Timeline of Berlin
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Berlin, Germany.
Prior to 18th century
![[icon]](/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2014) |
| History of Berlin |
|---|
 |
| Margraviate of Brandenburg (1157–1806) |
| Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1918) |
| German Empire (1871–1918) |
| Free State of Prussia (1918–1947) |
| Weimar Republic (1919–1933) |
| Nazi Germany (1933–1945) |
| West Germany and East Germany (1945–1990) |
|
| Federal Republic of Germany (1990–present) |
| See also |
- 1163 – Berlin founded by Albert the Bear (approximate date).[1]
- 1230 – St. Nicholas' Church built.
- 1272 - Bakers' guild established.[2]
- 1380 – Fire.
- 1433 - Schützengilde Berlin Korp. von 1433 (militia) formed.
- 1451 – Stadtschloss (palace) built.
- 1454 – St. Erasmus Chapel consecrated.
- 1484 – Jerusalem Church built.[3]
- 1539 – Protestant Reformation.
- 1540 - Printing press in operation.[4]
- 1636 – Joachimsthalsches Gymnasium (school) relocates to Berlin.[citation needed]
- 1650 – Berlin Fortress construction begins.
- 1678 – Dorotheen Church built.[3]
- 1688 – Leipziger Straße (street) laid out.[citation needed]
- 1695 – Lange-brucke (bridge) built.[5]
- 1696 – Academy of Art founded.
18th century
| This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2014) |
- 1700
- Electoral Brandenburg Society of Sciences founded.
- Population: 28,500.
- 1701 – Berlin becomes capital of the Kingdom of Prussia.[citation needed]
- 1703 – Parochial Church built.[3]
- 1705 – French Cathedral built in Friedrichstadt.
- 1708 – German Cathedral built in Friedrichstadt.
- 1713
- Charlottenburg Palace built.
- Nicolaische Buchhandlung (bookseller) in business.[6]
- 1714 – Berlin merges with the cities of Cölln, Dorotheenstadt, Friedrichstadt, and Friedrichswerder.[1]
- 1715 – City hosts Treaty of Berlin (1715).
- 1721 – Population: 64,600.
- 1722 – Garrison Church built.[3]
- 1732 – Crown Prince's Palace remodelled.
- 1734 – Potsdam Gate constructed.
- 1737 – Berlin Customs Wall and Opera Palace[7] constructed.
- 1739 – Holy Trinity Church built.
- 1742
- Berlin State Opera house inaugurated.
- City hosts signing of the Treaty of Berlin (1742).[8]
- 1743 – Opernplatz (square) laid out.
- 1748 – Berlin Cathedral built.[3]
- 1750 – Population: 113,289.
- 1757 - October: "Austrian general Hadik raids Berlin."[9]
- 1760 – 9–13 October: City taken by Russian and Austrian forces.[8][9]
- 1763 – Royal Porcelain Factory founded in Charlottenburg.[3]
- 1765 – Bank established.[8]
- 1766 – Ephraim-Palais built in Nikolaiviertel.
- 1775 – St. Hedwig's Church built.[3]
- 1780 – Alte Bibliothek (Berlin) (library) built.[7]
- 1783
- Wednesday Society active.
- Berlinische Monatsschrift (magazine) begins publication.
- 1786 – Bellevue Palace built.
- 1791 – Sing-Akademie zu Berlin (choral society) founded.[10]
- 1793 – Brandenburg Gate built.[5]
19th century
| This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2014) |
- 1804 – Population: 182,157.[11]
- 1806 – 21 November: Napoleon issues Berlin Decree while passing through city.[1]
- 1810 – University of Berlin established.[1]
- 1812 – Café Josty in business (approximate date).
- 1815 – City becomes part of the Province of Brandenburg.
- 1821 – Schauspielhaus Berlin (theatre) opens.[12]
- 1824 – Schloßbrücke (Berlin-Mitte) (bridge) built.[5]
- 1825
- Sing-Akademie building constructed.[3]
- Population: 219,968.
