1954 United States Senate elections

United States Senate elections, 1954
38 of the 96 seats in the United States Senate; 49 seats needed for a majority
	Results including special elections; Democratic gain Republican gain; Democratic hold Republican hold
Majority Leader before election; Bill Knowland; Republican	Elected Majority Leader ; Lyndon Johnson; Democratic

The United States Senate elections of 1954 was a midterm election in the first term of Dwight D. Eisenhower's presidency. Eisenhower's Republican party lost a net of two seats to the Democratic opposition. This small change was just enough to give Democrats control of the chamber with the support of an Independent (Wayne Morse of Oregon) who caucused with them.

The elections resulted in a divided government that continued to the end of Eisenhower's presidency.

Incumbents defeated

Democrats defeated incumbents John S. Cooper (R-KY), Homer Ferguson (R-MI), Ernest S. Brown (R-NV), and Guy Cordon (R-OR).

Republicans took the seats of incumbents Guy M. Gillette (D-IA) and Thomas A. Burke (D-OH).

Open seat gains

Democrats took an open seat in Wyoming.

Republicans took an open seat in Colorado.

Change in Senate composition

Before the elections

Going into the November elections.

		D₁	D₂	D₃	D₄	D₅	D₆	D₇	D₈
D₁₈	D₁₇	D₁₆	D₁₅	D₁₄	D₁₃	D₁₂	D₁₁	D₁₀	D₉
D₁₉	D₂₀	D₂₁	D₂₂	D₂₃	D₂₄	D₂₅	D₂₆	D₂₇ Ran	D₂₈ Ran
D₃₈ Ran	D₃₇ Ran	D₃₆ Ran	D₃₅ Ran	D₃₄ Ran	D₃₃ Ran	D₃₂ Ran	D₃₁ Ran	D₃₀ Ran	D₂₉ Ran
D₃₉ Ran	D₄₀ Ran	D₄₁ Ran	D₄₂ Ran	D₄₃ Ran	D₄₄ Ran	D₄₅ Retired	D₄₆ Retired	I₁	R₄₉ Retired
Majority →									R₄₉ Retired
R₃₉ Ran	R₄₀ Ran	R₄₁ Ran	R₄₂ Ran	R₄₃ Ran	R₄₄ Ran	R₄₅ Ran	R₄₆ Ran	R₄₇ Retired	R₄₈ Retired
R₃₈ Ran	R₃₇	R₃₆	R₃₅	R₃₄	R₃₃	R₃₂	R₃₁	R₃₀	R₂₉
R₁₉	R₂₀	R₂₁	R₂₂	R₂₃	R₂₄	R₂₅	R₂₆	R₂₇	R₂₈
R₁₈	R₁₇	R₁₆	R₁₅	R₁₄	R₁₃	R₁₂	R₁₁	R₁₀	R₉
		R₁	R₂	R₃	R₄	R₅	R₆	R₇	R₈

Results of the general elections

		D₁	D₂	D₃	D₄	D₅	D₆	D₇	D₈
D₁₈	D₁₇	D₁₆	D₁₅	D₁₄	D₁₃	D₁₂	D₁₁	D₁₀	D₉
D₁₉	D₂₀	D₂₁	D₂₂	D₂₃	D₂₄	D₂₅	D₂₆	D₂₇ Re-elected	D₂₈ Re-elected
D₃₈ Re-elected	D₃₇ Hold	D₃₆ Re-elected	D₃₅ Re-elected	D₃₄ Re-elected	D₃₃ Re-elected	D₃₂ Re-elected	D₃₁ Re-elected	D₃₀ Re-elected	D₂₉ Re-elected
D₃₉ Re-elected	D₄₀ Re-elected	D₄₁ Re-elected	D₄₂ Re-elected	D₄₃ Re-elected	D₄₄ Hold	D₄₅ Gain	D₄₆ Gain	D₄₇ Gain	D₄₈ Gain
Plurality ↑
R₃₉ Re-elected	R₄₀ Re-elected	R₄₁ Re-elected	R₄₂ Re-elected	R₄₃ Re-elected	R₄₄ Hold	R₄₅ Hold	R₄₆ Gain	R₄₇ Gain	I₁
R₃₈ Re-elected	R₃₇	R₃₆	R₃₅	R₃₄	R₃₃	R₃₂	R₃₁	R₃₀	R₂₉
R₁₉	R₂₀	R₂₁	R₂₂	R₂₃	R₂₄	R₂₅	R₂₆	R₂₇	R₂₈
R₁₈	R₁₇	R₁₆	R₁₅	R₁₄	R₁₃	R₁₂	R₁₁	R₁₀	R₉
		R₁	R₂	R₃	R₄	R₅	R₆	R₇	R₈

