National symbols of Serbia: Difference between revisions

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| [[Patron saint]]
| [[Patron saint]]
| [[File:Sveti Sava Kraljeva Crkva.jpg|95px]]
| [[File:Sveti Sava Kraljeva Crkva.jpg|95px]]
| style="text-align:left"|'''[[Saint Sava]]''', also known as Rastko Nemanjić, was a 13th-century Serbian prince and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] monk, [[List of heads of the Serbian Orthodox Church|founder and first Archbishop]] of the [[Serbian Orthodox Church]]. At [[Mount Athos|Athos peninsula]] in Greece, where he became a monk with the name ''Sava'' (''[[Sabbas]]''), he established the monastery of [[Hilandar]], the most important Serbian medieval cultural and religious center. Sava authored the oldest known constitution of Serbia, the ''[[Zakonopravilo]]'' and is regarded as the founder of [[Serbian medieval literature]]. He is widely considered as one of the most important figures of Serbian history and is honored as the patron saint of the Serbia and [[Republika Srpska]] (an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina), as well as of the Serbian education system.
| style="text-align:left"|'''[[Saint Sava]]''', also known as Rastko Nemanjić, was a 13th-century Serbian prince and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] monk, [[List of heads of the Serbian Orthodox Church|founder and first Archbishop]] of the [[Serbian Orthodox Church]]. At [[Mount Athos|Athos peninsula]] in Greece, where he became a monk with the name ''Sava'' (''[[Sabbas]]''), he established the monastery of [[Hilandar]], the most important Serbian medieval cultural and religious center. Sava authored the oldest known constitution of Serbia, the ''[[Zakonopravilo]]'' and is regarded as the founder of [[Serbian medieval literature]]. He is widely considered as one of the most important figures of Serbian history and is honored as the patron saint of Serbia and [[Republika Srpska]] (an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina), as well as of the Serbian education system.
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|rowspan="2" |[[Father of the Nation|Fathers of the Nation]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Father of the Nation|Fathers of the Nation]]
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| [[File:MilosObrenovic 1848.jpg|95px]]
| [[File:MilosObrenovic 1848.jpg|95px]]
| style="text-align:left"|'''[[Miloš Obrenović I of Serbia|Miloš Obrenović]]''', also known as "Miloš the Great" (''Miloš Veliki''), was a 19th-century Serbian revolutionary who led the struggle for Serbia's liberation and independence from the Ottoman Empire during the [[Second Serbian Uprising]]. He is the founder of the [[Obrenović dynasty]]. He also bears the honorific title of Father of the Nation.<ref>{{cite book|author=Milivoj J. Malenić|title=Posle četrdeset godina: u spomen proslave četrdesetogodišnjice Sv. Andrejske velike narodne skupštine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q-IwAQAAMAAJ|year=1901|publisher=U Drž. štamp. Kralj. Srbije|quote=да се на престо српски поврати њен ослободилац и оснивалац: Отац Отаџбине, Милош Обреновић Велики,}}</ref>
| style="text-align:left"|'''[[Miloš Obrenović I of Serbia|Miloš Obrenović]]''', also known as "Miloš the Great" (''Miloš Veliki''), was a 19th-century Serbian revolutionary who led the struggle for Serbia's liberation and independence from the Ottoman Empire during the [[Second Serbian Uprising]]. He is the founder of the [[Obrenović dynasty]] and bears the honorific title of Father of the Nation.<ref>{{cite book|author=Milivoj J. Malenić|title=Posle četrdeset godina: u spomen proslave četrdesetogodišnjice Sv. Andrejske velike narodne skupštine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q-IwAQAAMAAJ|year=1901|publisher=U Drž. štamp. Kralj. Srbije|quote=да се на престо српски поврати њен ослободилац и оснивалац: Отац Отаџбине, Милош Обреновић Велики,}}</ref>
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| [[National animal]]
| [[National animal]]
| [[File:Canis lupus lupus qtl1.jpg|95px]]
| [[File:Canis lupus lupus qtl1.jpg|95px]]
| style="text-align:left"|The [[Eurasian wolf]] is greatly linked to Serbian mythology and cults.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sis7AQAAIAAJ|page=257|quote=Вук као митска животиња дубо- ко је везан за балканску и српску митологију и култове. Заправо, то је животиња која је била распрострањена у јужнословенским крајевима и која је представљала сталну опасност како за стоку ...|title=Maske, maskiranje i rituali u Srbiji|isbn=9788675585572|last1=Marjanović|first1=Vesna|year=2005|publisher=Чигоја штампа }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=780NAAAAIAAJ|page=221|quote=Тако стоји и еа осталим атрибутима деспота Вука. Позната је ствар, да и вук (животиња) има зпатну улогу у митологији…У старој српској ре- лигији и митологији вук је био табуирана и тотемска животиња.|title=Brankovo kolo za zabavu, pouku i književnost|year=1910}}</ref> In the [[Serbian epic poetry]], the wolf is a symbol of fearlessness.<ref name=miklosich>{{Cite document| last=Miklosich| first=Franz| author-link=Franz Miklosich| year=1860| title=Die Bildung der slavischen Personennamen| publisher=Aus der kaiserlich-königlichen Hoff- und Staatdruckerei| place=Vienna| language=de| pages=44–45}}</ref> [[Vuk Karadžić]], 19th-century Serbian philologist and ethnographer, explained the traditional, [[apotropaic]] use of the name [[Vuk (name)|Vuk]] ("wolf"): a woman who had lost several babies in succession, would name her newborn son Vuk, because it was believed that the witches, who "ate" the babies, were afraid to attack the wolves.<ref>{{Cite document| last=Karadžić| first=Vuk Stefanović| author-link=Vuk Stefanović Karadžić| year=1852| script-title=sr:Српски рјечник| publisher=Typis congregationis mechitaristicae| place=Vienna| language=sr| page=[http://scc.digital.nb.rs/view/S–II–0473&p=048 78]}}</ref>