- 1827 – 29 April: Premiere of Mendelssohn's opera Hochzeit des Camacho.[13]
- 1830 – Königliches Museum opens.[14]
- 1834 – Café Kranzler in business.
- 1835 – Berlin Observatory built.[3]
- 1838
- first railway in Prussia, the Berlin–Potsdam railway opened[15]
- Bote & Bock music publisher in business.[16]
- 1840 – Population: 322,626.
- 1841 – Verein Berliner Künstler (artists association) founded.
- 1842 - Springer-Verlag (publisher) in business.[17]
- 1843 – Royal Opera House rebuilt.[3]
- 1844 – Kroll's and Berlin Zoological Garden open.
- 1845 – Physical Society of Berlin established.
- 1846 - 24 September: Discovery of Neptune planet at the Observatory.
- 1847
- April: Prussian parliament begins meeting in the Stadtschloss.[18]
- Stern Gesangverein founded.[10]
- 1848
- 18 March: "Barricade fights."[19]
- 15 June: Political unrest.[8][19]
- 1849
- Moabit Prison built.[20]
- Population: 423,902.[21]
- 1850 – Berliner Musikschule (music school) founded.
- 1851 – 31 May: Statue of Frederick II of Prussia inaugurated on Unter den Linden.[8]
- 1852 – Luisenstadt Canal constructed.
- 1853 – F. W. Borchardt delicatessen and C. Bechstein Pianofortefabrik in business.
- 1855
- Advertising columns installed in city.[22]
- New Museum opens.[14]
- 1858 – Population: 458,637.[21]
- 1859 - 10 May: Humboldt funeral.[23]
- 1861
- 1862 - Berthold Kempinski wine shop in business.[2]
- 1863
- Photographers Association founded.[24]
- Exchange built.[3]
- Grieben-Verlag (publisher) in business.
- 1864
- Wallner Theater built.
- Population: 632,700.
- 1866
- Lette-Verein (women's educational organization) founded.[25][26]
- New Synagogue was built.[11]
- 1868 – City wall dismantled.[5]
- 1869 – Rotes Rathaus (city hall) built.
- 1871
- Berlin becomes capital of the newly unified German Empire.[1]
- Berlin Ringbahn (railway) begins operating.[5]
- Population: 826,341.[11]
- 1872 – Ludwig Loewe & Co. in business.
- 1873 – Victory Column inaugurated on Königsplatz.[3]
- 1875
- Socialist Workers' Party of Germany headquartered in Berlin.
- Hotel Kaiserhof in business.
- Königliche Hochschule für Musik active.[10]
- 1876 – National Gallery opens.[3]
- 1878
- Berlin Stadtbahn (city railway) begins operating.[5]
- City hosts Congress of Berlin.[11]
- 1879 – Imperial Treasury headquartered in city.
- 1880 – Population: 1,122,330.[11]
- 1881
- Berlin administrative district separates from Province of Brandenburg.[5]
- Industrial museum established.[11]
- 1882 – Berlin Stadtbahn (railway) begins operating.[11]
- 1884
- Dankeskirche (church) built.[11]
- City hosts West Africa Conference.
- 1885 – St. George's Anglican Church built.
- 1886 – Ethnological museum established.[11]
- 1887
- Berlin Philharmonic active.
- Kaiser-Wilhelm-Brücke (Berlin) (bridge)[11] and Heiligekreuzkirche (church)[11] built.
- Society for Friends of Photography founded.[24]
- 1888 – Lessing Theater opens.
- 1889
- Museum of Natural History opens.
- Academic Alpine Club of Berlin formed.[27]
- 1890 – May Day begins.[7]
- 1891 – Hotel Bristol in business.
- 1892 – Theater am Schiffbauerdamm opens.