Results of the special elections

		D₁	D₂	D₃	D₄	D₅	D₆	D₇	D₈
D₁₈	D₁₇	D₁₆	D₁₅	D₁₄	D₁₃	D₁₂	D₁₁	D₁₀	D₉
D₁₉	D₂₀	D₂₁	D₂₂	D₂₃	D₂₄	D₂₅	D₂₆	D₂₇	D₂₈
D₃₈	D₃₇	D₃₆	D₃₅	D₃₄	D₃₃	D₃₂	D₃₁	D₃₀	D₂₉
D₃₉	D₄₀	D₄₁	D₄₂	D₄₃	D₄₄	D₄₅ Appointee elected	D₄₆ Hold, same as general	D₄₇ Gain, same as general	D₄₈ Gain
Plurality ↑
R₃₉	R₄₀	R₄₁	R₄₂	R₄₃ Appointee elected	R₄₄ Hold, same as general	R₄₅ Hold	R₄₆ Hold	R₄₇ Gain	I₁
R₃₈	R₃₇	R₃₆	R₃₅	R₃₄	R₃₃	R₃₂	R₃₁	R₃₀	R₂₉
R₂₀	R₂₂	R₂₃	R₂₄	R₄₄	R₄₅	R₂₅	R₂₆	R₂₇	R₂₈
R₁₈	R₁₇	R₁₆	R₁₅	R₁₄	R₁₃	R₁₂	R₁₁	R₁₀	R₉
		R₁	R₂	R₃	R₄	R₅	R₆	R₇	R₈

Key:

D_#	Democratic
I_#	Independent
R_#	Republican

Race summaries

Special elections during the 83rd Congress

In these special elections, the winners were seated during 1954 or before January 3, 1955; ordered by election date, then state, then class.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
California (Class 3)	Thomas Kuchel	Republican	1953 (Appointed)	Interim appointee elected November 2, 1954.	√ Thomas Kuchel (Republican) 53.2% Samuel W. Yorty (Democratic) 45.5% Isobel M. Cerney (Independent-Progressive) 1.2%
Nebraska (Class 1)	Samuel W. Reynolds	Republican	1954 (Appointed)	Interim appointee retired. New senator elected November 2, 1954. Republican hold.	√ Roman L. Hruska (Republican) 60.9% James F. Green (Democratic) 39.1%
Nebraska (Class 2)	Eva Bowring	Republican	1954 (Appointed)	Interim appointee retired. New senator elected November 2, 1954. Republican hold. Winner was not elected to the next term, see below.	√ Hazel H. Abel (Republican) 57.8% William H. Meier (Democratic) 42.2%
Nevada (Class 3)	Ernest S. Brown	Republican	1954 (Appointed)	Interim appointee lost election. New senator elected November 2, 1954. Democratic gain.	√ Alan Bible (Democratic) 58.1% Ernest S. Brown (Republican) 41.9%
New Hampshire (Class 3)	Robert W. Upton	Republican	1953 (Appointed)	Interim appointee lost nomination. New senator elected November 2, 1954. Republican hold.	√ Norris Cotton (Republican) 60.2% Stanley J. Betley (Democratic) 39.8%
North Carolina (Class 2)	Alton Asa Lennon	Democratic	1953 (Appointed)	Interim appointee lost nomination. New senator elected November 2, 1954. Democratic hold. Winner also elected to next term, see below.	√ William Kerr Scott (Democratic) 65.9% Paul C. West (Republican) 34.1%
North Carolina (Class 3)	Sam Ervin	Democratic	1954 (Appointed)	Interim appointee elected November 2, 1954.	√ Sam Ervin (Democratic) Unopposed
Ohio (Class 3)	Thomas A. Burke	Democratic	1953 (Appointed)	Interim appointee lost election. New senator elected November 2, 1954. Republican gain.	√ George H. Bender (Republican) 50.1% Thomas A. Burke (Democratic) 49.9%
Wyoming (Class 2)	Edward D. Crippa	Republican	1954 (Appointed)	Interim appointee retired. New senator elected November 2, 1954. Democratic gain. Winner also elected to the next term, see below.	√ Joseph C. O'Mahoney (Democratic) 51.6% William H. Harrison (Republican) 48.4%^[2]