| style="text-align:left"|The '''[[Eurasian wolf]]''' (''vuk'') is greatly linked to Serbian mythology and cults.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sis7AQAAIAAJ|page=257|quote=Вук као митска животиња дубо- ко је везан за балканску и српску митологију и култове. Заправо, то је животиња која је била распрострањена у јужнословенским крајевима и која је представљала сталну опасност како за стоку ...|title=Maske, maskiranje i rituali u Srbiji|isbn=9788675585572|last1=Marjanović|first1=Vesna|year=2005|publisher=Чигоја штампа }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=780NAAAAIAAJ|page=221|quote=Тако стоји и еа осталим атрибутима деспота Вука. Позната је ствар, да и вук (животиња) има зпатну улогу у митологији…У старој српској ре- лигији и митологији вук је био табуирана и тотемска животиња.|title=Brankovo kolo za zabavu, pouku i književnost|year=1910}}</ref> In the [[Serbian epic poetry]], the wolf is a symbol of fearlessness.<ref name=miklosich>{{Cite document| last=Miklosich| first=Franz| author-link=Franz Miklosich| year=1860| title=Die Bildung der slavischen Personennamen| publisher=Aus der kaiserlich-königlichen Hoff- und Staatdruckerei| place=Vienna| language=de| pages=44–45}}</ref> [[Vuk (name)|Vuk]] ("Wolf") is one of the most common Serbian male names, the 3rd most popular name for boys in Serbia in 2021.<ref name=stats>https://n1info.rs/magazin/lifestyle/najcesca-imena-dece-u-srbiji-gde-su-nestali-jelena-marija-nikola/</ref>
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| [[National bird]]s
| [[National bird]]s
| [[File:Eastern Imperial Eagle cr.jpg|95px]]
| [[File:Eastern Imperial Eagle cr.jpg|95px]]
| style="text-align:left"|The [[eastern imperial eagle]] is the national bird of Serbia. It inspired the modern [[double-headed eagle|double-headed]] [[Serbian eagle]] heraldry.<ref>{{cite book|author=James Minahan|title=The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems &#91;2 Volumes&#93;|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfrWCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA525|date=23 December 2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-34497-8|pages=525–}}</ref><ref name="Serbian eagle"/>
| style="text-align:left"|The '''[[eastern imperial eagle]]''' (''orao krstaš'') is the national bird of Serbia. It inspired the use of [[double-headed eagle|double-headed]] Serbian eagle in heraldry.<ref>{{cite book|author=James Minahan|title=The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems &#91;2 Volumes&#93;|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfrWCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA525|date=23 December 2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-34497-8|pages=525–}}</ref><ref name="Serbian eagle"/>
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| [[National tree]]
| [[National tree]]
| [[File:Quercus robur.jpg|95px]]
| [[File:Quercus robur.jpg|95px]]
| style="text-align:left"|The [[oak]] (most commonly the [[pedunculate oak]]) is a symbol of Serbia,<ref name="Hackspiel-MikoschHaas2006">{{cite book|author1=Elisabeth Hackspiel-Mikosch|author2=Stefan Haas|title=Civilian uniforms as symbolic communication: sartorial representation, imagination, and consumption in Europe (18th - 21st century)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_IzlwL-ihF8C&pg=PA196|year=2006|publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag|isbn=978-3-515-08858-9|page=196|quote=The oak, symbol of Serbia, symbolized strength, longevity, and the olive branch represented peace and fertility}}</ref> having been part of the historical [[Coat of arms of Serbia|coat of arms]] of the [[Socialist Republic of Serbia]], the historical coat of arms and [[List of Serbian flags|flags]] of the [[Principality of Serbia]], as well as the current traditional [[Coat of arms of Vojvodina|coat of arms]] and [[Flag of Vojvodina|flag]] of [[Vojvodina]].<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://www.skupstinavojvodine.gov.rs/Strana.aspx?s=aktapv11 | title=Покрајинска скупштинска одлука о изгледу и коришћењу симбола и традиционалних симбола Аутономне покрајине Војводине | journal=Službeni liist AP Vojvodine | issue=51 | date=15 September 2016|language=Serbian}}</ref> On the coat of arms, the oak branch at one side symbolized strength and longevity, while the olive branch at the other symbolized peace and fertility.<ref name="Hackspiel-MikoschHaas2006"/> On the socialist coat of arms, the golden oak branch was present next to a golden wreath of wheat. At troublesome times, when there were no churches, people prayed under oak trees where they would carve a cross, ''[[zapis]]''; some of these oaks are over 600 years old and are considered sacred.<ref name="PieroniQuave2014">{{cite book|author1=Andrea Pieroni|author2=Cassandra L. Quave|title=Ethnobotany and Biocultural Diversities in the Balkans: Perspectives on Sustainable Rural Development and Reconciliation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LzNpBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA240|date=14 November 2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4939-1492-0|pages=240–}}</ref> The oak is used in the [[Serbian Christmas tradition]] of ''[[Badnjak (Serbian)|Badnjak]]''.
| style="text-align:left"|The '''[[pedunculate oak]]''' (''hrast lužnjak'') is a national tree of Serbia.<ref name="Hackspiel-MikoschHaas2006">{{cite book|author1=Elisabeth Hackspiel-Mikosch|author2=Stefan Haas|title=Civilian uniforms as symbolic communication: sartorial representation, imagination, and consumption in Europe (18th - 21st century)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_IzlwL-ihF8C&pg=PA196|year=2006|publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag|isbn=978-3-515-08858-9|page=196|quote=The oak, symbol of Serbia, symbolized strength, longevity, and the olive branch represented peace and fertility}}</ref> The oak brach has been part of the coat of arms of the [[Principality of Serbia]] and [[Socialist Republic of Serbia]], symbolizing strength and longevity. The oak is used in the [[Serbian Christmas tradition]] of ''[[Badnjak (Serbian)|Badnjak]]''.