- 1894 – Reichstag building constructed.[11]
- 1895
- 1 September: Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church consecrated.
- 13 December: Premiere of Mahler's Symphony No. 2.
- 1896
- Oberbaum Bridge rebuilt.
- 1 May: Great Industrial Exposition of Berlin and Treptow Observatory open.
- Messter Film in business.[28]
- 1897
- National Kaiser Wilhelm Monument unveiled.
- International Automobile Exhibition begins.[29]
- 1898
- Berlin Secession (art group) founded.
- Café des Westens in business.
20th century
| This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2014) |
1900s-1945
- 1900 – Berlin Automobile Association founded.[30]
- 1901 – Population: 1,901,567.[1]
- 1902 – Berlin U-Bahn begins operating.
- 1904
- Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum opens.[31]
- Tietz department store in business on Alexanderplatz.
- 1905
- Berlin Cathedral rebuilt.
- Population: 2,040,148.[1]
- 1906 – Virchow Hospital opens in Moabit.[5]
- 1907
- Märkisches Museum built in Köllnischer Park.
- Kaufhaus des Westens (shop), Edeka supermarket chain,[2] and Hotel Fürstenhof in business.
- 1908
- Hotel Excelsior in business.
- Friedrichstraßenpassage shopping arcade built.
- 1910 - Der Sturm magazine begins publication.
- 1911
- Kaiser Wilhelm Society for the Advancement of Sciences founded.
- Hotel Esplanade built.[32]
- Die Aktion magazine begins publication.
- 1913 – Deutsches Stadion (stadium) and Cines-Palast (cinema) open.
- 1914
- Volksbühne (theatre) and Bendlerblock built.
- Pacifist Bund Neues Vaterland headquartered in city.
- 1918 – Die Rote Fahne newspaper begins publication.
- 1919
- January: Spartacist uprising; socialists Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht killed.
- February: Dadaist Jedermann sein eigner Fussball published.
- May: Premiere of LGBT-themed film Anders als die Andern.[28]
- City becomes capital of the Weimar Republic.[citation needed]
- Deutsche Luft-Reederei airline begins operating its Weimar-Berlin route.[28]
- Population: 1,902,509.[33]
- 1920
- March: Kapp Putsch.
- June: First International Dada Fair held.[34]
- 1 October: City area expands per Greater Berlin Act, incorporating Charlottenburg, Köpenick, Lichtenberg, Neukölln, Schöneberg, Spandau, and Wilmersdorf.
- 1922
- 24 June: Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau assassinated.
- December: International of Revolutionary Syndicalists founded in Berlin.[35]
- 1923 – Tempelhof Airport and Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute established.
- 1924
- Traffic light installed in Potsdamer Platz.[7]
- Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin (radio exhibit) begins.
- Berlin Radio Symphony Orchestra active.[36]
- 1925
- Ahmadiyya Mosque Berlin built.
- Population: 4,024,286.
- 1926 – Funkturm Berlin (radio tower) erected.
- 1927
- 10 January: Premiere of film Metropolis.
- 1 May: Hitler gives his first speech in Berlin, at the Clou Concert Hall.
- 1928
- 31 August: Premiere of Brecht's The Threepenny Opera.[37]
- Titania Palast (theatre) opens.[38]
- 1929
- 1930
- Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Berlin established.[39]
- Pergamon Museum built.
- 1931 – Großsiedlung Siemensstadt housing built.
- 1932 – Columbushaus built on Potsdamer Platz.
- 1933
- Nazi headquarters relocated to Berlin from Munich.
- 27 February: Reichstag fire.
- 26 April: Nazi Gestapo (secret police) headquartered in Berlin, on Prinz-Albrecht-Straße.
- 10 May: Nazi book burnings in Opernplatz.
- City becomes capital of the Greater German Reich.
- Hufeisensiedlung housing built.[40]
- Strength Through Joy national leisure programme headquartered in Berlin.