Races leading to the 83rd Congress

In these general elections, the winner was seated on January 3, 1953; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 2 seats.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Alabama	John Sparkman	Democratic	1946 (Special) 1948	Incumbent re-elected.	√ John Sparkman (Democratic) 82.5% Junius Foy Guin, Jr. (Republican) 17.5%
Arkansas	John L. McClellan	Democratic	1942 1948	Incumbent re-elected.	√ John L. McClellan (Democratic) Unopposed
Colorado	Edwin C. Johnson	Democratic	1936 1942 1948	Incumbent retired. New senator elected. Republican gain.	√ Gordon Allott (Republican) 51.3% John A. Carroll (Democratic) 48.7%
Delaware	J. Allen Frear, Jr.	Democratic	1948	Incumbent re-elected.	√ J. Allen Frear, Jr. (Democratic) 56.9% Herbert B. Warburton (Republican) 43.1%
Georgia	Richard Russell, Jr.	Democratic	1933 (Special) 1936 1942 1948	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Richard Russell, Jr. (Democratic) Unopposed
Idaho	Henry C. Dworshak	Republican	1946 (Special) 1948 (Lost) 1949 (Appointed) 1950 (Special)	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Henry C. Dworshak (Republican) 62.8% Glen H. Taylor (Democratic) 37.2%
Illinois	Paul Douglas	Democratic	1948	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Paul Douglas (Democratic) 53.6% Joseph T. Meek (Republican) 46.4%
Iowa	Guy M. Gillette	Democratic	1936 (Special) 1938 1944 (Lost) 1948	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected. Republican gain.	√ Thomas E. Martin (Republican) 52.2% Guy M. Gillette (Democratic) 47.5% Ernest Seemann (Republicsons) 0.3%
Kansas	Andrew F. Schoeppel	Republican	1948	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Andrew F. Schoeppel (Republican) 56.3% George McGill (Democratic) 41.8% David C. White (Prohibition) 1.8%
Kentucky	John S. Cooper	Republican	1946 (Special) 1948 (Lost) 1952 (Special)	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected. Democratic gain.	√ Alben W. Barkley (Democratic) 54.5% John S. Cooper (Republican) 45.5%
Louisiana	Allen J. Ellender	Democratic	1936 1942 1948	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Allen J. Ellender (Democratic) Unopposed
Maine	Margaret C. Smith	Republican	1948	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Margaret C. Smith (Republican) 58.6% Paul A. Fullam (Democratic) 41.4%
Massachusetts	Leverett Saltonstall	Republican	1944 (Special) 1948	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Leverett Saltonstall (Republican) 50.5% Foster Furcolo (Democratic) 49.0%
Michigan	Homer Ferguson	Republican	1942 1948	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected. Democratic gain.	√ Patrick V. McNamara (Democratic) 50.8% Homer Ferguson (Republican) 48.9%
Minnesota	Hubert Humphrey	Democratic	1948	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Hubert Humphrey (Democratic) 56.4% Val Bjornson (Republican) 42.1%
Mississippi	James O. Eastland	Democratic	1942 1948	Incumbent re-elected.	√ James O. Eastland (Democratic) Unopposed
Montana	James E. Murray	Democratic	1934 (Special) 1936 1942 1948	Incumbent re-elected.	√ James E. Murray (Democratic) 50.4% Wesley A. D'Ewart (Republican) 49.6%
Nebraska	Eva Bowring	Republican	1954 (Special)	Interim appointee retired. New senator elected. Republican hold. Winner was not elected to finish the term, see above.	√ Carl T. Curtis (Republican) 61.1% Keith Neville (Democratic) 38.9%
New Hampshire	Styles Bridges	Republican	1936 1942 1948	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Styles Bridges (Republican) 60.2% Gerard L. Morin (Democratic) 39.8%