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|rowspan="2" | [[National flower]]s
|rowspan="2" | [[National flower]]s
| [[File:Ramonda nathaliae.jpg|95px]]
| [[File:Ramonda nathaliae.jpg|95px]]
| style="text-align:left"| The [[Ramonda nathaliae|Natalie's ramonda]] flower is considered a symbol of the Serbian Army's struggle during [[World War I]],<ref>{{citation |title=President honors Serbian WW1 soldiers in Greece: In commemoration of Armistice Day, President Tomislav Nikolić paid homage to fallen Serbian soldiers at the Greek island of Vido. |url=http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics.php?yyyy=2012&mm=11&dd=11&nav_id=83109}}</ref> with the Serbian forces suffering [[World War I casualties|the largest casualty rate]]. To commemorate their victims, people in Serbia wear Natalie's ramonda as a symbol of remembrance, especially during [[Armistice Day]], which is a statutory holiday in [[Serbia]] since 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.b92.net/eng/news/society.php?yyyy=2012&mm=11&dd=09&nav_id=83083|title=Serbia to mark Armistice Day as state holiday|date=9 November 2012|access-date=18 November 2018}}</ref> The plant was scientifically described in 1884 from specimens growing around [[Niš]], by [[Sava Petrović (botanist)|Sava Petrović]] and [[Josif Pančić]], who named it after Queen [[Natalie of Serbia|Natalija Obrenović]].
| style="text-align:left"| The '''[[Ramonda nathaliae|Natalie's ramonda]]''' (''Natalijina ramonda'') flower is considered a symbol of the Serbian Army's struggle during [[World War I]],<ref>{{citation |title=President honors Serbian WW1 soldiers in Greece: In commemoration of Armistice Day, President Tomislav Nikolić paid homage to fallen Serbian soldiers at the Greek island of Vido. |url=http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics.php?yyyy=2012&mm=11&dd=11&nav_id=83109}}</ref> with the Serbian forces suffering [[World War I casualties|the largest casualty rate]]. To commemorate their victims, people in Serbia wear Natalie's ramonda as a symbol of remembrance, especially during [[Armistice Day]], which is a statutory holiday in [[Serbia]] since 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.b92.net/eng/news/society.php?yyyy=2012&mm=11&dd=09&nav_id=83083|title=Serbia to mark Armistice Day as state holiday|date=9 November 2012|access-date=18 November 2018}}</ref> The plant was scientifically described in 1884 from specimens growing around [[Niš]], by [[Sava Petrović (botanist)|Sava Petrović]] and [[Josif Pančić]], who named it after Queen [[Natalie of Serbia|Natalija Obrenović]].
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|[[File:Ramonda serbica1.jpg|95px]]
|[[File:Ramonda serbica1.jpg|95px]]
| style="text-align:left"|The [[Ramonda serbica|Serbian ramonda]] flower, also known as the phoenix flower due to its ability to be revived when watered, even when fully dehydrated,<ref>Yuki Nakamura and Yonghua Li-Beisson (Editors){{google books|ulbeCwAAQBAJ|Lipids in Plant and Algae Development (2016 =)|page=185|ISBN 9783319259772, Springer}}</ref> is considered a symbol of Serbian Army's struggle during [[World War I]], as well as symbolizing the resurrection of the Serbian state after the devastating war. It is used alongside [[Ramonda nathaliae|Natalie's ramonda]] flower, which it shares similarities with, to commemorate the Serbian victims of World War I, especially during [[Armistice Day]], which is a statutory holiday in [[Serbia]] since 2012.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Blečić|first1=Petar|title=Kap vode ih vraća u život |url=http://www.blic.rs/vesti/reportaza/kap-vode-ih-vraca-u-zivot/7evz71h |website=Blic.rs |access-date=11 November 2016 |language=sr-SP |date=11 December 2015}}</ref>
| style="text-align:left"|The '''[[Ramonda serbica|Serbian ramonda]]''' (''srpska ramonda'') flower, also known as the phoenix flower due to its ability to be revived when watered, even when fully dehydrated,<ref>Yuki Nakamura and Yonghua Li-Beisson (Editors){{google books|ulbeCwAAQBAJ|Lipids in Plant and Algae Development (2016 =)|page=185|ISBN 9783319259772, Springer}}</ref> is considered a symbol of Serbian Army's struggle during [[World War I]], as well as symbolizing the resurrection of the Serbian state after the devastating war. It is used alongside [[Ramonda nathaliae|Natalie's ramonda]] flower, which it shares similarities with, to commemorate the Serbian victims of World War I, especially during [[Armistice Day]], which is a statutory holiday in [[Serbia]] since 2012.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Blečić|first1=Petar|title=Kap vode ih vraća u život |url=http://www.blic.rs/vesti/reportaza/kap-vode-ih-vraca-u-zivot/7evz71h |website=Blic.rs |access-date=11 November 2016 |language=sr-SP |date=11 December 2015}}</ref>
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| [[National fruit]]
| [[National fruit]]
| [[File:Wegierka Zwykla1.jpg|95px]]
| [[File:Wegierka Zwykla1.jpg|95px]]
| style="text-align:left"| [[Plum]] and its products are of great importance to Serbs and part of numerous customs.<ref name=Mennell-383>{{cite book|author=Stephen Mennell|title=Culinary Cultures of Europe: Identity, Diversity and Dialogue|publisher=Council of Europe|year=2005|isbn=9789287157447|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Dz0srxxDFoC|page=383}}</ref> A saying goes that the best place to build a house is where a plum tree grows best.<ref name=Mennell-383/> The fertile region of [[Šumadija]] in central Serbia is particularly known for its plums and [[šljivovica]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The encyclopedia Americana|author=Grolier Incorporated|publisher=Grolier|year=2000|isbn=9780717201334|page=715}}</ref>
| style="text-align:left"| '''[[Plum]]''' (''šljiva'') and its products are of great importance to Serbs and part of numerous customs.<ref name=Mennell-383>{{cite book|author=Stephen Mennell|title=Culinary Cultures of Europe: Identity, Diversity and Dialogue|publisher=Council of Europe|year=2005|isbn=9789287157447|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Dz0srxxDFoC|page=383}}</ref> A saying goes that the best place to build a house is where a plum tree grows best.<ref name=Mennell-383/> The fertile region of [[Šumadija]] in central Serbia is particularly known for its plums and [[šljivovica]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The encyclopedia Americana|author=Grolier Incorporated|publisher=Grolier|year=2000|isbn=9780717201334|page=715}}</ref>
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| [[National drink]]
| [[National drink]]
| [[File:Various Bottles of Slivovitz.jpg|95px]]
| [[File:Various Bottles of Slivovitz.jpg|95px]]
| style="text-align:left"|''[[Šljivovica]]'' ("plum brandy") is the national drink of Serbia. The name ''slivovitz'' is derived from the [[Serbian language]].<ref name=Slivovitz>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Haraksimová |first=Erna |author2=Rita Mokrá |author3=Dagmar Smrčinová |title=slivovica |encyclopedia=Anglicko-slovenský a slovensko-anglický slovník |year=2006 |publisher=Ottovo nakladatelství |location=[[Prague|Praha]] |isbn=978-80-7360-457-8 |pages=775 }}</ref> Plum and its products are of great importance to Serbs and part of numerous customs.<ref name=Mennell-2005-383>Mennell 2005, p. 383</ref> A Serbian meal usually starts or ends with plum products.<ref name=Mennell-2005-383/> Šljivovica is served as an appertif.<ref name=Mennell-2005-383/> A saying goes that the best place to build a house is where a plum tree grows best.<ref name=Mennell-2005-383/> Traditionally, šljivovica (commonly referred to as "rakija") is connected to Serbian culture as a drink used at all important rites of passage (birth, baptism, military service, marriage,<ref name=Mennell-2005-383/> death, etc.). It is used in the [[Serbian Orthodox]] patron saint celebration, [[slava (tradition)|slava]].<ref name=Mennell-2005-383/> It is used in numerous folk remedies, and is given certain degree of respect above all other alcoholic drinks. The fertile region of [[Šumadija]] in central Serbia is particularly known for its plums and šljivovica.<ref>Grolier Incorporated 2000, p. 715</ref> Serbia is the largest exporter of slivovitz in the world, and second largest plum producer in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor|title=FAOSTAT|website=faostat.fao.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siepa.gov.rs/attach/FruitIndustryInSerbia.pdf|title=Razvojna agencija Srbije|website=www.siepa.gov.rs}}</ref> It has a [[Protected Geographical Status|Protected Designation of Origin]] (PDO).