- 1934
- City becomes seat of the Greater Berlin and Mark Brandenburg Gaue (Nazi administrative divisions).
- Columbia concentration camp in operation.
- 1935
- 28 March: Premiere of film Triumph of the Will.
- Nazi SS-Hauptamt headquartered in Berlin, on Prinz-Albrecht-Straße.
- Deutschlandhalle built.
- 1936
- Olympic Stadium and Air Ministry Building constructed.
- August: 1936 Summer Olympics held.[41][42]
- Sachsenhausen concentration camp and Berlin-Marzahn concentration camp established near city.
- 1937
- Julius Lippert becomes mayor.
- Albert Speer becomes Generalbauinspektor for the Reich capital.
- Volkswagen auto manufactory in business.
- 1938
- 9–10 November: Kristallnacht; Fasanenstrasse Synagogue burned.
- Helicopter flight demonstrated.[28]
- 1939 – Population: 4,332,242.[43]
- 1940
- Bombing of Berlin in World War II begins.
- Ludwig Steeg becomes mayor.
- 1941 - Tempelhof Airport terminal built.[44]
- 1943 – November: Battle of Berlin (RAF campaign) begins.
- 1944 - 21 July: Execution of 20 July plot conspirators.[45]
- 1945
- 16 April: Battle of Berlin begins.[46]
- 30 April: Death of Adolf Hitler in the Führerbunker.
- 2 May: Battle of Berlin ends.[42]
- 2 May: Nikolai Berzarin becomes commander of the Soviet sector of city.
- 8 May: Ceremonial German Instrument of Surrender signed in Karlshorst.
- 4 July: Floyd L. Parks becomes commander of the U.S. sector of city.
- 5 July: Lewis Lyne becomes commander of the British sector of city.
- 11 July: Geoffroi du Bois de Beauchesne becomes commander of the French sector of city.
- 17 July-2 August: Potsdam Conference held.[45]
- 21 July: Victory Parade.
- 30 August: Allied Control Council constituted.
1946-1989
- 1946
- Technical University of Berlin opens.
- October: City election held.[47]
- 1947
- Ernst Reuter becomes mayor.
- Population: 3,224,420.
- 1948
- 24 June: Soviet blockade begins.[48]
- 26 June: Allied airlift of supplies begins.[49]
- Free University of Berlin established.
- Handelsorganisation grocery opens in East Berlin.[2]
- 1949
- 12 May: Berlin Blockade ends.[48]
- City divided into East Berlin and West Berlin.[43]
- East Berlin becomes capital of the German Democratic Republic.[43]
- Currywurst introduced on Kantstraße.[2]
- 1950
- Academy of Arts established in East Berlin.
- Freedom Bell installed in city hall of West Berlin.
- 1951
- Landtag (parliament) of West Berlin established.
- East Berlin hosts 3rd World Festival of Youth and Students.
- Berliner Festspiele established in West Berlin.
- Berlin Film Festival begins in West Berlin.
- 1952 – Deutsche Waggon und Maschinenfabrik in business.
- 1953 – June: Uprising in East Berlin.[48]
- 1954
- Academy of Arts established in West Berlin.
- Berlin Conference (1954) held.
- 1956 – Rotes Rathaus reconstructed; becomes city hall of East Berlin.
- 1957 – Haus der Kulturen der Welt built in West Berlin.
- 1959
- Institute for European Politics founded in West Berlin.[50]
- Jüdisches Gemeindehaus Fasanenstraße (Jewish centre) inaugurated in West Berlin.
- 1960 – Gropiusstadt developed.
- 1961
- 4 June: Berlin Crisis of 1961 begins.
- 13–15 August: Berlin Wall construction begins between East Berlin and West Berlin.[41][42]
- Ampelmännchen pedestrian signal introduced in East Berlin.
- 1963
- Berliner Philharmonie (concert hall) built in West Berlin.