New Jersey	Robert C. Hendrickson	Republican	1948	Incumbent retired. New senator elected. Republican hold.	√ Clifford P. Case (Republican) 48.7% Charles R. Howell (Democratic) 48.5%
New Mexico	Clinton P. Anderson	Democratic	1948	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Clinton P. Anderson (Democratic) 57.3% Edwin L. Mechem (Republican) 42.7%
North Carolina	Alton Asa Lennon	Democratic	1953 (Appointed)	Interim appointee lost nomination. New senator elected. Democratic hold. Winner also elected to finish the term, see above.	√ William Kerr Scott (Democratic) Paul C. West (Republican)
Oklahoma	Robert S. Kerr	Democratic	1948	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Robert S. Kerr (Democratic) 55.8% Fred M. Mock (Republican) 43.7% George V. Fried (Independent) 0.3% George H. Brasier (Independent) 0.2%
Oregon	Guy Cordon	Republican	1944 (Appointed) 1944 (Special) 1948	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected. Democratic gain.	√ Richard L. Neuberger (Democratic) 50.2% Guy Cordon (Republican) 49.8%
Rhode Island	Theodore F. Green	Democratic	1936 1942 1948	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Theodore F. Green (Democratic) 59.3% Walter I. Sundlun (Republican) 40.7%
South Carolina	Charles E. Daniel	Democratic	1954	Interim appointee retired. New senator elected. Democratic hold. Incumbent then resigned December 23, 1954 to give successor preferential seniority. Winner appointed December 24, 1954 to finish the term.	√ Strom Thurmond (Democratic) 63.1% Edgar A. Brown (Democratic) 36.8%
South Dakota	Karl E. Mundt	Republican	1948 1948 (Appointed)	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Karl E. Mundt (Republican) 57.3% Kenneth Holum (Democratic) 42.7%
Tennessee	Estes Kefauver	Democratic	1948	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Estes Kefauver (Democratic) 70.0% Tom Wall (Republican) 30.0%
Texas	Lyndon B. Johnson	Democratic	1948	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Lyndon B. Johnson (Democratic) 84.6% Carlos G. Watson (Republican) 14.9% Fred Spangler (Constitution Party) 0.5%
Virginia	A. Willis Robertson	Democratic	1946 (Special) 1948	Incumbent re-elected.	√ A. Willis Robertson (Democratic) 79.9% Charles W. Lewis, Jr. (Independent-Democrat) 10.7% Clarke T. Robb (Virginia Social Democrat) 9.4%
West Virginia	Matthew M. Neely	Democratic	1922 1928 (Lost) 1930 1936 1941 (Resigned) 1948	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Matthew M. Neely (Democratic) 54.8% Thomas Sweeney (Republican) 45.2%
Wyoming	Edward D. Crippa	Republican	1954 (Appointed)	Interim appointee retired. New senator elected. Democratic gain. Winner also elected to finish the term, see above.	√ Joseph C. O'Mahoney (Democratic) 51.5% William H. Harrison (Republican) 48.5%^[2]

Complete list of races

Massachusetts

In Massachusetts, Republican Incumbent Leverett Saltonstall defeated his challengers.

Democrat Foster Furcolo (Treasurer and Receiver-General of Massachusetts since 1952 and member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district from 1949-1952) beat John I. Fitzgerald (former member of the Boston City Council and Democratic candidate for Senate in 1948) and Joseph L. Murphy (former member of the Massachusetts Senate).

Republican incumbent Leverett Saltonstall (United States Senator since 1945 and Governor of Massachusetts from 1939-1945) was renominated. Other nominees included Socialist Workers Thelma Ingersoll (ran for Senate in 1952.^[3]) and Prohibition Harold J. Ireland (candidate for Treasurer and Receiver-General in 1948 and 1952).