| style="text-align:left"|'''[[Slivovitz]]''' (''Šljivovica''), plum brandy, is the national drink of Serbia. The name ''slivovitz'' is derived from the [[Serbian language]].<ref name=Slivovitz>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Haraksimová |first=Erna |author2=Rita Mokrá |author3=Dagmar Smrčinová |title=slivovica |encyclopedia=Anglicko-slovenský a slovensko-anglický slovník |year=2006 |publisher=Ottovo nakladatelství |location=[[Prague|Praha]] |isbn=978-80-7360-457-8 |pages=775 }}</ref> Plum and its products are of great importance to Serbs and part of numerous customs.<ref name=Mennell-2005-383>Mennell 2005, p. 383</ref> A Serbian meal usually starts or ends with plum products.<ref name=Mennell-2005-383/> Šljivovica is served as an appertif.<ref name=Mennell-2005-383/> A saying goes that the best place to build a house is where a plum tree grows best.<ref name=Mennell-2005-383/> Traditionally, šljivovica (commonly referred to as "rakija") is connected to Serbian culture as a drink used at all important rites of passage (birth, baptism, military service, marriage,<ref name=Mennell-2005-383/> death, etc.). It is used in the [[Serbian Orthodox]] patron saint celebration, [[slava (tradition)|slava]].<ref name=Mennell-2005-383/> It is used in numerous folk remedies, and is given certain degree of respect above all other alcoholic drinks. The fertile region of [[Šumadija]] in central Serbia is particularly known for its plums and šljivovica.<ref>Grolier Incorporated 2000, p. 715</ref> Serbia is the largest exporter of slivovitz in the world, and second largest plum producer in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor|title=FAOSTAT|website=faostat.fao.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siepa.gov.rs/attach/FruitIndustryInSerbia.pdf|title=Razvojna agencija Srbije|website=www.siepa.gov.rs}}</ref> It has a [[Protected Geographical Status|Protected Designation of Origin]] (PDO).
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| [[National dish]]es
| [[National dish]]es
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| [[Folk costume]]
| [[Folk costume]]
| [[File:Srpska nosnja.jpg|95px]]
| [[File:Srpska nosnja.jpg|95px]]
| style="text-align:left"|The most common [[Serbian national costume|folk costume of Serbia]] is that of [[Šumadija]], a region in central Serbia.<ref name=SLC>{{cite book|author1=Dragoljub Zamurović|author2=Ilja Slani|author3=Madge Phillips-Tomašević|title=Serbia: life and customs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXAMAQAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=ULUPUDS|page=194|isbn=9788682893059}}</ref> It includes the national hat, the ''[[šajkača]]'',<ref>{{cite book | last = Deliso | first = Christopher | year = 2009 | title = Culture and Customs of Serbia and Montenegro | url = https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsse00deli | url-access = limited | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group | location = [[Westport, Connecticut]] | isbn = 978-0-313-34436-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsse00deli/page/n113 97]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1 = Resić | first1 = Sanimir | last2 = Plewa | first2 = Barbara Törnquist | year = 2002 | title = The Balkans in Focus: Cultural Boundaries in Europe | publisher = Nordic Academic Press | location = [[Lund, Sweden]] | isbn = 978-91-89116-38-2 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FS9pAAAAMAAJ | page=48}}</ref> and the traditional leather footwear, ''[[opanci]]''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mirjana Prošić-Dvornić|title=Narodna nošnja Šumadije|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TZwKAQAAIAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Kulturno-Prosvjetni Sabor Hrvatske|page=62|isbn=9788680825526}}</ref> Older villagers still wear their traditional costumes.<ref name=SLC/>
| style="text-align:left"|The most common [[Serbian national costume|folk costume of Serbia]] is that of [[Šumadija]], a region in central Serbia.<ref name=SLC>{{cite book|author1=Dragoljub Zamurović|author2=Ilja Slani|author3=Madge Phillips-Tomašević|title=Serbia: life and customs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXAMAQAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=ULUPUDS|page=194|isbn=9788682893059}}</ref> It includes the national hat, the ''[['''šajkača''']]'',<ref>{{cite book | last = Deliso | first = Christopher | year = 2009 | title = Culture and Customs of Serbia and Montenegro | url = https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsse00deli | url-access = limited | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group | location = [[Westport, Connecticut]] | isbn = 978-0-313-34436-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsse00deli/page/n113 97]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1 = Resić | first1 = Sanimir | last2 = Plewa | first2 = Barbara Törnquist | year = 2002 | title = The Balkans in Focus: Cultural Boundaries in Europe | publisher = Nordic Academic Press | location = [[Lund, Sweden]] | isbn = 978-91-89116-38-2 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FS9pAAAAMAAJ | page=48}}</ref> and the traditional leather footwear, ''[['''opanci''']]''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mirjana Prošić-Dvornić|title=Narodna nošnja Šumadije|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TZwKAQAAIAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Kulturno-Prosvjetni Sabor Hrvatske|page=62|isbn=9788680825526}}</ref> Older villagers still wear their traditional costumes.<ref name=SLC/>
|-
|-
| [[Folk dance]]
| [[Folk dance]]