- Berliner Singakademie founded in East Berlin.[citation needed]
- 26 June: U.S. president Kennedy gives Ich bin ein Berliner speech in West Berlin.
- 1964 – JazzFest Berlin begins in West Berlin.
- 1967 - Sister city relationship established with Los Angeles, USA.[51]
- 1968 – New National Gallery opens in West Berlin.
- 1969
- Fernsehturm Berlin (TV tower) erected in East Berlin.
- Neuer Berliner Kunstverein founded.[52]
- 1971 – Movement 2 June anarchist group active in West Berlin.
- 1972 – June: Four Power Agreement on Berlin signed.
- 1970 – Hotel Stadt Berlin built in East Berlin.
- 1973 – Großgaststätte Ahornblatt (restaurant) built in East Berlin.
- 1974 – Berlin Marathon begins in West Berlin.
- 1975
- Hochschule der Künste Berlin (art school) formed.
- Peter Lorenz becomes president of the Landtag of West Berlin.
- 1978
- Berlin Motor Show begins in West Berlin.
- Berlin State Library building opens on Haus Potsdamer Straße in West Berlin.
- 1979 - International Congress Centre built in West Berlin.[53]
- 1980
- Islamische Föderation Berlin founded.[54]
- Memorial to the German Resistance erected.
- 1983 - Berliner Rock- und Pop-Archiv founded.
- 1984 - Eberhard Diepgen becomes mayor of West Berlin.
- 1985 – West Berlin hosts Bundesgartenschau (garden show).[55]
- 1986 – 5 April: 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing in West Berlin.
- 1987
- 750th anniversary of founding of Berlin.
- Topography of Terror exhibit opens.[56]
- 1 May: May Day in Kreuzberg begins.
- 12 June: U.S. president Reagan gives Tear down this wall! speech in West Berlin.[42]
- 1988 – West Berlin designated a European Capital of Culture.
- 1989
- Population: 1,279,212 in East Berlin.
- 4 November: Alexanderplatz demonstration in East Berlin.
- 9 November: Berlin Wall opened between East Berlin and West Berlin.[42][57]
1990s
- 1990
- 3 October: German reunification; unified Berlin designated capital of the Federal Republic of Germany.
- Federal Commissioner for the Stasi Records and German Academy for Urban and Regional Spatial Planning headquartered in Berlin.
- Kunsthaus Tacheles established.
- 1993
- Berlin Cathedral renovated.
- Transparency International headquartered in city.
- 1994 – Russian and Allied forces depart.[41]
- 1995
- German-Russian Museum opens.
- June: Artist Christo wraps the Reichstag.
- 1996
- City website online (approximate date).[58]
- Berggruen Museum and Café Einstein Unter den Linden open.
- 1997 - Computer Games Museum founded.
- 1998 – Gemäldegalerie and Treptowers built.
- 1999
- German Bundestag (legislature) relocated to Berlin from Bonn per Berlin-Bonn Act.
- Molecule Man (sculpture) installed in the Spree River.
- Clocktower reinstalled on Potsdamer Platz.[59]
21st century
| This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2014) |
- 2000
- Sony Center built.
- Population: 3,382,169.
- 2001
- June 16: Klaus Wowereit becomes governing mayor.[60]
- Merger of boroughs: Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf, Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg, Marzahn-Hellersdorf, Steglitz-Zehlendorf, Tempelhof-Schöneberg, and Treptow-Köpenick formed.
- Jewish Museum opens.
- Berlin International Literature Festival begins.
- 2004 – Festival of Lights begins.
- 2005
- Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe unveiled.
- Angela Merkel takes office as German Chancellor.[relevant?]
- 2006
- Berlin Hauptbahnhof (Central station) constructed.
- FIFA World Cup Final held at Olympiastadion.
- Türk Bakım Evi nursing home established.
- 2009 - Prinzessinnengärten (garden) created.[61]
- 2013
- 3 November: Berlin energy referendum, 2013 held.