Democratic primary ^[4]
	Candidate	Votes	%
Democratic	Foster Furcolo	207,232	59.13%
Democratic	Joseph L. Murphy	79,463	22.68%
Democratic	John I. Fitzgerald	63,752	18.19%

Montana

In Montana incumbent senator James E. Murray, who was first elected to the Senate in a special election in 1934 and was re-elected in 1936, 1942, and 1948, ran for re-election.

Murray won the Democratic primary against trivial opponents (farmer Ray E. Gulick and Sam G. Feezell).

General election
	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
Republican	Leverett Saltonstall	956,605	50.54%	−2.41%
Democratic	Foster Furcolo	927,899	49.03%	+2.60%
Socialist Labor	Thelma Ingersoll	5,353	0.28%	−0.17%
Prohibition	Harold J. Ireland	2,832	0.15%	−0.03%

Democratic Party primary results^[5]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	James E. Murray (inc.)	65,896	86.94%
	Democratic	Ray E. Gulick	4,961	6.55%
	Democratic	Sam G. Feezell	4,941	6.52%
Total votes			75,798	100.00%

Republican Wesley A. D'Ewart United States Congressman from Montana's 2nd congressional district beat Robert Yellowtail, former Superintendent of the Crow Indian Reservation, for the GOP nomination.

Republican Primary results^[5]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Wesley A. D'Ewart	49,964	82.36%
	Republican	Robert Yellowtail	10,705	17.64%
Total votes			60,669	100.00%

A contentious and close election ensued, but ultimately, Murray was able to narrowly win re-election over D'Ewart to a final term in the Senate.

United States Senate election in Montana, 1954^[6]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Democratic	James E. Murray (inc.)	114,591	50.38%	−6.27%
	Republican	Wesley A. D'Ewart	112,863	49.62%	+6.88%
Majority			1,728	0.76%	−13.15%
Turnout			227,454
	Democratic hold		Swing

Nebraska

Nebraska had three Senate elections on the ballot. Both Senators had died in the span of three months, leading to appointments and special elections.

Dwight P. Griswold (R) died April 12, 1954, and Eva Bowring (R) was appointed April 16 to continue the term. In November, Hazel Abel (R) was elected to finish the term.
Although elected to finish the term, Abel did not run for the next term, and Carl Curtis (R) was elected in November to the next term. On December 31, 1954 Abel resigned and Curtis was appointed January 1, 1955, two days ahead of his elected term.
Hugh A. Butler (R) died July 1, 1954 and Samuel W. Reynolds (R) was appointed July 3, 1954 to continue the term. Reynolds was did not run to finish the term, and Roman Hruska (R) won the seat in November to finish the term ending in 1959.

North Carolina

Like Nebraska, North Carolina had three Senate elections on the ballot. Both Senators had died during the 83rd Congress, leading to appointments and special elections.

Willis Smith (D) died June 26, 1953 and Alton A. Lennon (D) was appointed July 10, 1953 to continue the term. In November, Lennon lost the nomination to W. Kerr Scott (D) to finish the term. Scott took office November 29, 1954.
W. Kerr Scott (D) was also elected to the next term, which would begin January 3, 1955.
Clyde R. Hoey (D) died May 12, 1954 and Sam Ervin (D) was appointed June 5, 1954 to continue the term. In November, Ervin was elected to finish the term.

South Carolina

In South Carolina, Senator Burnet R. Maybank did not face a primary challenge in the summer and was therefore renominated as the Democratic Party's nominee for the election in the fall. However, his death on September 1 left the Democratic Party without a nominee and the executive committee decided to nominate state Senator Edgar A. Brown as their candidate for the election. Many South Carolinians were outraged by the party's decision to forgo a primary election and former Governor Strom Thurmond entered the race as a write-in candidate. He easily won the election and became the first U.S. Senator to be elected by a write-in vote (William Knowland of California in 1946 was technically the first, but the ballots in that election were blank with no candidates listed, so essentially every candidate was running a write-in campaign).^[7]

Sitting Senator Burnet R. Maybank entered the 1954 contest without a challenge in the Democratic primary nor in the general election. His unexpected death on September 1 caused panic and confusion within the hierarchy of the state Democratic party because the state law required that a party's nominee be certified by September 3. Hours after Maybank's funeral, the state Democratic executive committee met in secret and chose state Senator Edgar A. Brown of Barnwell County as the party's nominee for the general election. Not only was Brown a part of the "Barnwell Ring", but he was also a member of the executive committee.