| [[File:Igre iz okoline Leskovca.jpg|95px]]
| [[File:Igre iz okoline Leskovca.jpg|95px]]
| style="text-align:left"|Serbian circle dancing, ''[[kolo (dance)|kolo]]'', includes many varieties (see [[Serbian dances]]). The most popular is ''Užičko kolo''.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ursula Hemetek|author2=Adelaida Reyes|author3=Institut für Volksmusikforschung und Ethnomusikologie--Wien|title=Cultural diversity in the urban area: explorations in urban ethnomusicology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=US4JAQAAMAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Institut für Volksmusikforschung und Ethnomusikologie|isbn=978-3-902153-03-6|quote=They played newly composed folk music as well as kolos such as Uzicko kolo, a very popular dance melody from Serbia. The dance, one of the musical ethnic symbols of Serbia; might allude to Serbian ethnicity; otherwise we did not find any ...}}</ref> Other popular dances include ''Moravac'', ''Kokonješte'', ''Žikino kolo'' and ''Vranjanka''.<ref name="Kongres1965">{{cite book|author=Savez udruženja folklorista Jugoslavije. Kongres|title=Rad ... Kongresa Saveza folklorista Jugoslavije|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6iLaAAAAMAAJ|year=1965|publisher=Savez folklorista Jugoslavie|quote=Za poslednjih dvadesetak godina Moravac je potisnuo svoje prethodnike Kokonjeste, 2ikino kolo i Vranjanku (brzu), naravno, ne potpuno, ali ipak toliko efikasno da je zauzeo mesto pored njih, pa i ispred njih.}}</ref>
| style="text-align:left"|Serbian circle dancing, ''[[kolo (dance)|'''kolo''']]'', includes many varieties (see [[Serbian dances]]). The most popular is ''Užičko kolo''.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ursula Hemetek|author2=Adelaida Reyes|author3=Institut für Volksmusikforschung und Ethnomusikologie--Wien|title=Cultural diversity in the urban area: explorations in urban ethnomusicology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=US4JAQAAMAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Institut für Volksmusikforschung und Ethnomusikologie|isbn=978-3-902153-03-6|quote=They played newly composed folk music as well as kolos such as Uzicko kolo, a very popular dance melody from Serbia. The dance, one of the musical ethnic symbols of Serbia; might allude to Serbian ethnicity; otherwise we did not find any ...}}</ref> Other popular dances include ''Moravac'', ''Kokonješte'', ''Žikino kolo'' and ''Vranjanka''.<ref name="Kongres1965">{{cite book|author=Savez udruženja folklorista Jugoslavije. Kongres|title=Rad ... Kongresa Saveza folklorista Jugoslavije|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6iLaAAAAMAAJ|year=1965|publisher=Savez folklorista Jugoslavie|quote=Za poslednjih dvadesetak godina Moravac je potisnuo svoje prethodnike Kokonjeste, 2ikino kolo i Vranjanku (brzu), naravno, ne potpuno, ali ipak toliko efikasno da je zauzeo mesto pored njih, pa i ispred njih.}}</ref>
|-
|-
| [[Intangible cultural heritage|Cultural practice]]
| [[Intangible cultural heritage|Cultural practice]]
| [[File:Sveti_Jovan.jpg|95px]]
| [[File:Sveti_Jovan.jpg|95px]]
| style="text-align:left"|''[[Slava (tradition)|Slava]]'', veneration of the family's patron saint. Inscribed on UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.
| style="text-align:left"|''[[Slava (tradition)|'''Slava''']]'', veneration of the family's patron saint. Inscribed on UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.
|-
|-
| [[Handicraft]]
| [[Handicraft]]

Revision as of 18:19, 22 December 2023

The national symbols of Serbia are things which are emblematic, representative or otherwise characteristic of Serbia and the Serbian people or Serbian culture. Some are established, official symbols; the flag, the coat of arms and the national anthem, are all sanctioned in the Constitution of Serbia. Other symbols may not have official status, for one reason or another, but are likewise recognised and emblematic at a national or international level.

Official symbols

Type Image Symbol
National flag The national flag of Serbia is a horizontal tricolour of red, blue, and white with the lesser coat of arms placed left of center. The same tricolour, in altering variations, has been used since 1835.
Coat of arms The national coat of arms of Serbia was adopted in 2004 and is based on the original used during the Kingdom of Serbia. It consists of two main heraldic symbols which represent the identity of the Serbian state and Serbian people across the centuries: the Serbian eagle (a silver double-headed eagle adopted from the Nemanjić dynasty) and the Serbian cross (or cross with firesteels).
National anthem
Bože pravde (Instrumental)
Serbian National Anthem
Problems playing this file? See media help.
 "Bože pravde" (God of Justice) is the current national anthem of Serbia. It was first adopted in 1882 and had been the national anthem of the Kingdom of Serbia until 1919. It was readopted in 2006 with slightly modified original lyrics, asserting that Serbia is no longer a monarchy - all the verses that had a monarchist overtone were changed.

Other symbols

Type Image Symbol
National colours The national colours of Serbia are red, blue and white, as appeared on the civil flag of Serbia, being commonly called the tricolour (trobojka).[1][2]
National symbol The Serbian cross (ocila) is based on the "tetragramme", a Byzantine symbol. It is in use since 14th century and in modern times have been part of the coat of arms of Serbia. Serbian cross consists of a cross and four firesteels pointing outwards. Serbian tradition interprets the four firesteels as four Cyrillic letters "S" (С), for the motto "Only Unity Saves the Serbs".
