 16 November 2012. Retrieved 8 October 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  61. ^ "வெற்றிகரமான வெள்ளி விழா..." [A successful Silver Jubilee]. Dina Thanthi (in Tamil). 14 January 1966. Archived from the original on 10 October 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  62. ^ Vijayakar, R. M. (22 November 2017). "From 100 Crore-Grossing Movies to Bygone Era's Silver and Golden Jubilee Hits: A look at Rare Feats in Indian Cinema". India-West. Archived from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  63. ^ "40th National Film Awards" (PDF). Directorate of Film Festivals. 1993. p. 89. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  64. ^ a b "Status quo ordered on digitising Thiruvilaiyadal". The New Indian Express. 14 August 2012. Archived from the original on 25 December 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
  65. ^ "Bid to re-release Sivaji classic ends up in court". The Times of India. 14 August 2012. Archived from the original on 8 October 2015. Retrieved 8 October 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  66. ^ Vijayan, S. (October 2012). "சினிமாஸ்கோப் டிஜிட்டலில் திருவிளையாடல்" [Thiruvilaiyadal in CinemaScope]. Idhayakkani (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 11 October 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  67. ^ "Woodlands Cinemas — Contact Us". Woodlands Cinemas. Archived from the original on 11 October 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
  68. ^ "Old hall makes it a no show for Pasamalar fans". The Hindu. 30 August 2013. Archived from the original on 10 October 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2015.
  69. ^ ""திருவிளையாடல்" டிஜிட்டல் திரைக்காவிய மறுவெளியீட்டு விளம்பரம்" [Thiruvilaiyadal Re-release Poster]. Daily Thanthi. 21 September 2012. Archived from the original on 11 October 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  70. ^ "Thiruvilayadal next". The Hindu. 2 September 2012. Archived from the original on 10 October 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2015.
  71. ^ "திருவிளையாடல்" [Thiruvilaiyadal]. Kalki (in Tamil). 22 August 1965. Archived from the original on 10 October 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  72. ^ "சினிமா விமர்சனம்: திருவிளையாடல்" Tamil [Movie Review: Thiruvilaiyadal]. Ananda Vikatan (in Tamil). 28 August 1965. Retrieved 7 September 2018. {{cite magazine}}: Invalid |script-title=: missing prefix (help); Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  73. ^ "A religious discourse in celluloid". The Indian Express. 7 August 1965. p. 3.
  74. ^ Suganth, M.; Amarnath, Karuna (23 January 2009). "Classic Pick: Thiruvilayadal". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  75. ^ Raman, Mohan V. (23 August 2014). "100 years of laughter". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  76. ^ Rajya V. R. 2014, pp. 132–133.
  77. ^ Baskaran, S. Theodore (February 2009). "Tragic comedian". Frontline. Archived from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
  78. ^ Baskaran 2015, p. 30. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFBaskaran2015 (help)
  79. ^ Baskaran, S. Theodore; Warrier, Shobha (23 July 2001). "'He was the ultimate star'". Rediff. Archived from the original on 10 October 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  80. ^ J. Rao, Subha; Jeshi, K. (30 June 2013). "Laughter lines". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  81. ^ "13th National Film Awards" (PDF). Directorate of Film Festivals. p. 32. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2015. Retrieved 8 October 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  82. ^ Film News Anandan (8 August 2001). "Filmography Of Dr. Sivaji Ganesan (Part-2)". Dinakaran (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 22 November 2001. Retrieved 10 October 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  83. ^ a b Rangarajan, Malathi (29 June 2007). "Nostalgia re-visited". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 10 October 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
  84. ^ Aravind, CV (20 June 2017). "Revisiting AP Nagarajan, the man who gave us immortal films like 'Thiruvilayadal' and 'Saraswathi Sabatham'". The News Minute. Archived from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  85. ^ Saraswathi, S. (22 May 2014). "The Best Mythological Films of Tamil Cinema". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 19 January 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2018. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  86. ^ Rangan, Baradwaj (29 April 2011). "Lights, Camera, Conversation... — A dinosaur roams again". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 10 October 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2015.