The state Democratic Party's decision to choose a candidate without holding a special primary election drew widespread criticism across the state. On September 3, The Greenville News ran an editorial advocating that a primary election be called and several newspapers across the state followed suit. At least six county Democratic committees repudiated the action by the state committee and called for a primary election. Despite repeated calls for a primary, the state executive committee voted against holding a primary because they did not think that there was enough time before the general election to hold a primary election.

Immediately after the executive committee voted against holding a primary election, former Governor Strom Thurmond and lumberman Marcus Stone announced their intention to run as Democratic write-in candidates. Thurmond and his supporters stated that the executive committee had several legal alternatives as opposed to the outright appointment of state Senator Brown. In addition, Thurmond promised that if he were elected he would resign in 1956 so that the voters could choose a candidate in the regular primary for the remaining four years of the term.

Thurmond received support from Governor James F. Byrnes and from those who backed his Presidential bid as a Dixiecrat in the 1948 Presidential election. Thurmond framed the race as a "moral issue: democracy versus committee rule"^[8] and his write-in campaign was repeatedly assisted by every newspaper in the state, except for those in Anderson. For instance, The News and Courier devoted its front page on November 2 to show voters a sample ballot and it also provided detailed instructions on how to cast a write-in vote. Not only that, but the newspaper also printed an editorial on the front page giving precise reasons why voters should vote for Thurmond instead of Brown.

On the other hand, Brown was supported by the Democratic party regulars and he also gained the endorsement of Senator Olin D. Johnston. Brown based his campaign entirely on the issue of party loyalty, stressing that Thurmond was a Republican ally because he had voted for President Eisenhower in 1952.

Marcus A. Stone, a lumberman in Florence and Dillon, was a candidate in previous Democratic primaries for governor and senator. He did very little campaigning for the general election.

South Carolina U.S. Senate Election, 1954
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Democratic	Strom Thurmond (Write-In)	143,444	63.1	+63.1
	Democratic	Edgar A. Brown	83,525	36.8	−59.6
	Democratic	Marcus Stone (Write-In)	240	0.1	+0.1
	No party	Write-Ins	23	0.0	0.0
Majority			59,919	26.3	−66.5
Turnout			227,232
	Democratic hold

Virginia

In Virginia, Democratic incumbent Senator Absalom Willis Robertson defeated Independent Democrat Charles Lewis and Social Democrat Clarke Robb and was re-elected to a second term in office.

United States Senate election in Virginia, 1954^[9]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Democratic	Absalom Willis Robertson (inc.)	244,844	79.88%	+14.14%
	Independent Democrat	Charles W. Lewis, Jr.	32,681	10.66%	+10.66%
	Social Democratic	Clarke T. Robb	28,922	9.44%	+9.02%
	Write-ins		63	0.02%	+0.02%
Majority			212,163	69.22%	+34.18%
Turnout			306,510
	Democratic hold

Notes

^ The Maine election was on September 13, 1954, and there were 9 special elections all held on November 2, 1954.
^ ^a ^b http://www.ourcampaigns.com/ContainerHistory.html?ContainerID=299
^ Thelma Ingersoll at ourcampaigns.com
^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=29251
^ ^a ^b "Report of the Official Canvass of the Vote Cast at the Primary Election Held in the State of Montana, July 20, 1954" (PDF). Montana Secretary of State. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
^ "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2, 1954" (PDF). Clerk of the United States House of Representatives. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
^ Washington Post, "Murkowski appears to make history in Alaska", Debbi Wilgoren, November 3, 2010 (accessed November 3, 2010)
^ Lander, Ernest: A History of South Carolina 1865-1960, page 183. University of South Carolina Press, 1970.
^ http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1954election.pdf