Heraldic symbol The Serbian eagle (srpski orao), a double-headed white eagle is heraldic symbol with a long history in Serbian heraldry, originating from the medieval Nemanjić dynasty.[3] In modern times it have been part of the coat of arms of Serbia and Order of the White Eagle has been state decoration both in Kingdom of Serbia and contemporary Republic of Serbia. The Serbian national teams in team sports are nicknamed "the Eagles" in reference to the Serbian eagle, while the Serbian national football team in addition uses a stylized Serbian eagle as its emblem.[4]
Motto Само
слога
Србина
спасава 		The phrase "Only Unity Saves the Serbs" (Samo sloga Srbina spasava) is a popular motto and slogan in Serbia and among Serbs, often used as a rallying call during times of national crisis and against foreign domination. The phrase is an interpretation of what is taken to be four Cyrillic letters for "S" (written like Latin "C") on the Serbian cross.
National personification Mother Serbia (Majka Srbija) is the female personification of the nation and the metaphoric mother of all Serbs.[5] Serbian national myths and poems constantly invoke Mother Serbia.[6] Most notable depictions of Mother Serbia are found in Belgrade and Kruševac, both sculpted by Đorđe Jovanović.
Salute The three-finger salute (pozdrav sa tri prsta) is a salute which the thumb, index finger, and middle finger are extending. It originally expressed the Holy Trinity, used in oath-taking, and a symbol of Serbian Orthodoxy, while today simply is a gesture, distinctive sign for the ethnic Serb and a symbol for belonging to the Serbian nation.[7] It is used in wide variety of events: from street demonstrations and celebrations, rallies during election campaigns (used by members and supporters of almost all Serbian political parties), to sporting events and personal celebrations (wedding and birthday parties).[8]
Patron saint Saint Sava, also known as Rastko Nemanjić, was a 13th-century Serbian prince and Orthodox monk, founder and first Archbishop of the Serbian Orthodox Church. At Athos peninsula in Greece, where he became a monk with the name Sava (Sabbas), he established the monastery of Hilandar, the most important Serbian medieval cultural and religious center. Sava authored the oldest known constitution of Serbia, the Zakonopravilo and is regarded as the founder of Serbian medieval literature. He is widely considered as one of the most important figures of Serbian history and is honored as the patron saint of Serbia and Republika Srpska (an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina), as well as of the Serbian education system.
Fathers of the Nation Karađorđe, also known by his revolutionary title "the Leader" (Vožd), was a 19th-century Serbian revolutionary who led the struggle for Serbia's liberation and independence from the Ottoman Empire during the First Serbian Uprising (1804–1813). He is the founder of the Karađorđević dynasty and bears the honorific title of Father of the Nation.[9] Order of Karađorđe's Star has been one of the highest state decorations both in Serbia and Republika Srpska.
Miloš Obrenović, also known as "Miloš the Great" (Miloš Veliki), was a 19th-century Serbian revolutionary who led the struggle for Serbia's liberation and independence from the Ottoman Empire during the Second Serbian Uprising. He is the founder of the Obrenović dynasty and bears the honorific title of Father of the Nation.[10]
National animal The Eurasian wolf (vuk) is greatly linked to Serbian mythology and cults.[11][12] In the Serbian epic poetry, the wolf is a symbol of fearlessness.[13] Vuk ("Wolf") is one of the most common Serbian male names, the 3rd most popular name for boys in Serbia in 2021.[14]
National birds The eastern imperial eagle (orao krstaš) is the national bird of Serbia. It inspired the use of double-headed Serbian eagle in heraldry.[15][3]
National tree The pedunculate oak (hrast lužnjak) is a national tree of Serbia.[16] The oak brach has been part of the coat of arms of the Principality of Serbia and Socialist Republic of Serbia, symbolizing strength and longevity. The oak is used in the Serbian Christmas tradition of Badnjak.
National flowers The Natalie's ramonda (Natalijina ramonda) flower is considered a symbol of the Serbian Army's struggle during World War I,[17] with the Serbian forces suffering the largest casualty rate. To commemorate their victims, people in Serbia wear Natalie's ramonda as a symbol of remembrance, especially during Armistice Day, which is a statutory holiday in Serbia since 2012.[18] The plant was scientifically described in 1884 from specimens growing around Niš, by Sava Petrović and Josif Pančić, who named it after Queen Natalija Obrenović.
The Serbian ramonda (srpska ramonda) flower, also known as the phoenix flower due to its ability to be revived when watered, even when fully dehydrated,[19] is considered a symbol of Serbian Army's struggle during World War I, as well as symbolizing the resurrection of the Serbian state after the devastating war. It is used alongside Natalie's ramonda flower, which it shares similarities with, to commemorate the Serbian victims of World War I, especially during Armistice Day, which is a statutory holiday in Serbia since 2012.[20]
National fruit Plum (šljiva) and its products are of great importance to Serbs and part of numerous customs.[21] A saying goes that the best place to build a house is where a plum tree grows best.[21] The fertile region of Šumadija in central Serbia is particularly known for its plums and šljivovica.[22]
National drink Slivovitz (Šljivovica), plum brandy, is the national drink of Serbia. The name slivovitz is derived from the Serbian language.[23] Plum and its products are of great importance to Serbs and part of numerous customs.[24] A Serbian meal usually starts or ends with plum products.[24] Šljivovica is served as an appertif.[24] A saying goes that the best place to build a house is where a plum tree grows best.[24] Traditionally, šljivovica (commonly referred to as "rakija") is connected to Serbian culture as a drink used at all important rites of passage (birth, baptism, military service, marriage,[24] death, etc.). It is used in the Serbian Orthodox patron saint celebration, slava.[24] It is used in numerous folk remedies, and is given certain degree of respect above all other alcoholic drinks. The fertile region of Šumadija in central Serbia is particularly known for its plums and šljivovica.[25] Serbia is the largest exporter of slivovitz in the world, and second largest plum producer in the world.[26][27] It has a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO).
National dishes Among national dishes are ćevapčići, pljeskavica and gibanica (see Serbian cuisine)
National monument The Church of Saint Sava is one of the largest Orthodox churches in the world and by gross volume among fifteen largest church buildings in the world. It is dedicated to dedicated to Saint Sava and built where the Ottomans burnt his remains in 1594, during an uprising in which Serbs used icons of Sava as their war flags. From its location, it dominates Belgrade's cityscape, and is perhaps the most monumental building in the city. The design of the church was inspired by Hagia Sophia in Istanbul.