  87. ^ Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 1998, p. 158.
  88. ^ "ரஜினியின் 100-வது படம் 'ஸ்ரீராகவேந்திரர்': ஸ்டைல்களை ஒதுக்கி விட்டு, மகானாகவே வாழ்ந்து காட்டினார்" [Rajini's 100th film 'Sri Raghavendrar': Leaving Behind The Style, He Lives The Role]. Maalai Malar (in Tamil). 4 December 2012. Archived from the original on 10 October 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2015.
  89. ^ Shankar, K. (director) (1989). Meenakshi Thiruvilaiyadal (motion picture). India: Lakshmi Ganapathy Combines.
  90. ^ Ravi, Bhama Devi (1 February 2009). "Mirth Gains Immortality". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 11 October 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  91. ^ Kumar, S. R. Ashok (13 July 2007). "Filmmakers' favourites". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
  92. ^ "10 Best Films of late Nagesh". Sify. 1 February 2009. Archived from the original on 23 November 2014. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  93. ^ Iyer, Aruna V. (12 May 2012). "For the love of Sivaji". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 27 March 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  94. ^ S. P. Muthuraman (director) (1981). Netrikkan (motion picture). India: Kavithalayaa Productions.
  95. ^ Vikraman (director) (1996). Poove Unakkaga (motion picture). India: Super Good Films. Event occurs at 24:00.
  96. ^ Venkatesh, A. (director) (1996). Mahaprabhu (motion picture). India: Sri Sai Theja Films. Event occurs at 30:36.
  97. ^ Rao, Singeetam Srinivasa (director) (1998). Kaathala Kaathala (motion picture). India: Raaj Kamal Films International. Event occurs at 1:22:52.
  98. ^ Vasu, P. (director) (2000). Vanna Thamizh Pattu (motion picture). India: Murugan Cine Arts. Event occurs at 2:03:14.
  99. ^ Gajendran, T. P. (director) (2001). Middle Class Madhavan (motion picture). India: K. R. G. Movies International. Event occurs at 23:39.
  100. ^ Anbazhagan, P. C. (director) (2000). Kamarasu (motion picture). India: Saanthi Vanaraja Movies. Event occurs at 46:50.
  101. ^ Paramesh, Sakthi (director) (10 August 2012). Vanakkam Thalaiva Full Movie Part 05 (motion Picture). India: Raj Video Vision Tamil. Event occurs at 04:00.
  102. ^ Ganeshan, Susi (director) (2009). Kanthaswamy (motion picture). India: Kalaipuli Films International. Event occurs at 26:07.
  103. ^ Rajesh, M. (director) (2012). Oru Kal Oru Kannadi (motion picture). India: Red Giant Movies. Event occurs at 1:17:50.
  104. ^ Rangan, Baradwaj (5 April 2014). "Oru Kanniyum Moonu Kalavaanikalum: Time passages". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 11 October 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
  105. ^ "Thiruvilayaadal". Lollu Sabha. Season 1. Chennai. 5 May 2002. Star Vijay.
  106. ^ "Naveena Thiruvilayaadal". Lollu Sabha. Season 1. Chennai. 28 July 2002. Star Vijay.
  107. ^ Srinivasan, Pavithra (18 April 2012). "Special: The A to Z of Tamil Cinema". Rediff. Archived from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  108. ^ Krishnamachari, Suganthy (28 November 2013). "On how greed corrupts". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
  109. ^ "Oscar-worthy performance by Sivaji: Y Gee Mahendra". The Times of India. 14 January 2015. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  110. ^ "Top 5 Sivaji Ganesan films on his birthday". The Times of India. 1 October 2014. Archived from the original on 21 June 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
  111. ^ "Reminiscing Manorama: Comedy Loses Its Aachi Forever". The New Indian Express. 11 October 2015. Archived from the original on 7 May 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2016. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  112. ^ Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 1998, p. 219.
  113. ^ Guy, Randor (4 January 2008). "Menaka 1935". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 28 September 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

Bibliography

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thiruvilaiyadal&oldid=863962215"