- Hohenzollern Stadtschloss (palace) reconstruction begins.
- Population: 3,517,424. Of these, 538,729 residents were of foreign nationality
- 2014 – March: .berlin internet domain name begins.[62]
- 2016 – July: Protest against gentrification in Friedrichshain.[63][64]
See also
References
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{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Bradshaw 1898.
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{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h Britannica 1910.
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Music publishers of the 18th to the early 20th c. (chronological list)
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ Mary H. Munroe (2004). "Springer Timeline". The Academic Publishing Industry: A Story of Merger and Acquisition. Archived from the original on October 2014 – via Northern Illinois University.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|archivedate=(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Knight 1866.
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{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ Mitchel P. Roth (2006). "Chronology". Prisons and Prison Systems: A Global Encyclopedia. Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-32856-5.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c Georg Friedrich Kolb (1862). "Die europäischen Großmächte: Preussen". Grundriss der Statistik der Völkerzustands- und Staatenkunde (in German). Leipzig: A. Förstnersche Buchhandlung.
{{cite book}}: Check|author=value (help); External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Steven Anzovin; Janet Podell, eds. (2000). Famous First Facts. H.W. Wilson Co. ISBN 0824209583.
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{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ Berliner Chronik mit Fakten aus acht Jahrhunderten (in German), Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein, retrieved 30 September 2015
{{citation}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ United States Bureau of Education (1896), "Higher Education of Women", Report of the Commissioner of Education, vol. 1894–95, v.1, Washington DC: Government Printing Office, p. 921 – via HathiTrust,
Educational Status of Women in Different Countries: Germany
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{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ Mel Gordon (1974). "Dada Berlin: "A History of Performance (1918-1920)". The Drama Review. 18. JSTOR 1144908.
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{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ Colin Lawson, ed. (2003). "Orchestras Founded in the 20th Century (chronological list)". Cambridge Companion to the Orchestra. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00132-8.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ Radio 3. "Opera Timeline". BBC. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Movie Theaters in Berlin, Germany". CinemaTreasures.org. Los Angeles: Cinema Treasures LLC. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
- ^ "Chronology of Catholic Dioceses: Germany". Norway: Oslo katolske bispedømme (Oslo Catholic Diocese). Retrieved 30 September 2015.
- ^ "A history of cities in 50 buildings", The Guardian, UK, 2015
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{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ "Seven Leading Architects Defend the World's Most Hated Buildings", New York Times, 5 June 2015
- ^ a b Richard Overy, ed. (2013). New York Times Book of World War II 1939-1945. USA: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. ISBN 978-1-60376-377-6.
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{{citation}}:|author3=has generic name (help) (comparative photographs, 1945 and 2015) - ^ Simpson 1957.
- ^ a b c Bernard A. Cook, ed. (2013). "Chronology of Major Political Events". Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-17939-7.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ "Timeline: The Berlin Airlift". Berlin Airlift. American Experience. USA: Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
- ^ "Think Tank Directory". Philadelphia, USA: Foreign Policy Research Institute. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
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- ^ "Demolition dreams: the world's 'worst' buildings", Financial Times, 31 October 2014
- ^ Joel S. Fetzer; J. Christopher Soper (2005). Muslims and the State in Britain, France, and Germany. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-53539-7.
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{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ Czaplicka 1995.
- ^ "50th anniversary of the Berlin Wall: a timeline". The Guardian. UK. 12 August 2011.
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{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|archivedate=(help) - ^ Urban 2003.
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- ^ New York Times 2015.
- ^ "Berlin the world's first city with its own domain name", GlobalPost, Boston, 14 March 2014
- ^ "Berlin riot: 123 police injured in anti-gentrification protest", BBC News, 10 July 2016
- ^ "Verletzte bei Demonstration von Linksautonomen", Die Zeit (in German), 10 July 2016
This article incorporates information from the German Wikipedia.