National art The White Angel, fresco painted by an unknown author in the Mileševa monastery c. 1235 in Serbia, during the reign of King Stephen Vladislav I of Serbia.[28][29] Considered one of the most beautiful works of Serbian and European art from the High Middle Ages, this fresco is considered to be one of the great achievements in European painting.[29]
The Kosovo Maiden, painted by Realist Uroš Predić in 1919, is the central figure in a Serbian epic poem by the same name. The painting depicts the aftermath of the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 between Serbia and the Ottoman Empire.
The Migration of the Serbs is a set of four similar oil paintings made by Paja Jovanović between 1896 and 1945. It depict the Serbs, led by Archbishop Arsenije III, fleeing Old Serbia during the Great Serb Migration of 1690–91.
National instrument The gusle, the national instrument of Serbia,[30][31] accompanied the Serb bards, called guslari, when they sang epic poetry about medieval Serbia and a better future during the Ottoman period and during war-time.[32]
Folk costume The most common folk costume of Serbia is that of Šumadija, a region in central Serbia.[33] It includes the national hat, the '''šajkača''',[34][35] and the traditional leather footwear, '''opanci'''.[36] Older villagers still wear their traditional costumes.[33]
Folk dance Serbian circle dancing, kolo, includes many varieties (see Serbian dances). The most popular is Užičko kolo.[37] Other popular dances include Moravac, Kokonješte, Žikino kolo and Vranjanka.[38]
Cultural practice Slava, veneration of the family's patron saint. Inscribed on UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.
Handicraft The Pirot carpet (kilim) is a GI-protected product from southeastern Serbia.
Script The Cyrillic script is an important symbol of Serbian identity.[39] Under the Constitution of Serbia of 2006, Cyrillic is the only script in official use.[40] Serbian Cyrillic is in official use in Serbia, Montenegro and Republic of Srpska.[41]
National poetry Serbian epic poetry is the national poetry, traditionally transmitted orally by the national bards (guslari, "gusle players"). Vuk Stefanović Karadžić (1787–1864), the father of the study of Serbian folklore and a major reformer of the Serbian language, collected and wrote down epic poems of the Serbs in the early 19th century.[42]
National regalia The Karađorđević Crown Jewels were created in 1904 for the coronation of King Peter I. The pieces were made from materials that included bronze taken from the cannon Karađorđe used during the First Serbian Uprising. This gesture was symbolic because 1904 was the 100th anniversary of that uprising. The regalia was made in Paris by the famous Falise brothers jewellery company and is currently the only Serbian crown kept in the territory of the Republic of Serbia.[43]
National hat The šajkača is the Serbian national hat. A popular national symbol in Serbia since the beginning of the early 20th century, it is typically black, grey or green in colour and is usually made of soft, homemade cloth.

It became widely worn by Serb men during the First Serbian Uprising and was a key component in the uniform of the Serbian military from the beginning of the 19th century until the end of the 20th century. Today, it is mostly worn by elderly men in rural communities.

Popular music Balkan brass.[44]

See also

References

  1. ^ The Journal of the Orders & Medals Research Society of Great Britain. Orders and Medals Research Society. 1969. p. 207.
  2. ^ Vojni muzej Jugoslovenske marodne armije (1974). Vesnik. Vol. 19–20. Srpska trobojka: crveno-plavo-belo
  3. ^ a b "Grb Srbije – šta znači dvoglavi beli orao i kako je nastao novi srpski grb". bastabalkana.com (in Serbian). 13 August 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  4. ^ https://mondo.rs/Sport/Fudbal/a1595269/Novi-grb-reprezentacije-Srbije-na-dresu.html
  5. ^ Dubravka Žarkov; Kristen Ghodsee (13 August 2007). The Body of War: Media, Ethnicity, and Gender in the Break-up of Yugoslavia. Duke University Press. pp. 51–. ISBN 978-0-8223-9018-3.
  6. ^ Renata Salecl (31 January 2002). The Spoils of Freedom: Psychoanalysis, Feminism and Ideology After the Fall of Socialism. Routledge. pp. 17–. ISBN 978-1-134-90612-3.
  7. ^ Anamaria Dutceac Segesten (16 September 2011). Myth, Identity, and Conflict: A Comparative Analysis of Romanian and Serbian Textbooks. Lexington Books. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-7391-4867-9.
  8. ^ Anamaria Dutceac Segesten (16 September 2011). Myth, Identity, and Conflict: A Comparative Analysis of Romanian and Serbian Textbooks. Lexington Books. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-7391-4867-9.
  9. ^ Durde Jelenić (1923). Nova Srbija i Jugoslavija, 1788–1921. p. 56. ОТАЦ ОТАЏБИНЕ – КАРАЂОРЂЕ ПЕТРОВИЋ
  10. ^ Milivoj J. Malenić (1901). Posle četrdeset godina: u spomen proslave četrdesetogodišnjice Sv. Andrejske velike narodne skupštine. U Drž. štamp. Kralj. Srbije. да се на престо српски поврати њен ослободилац и оснивалац: Отац Отаџбине, Милош Обреновић Велики,
  11. ^ Marjanović, Vesna (2005). Maske, maskiranje i rituali u Srbiji. Чигоја штампа. p. 257. ISBN 9788675585572. Вук као митска животиња дубо- ко је везан за балканску и српску митологију и култове. Заправо, то је животиња која је била распрострањена у јужнословенским крајевима и која је представљала сталну опасност како за стоку ...
  12. ^ Brankovo kolo za zabavu, pouku i književnost. 1910. p. 221. Тако стоји и еа осталим атрибутима деспота Вука. Позната је ствар, да и вук (животиња) има зпатну улогу у митологији…У старој српској ре- лигији и митологији вук је био табуирана и тотемска животиња.
  13. ^ Miklosich, Franz (1860). "Die Bildung der slavischen Personennamen" (Document) (in German). Vienna: Aus der kaiserlich-königlichen Hoff- und Staatdruckerei. pp. 44–45.