References

"A New Test For S.C. Voters". The News and Courier. November 2, 1954. p. 1A.
"Brown Faces Thurmond In Write-In Race". The News and Courier. November 2, 1954. p. 1A.
Lander, Jr., Ernest McPherson (1970). A History of South Carolina, 1865-1960. University of South Carolina Press. pp. 182–184. ISBN 0-87249-169-2.
"Supplemental Report of the Secretary of State to the General Assembly of South Carolina." Reports and Resolutions of South Carolina to the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina. Volume I. Columbia, SC: 1955, pp. 4–5.
U.S. Senate Biography of Strom Thurmond

[dates-1] The Maine election was on September 13, 1954, and there were 9 special elections all held on November 2, 1954.

[Wyoming-2] ttp://www.ourcampaigns.com/ContainerHistory.html?ContainerID=299

[3] Thelma Ingersoll at ourcampaigns.com

[4] ttp://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=29251

[Primary_election_results-5] "Report of the Official Canvass of the Vote Cast at the Primary Election Held in the State of Montana, July 20, 1954" (PDF). Montana Secretary of State. Retrieved July 2, 2014.

[6] "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2, 1954" (PDF). Clerk of the United States House of Representatives. Retrieved July 2, 2014.

[7] Washington Post, "Murkowski appears to make history in Alaska", Debbi Wilgoren, November 3, 2010 (accessed November 3, 2010)

[8] Lander, Ernest: A History of South Carolina 1865-1960, page 183. University of South Carolina Press, 1970.

[9] ttp://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1954election.pdf

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v t e Lyndon B. Johnson
36th President of the United States (1963–1969) 37th Vice President of the United States (1961–1963) U.S. Senator from Texas (1949–1961) U.S. Representative for TX-10 (1937–1949)
Presidency	Timeline Inaugurations first second Let Us Continue Great Society (Model Cities Program) Architectural Barriers Act Child Nutrition Act Clean Air Act Civil Rights Act of 1964 Coinage Act of 1965 Department of Housing and Urban Development Department of Transportation Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 Head Start Program Job Corps Elementary and Secondary Education Act Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Civil Rights Act of 1968 Fair Housing Act Truth in Lending Act Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1968 Food Stamp Act of 1964 Glassboro Summit Gun Control Act of 1968 Higher Education Act of 1965 Upward Bound TRIO Teacher Corps Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 Johnson Doctrine Dominican Republic occupation Medicare Medicaid Meritorious Service Medal National Endowment for the Arts National Endowment for the Humanities Executive Order 11246 Executive Order 11375 Older Americans Act Operation CHAOS Outer Space Treaty Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 Foreign policy Vietnam War Gulf of Tonkin Resolution "Credibility gap" VISTA 24th Amendment Voting Rights Act of 1965 War on poverty White House Conference on Civil Rights Cannabis policy White House preservation State of the Union Address 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court Thurgood Marshall Supreme Court nomination controversies Johnson desk Presidential transition of Richard Nixon Executive Orders Presidential Proclamations
Life	Early years and career Operation Texas Texas Broadcasting Company Johnson Amendment Box 13 scandal Bashir Ahmad
Legacy and memorials	Bibliography Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Lyndon Baines Johnson Day Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs Memorial Grove on the Potomac U.S. Postage stamp
Elections	United States House of Representatives special elections, 1937 1938 United States House of Representatives elections 1940 1942 1944 1946 United States Senate special elections, 1941 1948 United States Senate elections 1954 1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1960 1964 campaign 1968 withdrawal Democratic National Convention 1956 1960 1964 1960 United States presidential election transition 1964
Public image	Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture Daisy advertisement Johnson cult The Years of Lyndon Johnson LBJ (1991 television film) Path to War (2002 film) All the Way (play, film) Selma (2014 film) LBJ (2017 film)
Family	Claudia "Lady Bird" Taylor Johnson (wife) Lynda Bird Johnson Robb (daughter) Luci Baines Johnson (daughter) Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr. (father) Sam Houston Johnson (brother) Samuel Ealy Johnson, Sr. (grandfather) Joseph Wilson Baines (grandfather) George Washington Baines (great-grandfather) Chuck Robb (son-in-law)
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