Bibliography
Published in the 17th-19th century
- "Berlin". Topographia Electoratus Brandenburgici et Ducatus Pomeraniae. Topographia Germaniae.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) 1652/1680 - Thomas Nugent (1749), "Berlin", The Grand Tour, vol. 2: Germany and Holland, London: S. Birt
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - "Berlin". A Geographical, Historical and Political Description of the Empire of Germany, Holland, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Prussia, Italy, Sicily, Corsica and Sardinia: With a Gazetteer. London: John Stockdale. 1800. OCLC 79519893.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - Abraham Rees (1819), "Berlin", The Cyclopaedia, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - John Russell (1828), "Berlin", A Tour in Germany, and Some of the Southern Provinces of the Austrian Empire, in 1820, 1821, 1822, Edinburgh: Constable, OCLC 614379840
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - David Brewster, ed. (1830). "Berlin". Edinburgh Encyclopædia. Edinburgh: William Blackwood.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - Edward Augustus Domeier (1830), "Berlin", Descriptive Road-Book of Germany, London: Samuel Leigh
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - Mariana Starke (1839), "Berlin", Travels in Europe (9th ed.), Paris: A. and W. Galignani
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - Charles Knight, ed. (1866). "Berlin". Geography. English Cyclopaedia. Vol. 2. London: Bradbury, Evans, & Co.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - Berlin and its Treasures. New York: D. Appleton and Company. 1867.
- George Henry Townsend (1867), "Berlin", A Manual of Dates (2nd ed.), London: Frederick Warne & Co.
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - William Henry Overall, ed. (1870), "Berlin, Prussia", Dictionary of Chronology, London: William Tegg, OCLC 2613202
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - "Berlin", Northern Germany (5th ed.), Coblenz: Karl Baedeker, 1873, OCLC 5947482; famous guidebook
- "Berlin". Handbook for North Germany. London: J. Murray. 1877.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - Henry Vizetelly (1879), Berlin under the New Empire, London: Tinsley Bros., OCLC 1819784 + v.2
- W. Pembroke Fetridge (1884), "Berlin", Harper's Hand-Book for Travellers in Europe and the East (23rd ed.), New York: Harper & Brothers
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - James Pollard (1894), A study in municipal government: the corporation of Berlin, Edinburgh: Blackwood
- Norddeutscher Lloyd (1896), "Berlin", Guide through Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Switzerland, France, Belgium, Holland and England, Berlin: J. Reichmann & Cantor, OCLC 8395555
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - "Berlin", Bradshaw's Illustrated Hand-book to Germany and Austria, London: W.J. Adams & Sons, 1898
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help)
Published in the 20th century
- in English
- Robert C. Brooks (1901), "Berlin", Bibliography of Municipal Problems and City Conditions, Municipal Affairs, vol. 5 (2nd ed.), New York: Reform Club, OCLC 1855351
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - "Berlin". Chambers's Encyclopaedia. London. 1901.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Berlin and its Environs (3rd ed.), Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1908, OCLC 00575650
- "Berlin", Encyclopaedia Britannica (11th ed.), New York, 1910, OCLC 14782424 – via Internet Archive
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Benjamin Vincent (1910), "Berlin", Haydn's Dictionary of Dates (25th ed.), London: Ward, Lock & Co.
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - Nathaniel Newnham Davis (1911), "Berlin", The Gourmet's Guide to Europe (3rd ed.), London: Grant Richards
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - David C. Preyer (1912), The Berlin Galleries, Boston: St. Botolph Society, OCLC 3077308
- Joseph Lins (1913). "Berlin". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Leon E. Seltzer, ed. (1952), "Berlin", Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer of the World, New York: Columbia University Press, p. 203, OL 6112221M
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - J.L. Simpson (1957). "Berlin: Allied Rights and Responsibilities in the Divided City". International and Comparative Law Quarterly. 6. JSTOR 755897.