  14. ^ https://n1info.rs/magazin/lifestyle/najcesca-imena-dece-u-srbiji-gde-su-nestali-jelena-marija-nikola/
  15. ^ James Minahan (23 December 2009). The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems [2 Volumes]. ABC-CLIO. pp. 525–. ISBN 978-0-313-34497-8.
  16. ^ Elisabeth Hackspiel-Mikosch; Stefan Haas (2006). Civilian uniforms as symbolic communication: sartorial representation, imagination, and consumption in Europe (18th - 21st century). Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 196. ISBN 978-3-515-08858-9. The oak, symbol of Serbia, symbolized strength, longevity, and the olive branch represented peace and fertility
  17. ^ President honors Serbian WW1 soldiers in Greece: In commemoration of Armistice Day, President Tomislav Nikolić paid homage to fallen Serbian soldiers at the Greek island of Vido.
  18. ^ "Serbia to mark Armistice Day as state holiday". 9 November 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  19. ^ Yuki Nakamura and Yonghua Li-Beisson (Editors)ISBN 9783319259772, Springer, p. 185, at Google Books
  20. ^ Blečić, Petar (11 December 2015). "Kap vode ih vraća u život". Blic.rs (in Serbian). Retrieved 11 November 2016.
  21. ^ a b Stephen Mennell (2005). Culinary Cultures of Europe: Identity, Diversity and Dialogue. Council of Europe. p. 383. ISBN 9789287157447.
  22. ^ Grolier Incorporated (2000). The encyclopedia Americana. Grolier. p. 715. ISBN 9780717201334.
  23. ^ Haraksimová, Erna; Rita Mokrá; Dagmar Smrčinová (2006). "slivovica". Anglicko-slovenský a slovensko-anglický slovník. Praha: Ottovo nakladatelství. p. 775. ISBN 978-80-7360-457-8.
  24. ^ a b c d e f Mennell 2005, p. 383
  25. ^ Grolier Incorporated 2000, p. 715
  26. ^ "FAOSTAT". faostat.fao.org.
  27. ^ "Razvojna agencija Srbije" (PDF). www.siepa.gov.rs.
  28. ^ "White Angel – the Mileševa monastery". Via Balkans Travel Portal. 22 December 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  29. ^ a b "Manastir Mileševa - crkva Belog anđela" [Mileševa Monastery - the Church if the White Angel] (in Serbian). Večernje novosti. 5 August 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  30. ^ Joel Martin Halpern (1967). A Serbian village. Harper & Row. Although the wandering guslari no longer exist, the gusle is considered the national instrument of Serbia, and many village men know how to play it. Almost without exception, all villagers can recite parts of the ballads and children learn them ...
  31. ^ Linda A. Bennett; David Levinson (1992). Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Europe (central, western, and southeastern Europe). G.K. Hall. ISBN 978-0-8161-1811-3. As for the Serbs, the Montenegrin national instrument is the gusle — a single-horsehair wooden instrument stroked with a horsehair bow. The most important function of the instrument is to provide accompaniment for the singing of oral ...
  32. ^ Charles Jelavich (1963). The Balkans in Transition: Essays on the Development of Balkan Life and Politics Since the Eighteenth Century. University of California Press. pp. 107–. GGKEY:E0AY24KPR0E. Sung by bards to the accompaniment of the gusle, the epics reminded the Serbs of their medieval states and promised them a better future. The clergy, hajduks, craftsmen, and ordinary men sang to the gusle. At home, at church gatherings, ...
  33. ^ a b Dragoljub Zamurović; Ilja Slani; Madge Phillips-Tomašević (2002). Serbia: life and customs. ULUPUDS. p. 194. ISBN 9788682893059.
  34. ^ Deliso, Christopher (2009). Culture and Customs of Serbia and Montenegro. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-313-34436-7.
  35. ^ Resić, Sanimir; Plewa, Barbara Törnquist (2002). The Balkans in Focus: Cultural Boundaries in Europe. Lund, Sweden: Nordic Academic Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-91-89116-38-2.
  36. ^ Mirjana Prošić-Dvornić (1989). Narodna nošnja Šumadije. Kulturno-Prosvjetni Sabor Hrvatske. p. 62. ISBN 9788680825526.
  37. ^ Ursula Hemetek; Adelaida Reyes; Institut für Volksmusikforschung und Ethnomusikologie--Wien (2007). Cultural diversity in the urban area: explorations in urban ethnomusicology. Institut für Volksmusikforschung und Ethnomusikologie. ISBN 978-3-902153-03-6. They played newly composed folk music as well as kolos such as Uzicko kolo, a very popular dance melody from Serbia. The dance, one of the musical ethnic symbols of Serbia; might allude to Serbian ethnicity; otherwise we did not find any ...
  38. ^ Savez udruženja folklorista Jugoslavije. Kongres (1965). Rad ... Kongresa Saveza folklorista Jugoslavije. Savez folklorista Jugoslavie. Za poslednjih dvadesetak godina Moravac je potisnuo svoje prethodnike Kokonjeste, 2ikino kolo i Vranjanku (brzu), naravno, ne potpuno, ali ipak toliko efikasno da je zauzeo mesto pored njih, pa i ispred njih.
  39. ^ Entangled Histories of the Balkans: Volume One: National Ideologies and Language Policies. BRILL. 13 June 2013. pp. 414–. ISBN 978-90-04-25076-5.
  40. ^ Article 10 of the Constitution of the Republic of Serbia (English version Archived 2011-03-14 at the Wayback Machine)
  41. ^ Ronelle Alexander (15 August 2006). Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, a Grammar: With Sociolinguistic Commentary. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-0-299-21193-6.
  42. ^ Guerber, H. a (2003) [1916]. Book of the Epic. p. 489. ISBN 9780766159020. This fund of national poetry, transmitted orally by the Serbian guslari or national bards through five centuries of subjection to the Turk, was collected and written down at the beginning of the nineteenth century by
  43. ^ Lazarević, Veselin. "(NE)SAČUVANA SRPSKA BAŠTINA". Vratiti srpske krune (in Serbian). Dan online. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
  44. ^ Carol Silverman (24 May 2012). Romani Routes: Cultural Politics and Balkan Music in Diaspora. Oxford University Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-19-530094-9. The brass band has become a Serbian national symbol, and bands such as Boban Markovic are popular on the world music circuit.

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