- Wolfgang Hofmann (1969). "West Berlin – The Isolated City in the Twentieth Century". Journal of Contemporary History. 4. JSTOR 259732.
- Berlin, Great Cities, Time-Life Books, 1977, OL 3850712M
- T.H. Elkins; B. Hofmeister (1988), Berlin: the spatial structure of a divided city, London: Methuen, ISBN 0416922201
- David Stanley (1992), "Berlin", Eastern Europe (2nd ed.), Lonely Planet, p. 86+
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - John Czaplicka (1995). "History, Aesthetics, and Contemporary Commemorative Practice in Berlin". New German Critique (65). JSTOR 488540.
- Trudy Ring, ed. (1995). "Berlin". Northern Europe. International Dictionary of Historic Places. Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 978-1-136-63944-9.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - Ronald Taylor (1997), Berlin and its culture, New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press, ISBN 0300072007
- Wolfgang Schivelbusch (1998), In a cold crater: cultural and intellectual life in Berlin, 1945–1948, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 0520203666
- "Berlin". Germany. Let's Go. 1999. OL 24980049M.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help)
- in German
- P. Krauss und E. Uetrecht, ed. (1913). "Berlin". Meyers Deutscher Städteatlas (in German). Leipzig: Bibliographisches Institut.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - Berlin. Griebens Reiseführer (in German). Berlin: Albert Goldschmidt. 1920 – via Internet Archive.
Published in the 21st century
- Jack Holland (2001), Rough Guide to Berlin, Rough Guides, London, OL 24743282M
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Matt Erlin (2003), Berlin's Forgotten Future: City, History, and Enlightenment in Eighteenth-Century Germany, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 9780807881279
- Florian Urban (2003). "Picture Postcards of Urbanity: Reflections on Berlin's Inner City and the 1999 Master Plan". Journal of Architectural Education. 57. JSTOR 1425741.
- Hartmut Haussermann (2004). "Berlin: from divided into fragmented city". Greek Review of Social Research.
- Gösta Arvastson; Tim Butler, eds. (2006). "Shopping Malls and Shishas ... Berlin and Moscow". Multicultures and Cities. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 978-87-635-0372-3.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - Christian Hartel (2006). Berlin: a Short History.
- Belinda Davis (2008). "City as theater of protest: West Berlin and West Germany, 1962-83". In Gyan Prakash and Kevin Michael Kruse (ed.). Spaces of the Modern City: Imaginaries, Politics, and Everyday Life. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-13343-3.
- Joachim Schlör (2010). "Berlin 1900". In Christian Hermansen Cordua (ed.). Manifestoes and Transformations in the Early Modernist City. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-7948-6.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - Agata Anna Lisiak (2010). Urban Cultures in (Post)colonial Central Europe. Purdue University Press. ISBN 978-1-55753-573-3. (about Berlin, Budapest, Prague, Warsaw)
- Daniel A. Bell; Avner de-Shalit (2011), "Berlin", Spirit of Cities: Why the Identity of a City Matters in a Global Age, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, ISBN 9780691151441
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - Roman A. Cybriwsky (2013). "Berlin". Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 48+. ISBN 978-1-61069-248-9.
- Stephen Evans (7 January 2014). "Berlin 1914: A city of ambition and self-doubt". BBC News.
- Quinn Slobodian; Michelle Sterling (2014), "Sacking Berlin", The Baffler, no. 23, USA
- "36 Hours in Berlin", New York Times, 12 August 2015
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Berlin.
- "Berlin in Brief: History". Berlin.de. Governing Mayor of Berlin.
- Links to fulltext city directories for Berlin via Wikisource
- Europeana. Items related to Berlin, various dates.
- Digital Public Library of America. Items related to Berlin, various dates
- "Berlin Time Line: 1945–1990". Virginia, USA: Cold War Museum.
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