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|holiday=May 1 |
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|federal_subject=[[Krasnodar Krai]] |
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|inhabloc_cat=City |
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|urban_okrug_jur=Sochi Urban Okrug |
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|leader_name=[[Anatoly Pakhomov]] (acting) |
|leader_name=[[Anatoly Pakhomov]] (acting) |
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|representative_body=[[City Assembly of Sochi|City Assembly]] |
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|area_km2_ref=<ref name=mus/><ref name=bse>[http://bse.sci-lib.com/article104967.html Сочи] in the [[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]] (in Russian)</ref> |
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|pop_census=328809 |
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|established_date=1838 |
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|prev_name1= Chatsha {{lang-ady|(Шъачэ)}} |
|prev_name1= Chatsha {{lang-ady|(Шъачэ)}} |
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|prev_name1_date= 1864 |
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|prev_name2=Dakhovsky |
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|prev_name2_date=1896 |
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|prev_name3=Navaginsky |
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|prev_name3_date=1864 |
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|postal_codes=354000-354999 |
|postal_codes=354000-354999 |
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|postal_codes_ref=<ref name=admin>[http://www.sochiadm.ru/ Official Cite of Sochi]</ref> |
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|dialing_codes=8622 |
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|website=[http://www.sochiadm.ru/ sochiadm.ru] |
|website=[http://www.sochiadm.ru/ sochiadm.ru] |
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'''Sochi''' ({{lang-ru|Сочи}}, {{IPA-ru|ˈsotɕɪ|pron}}) is a [[resort town|resort city]], situated in [[Krasnodar Krai]], [[Russia]], just north of the border of the disputed territory of [[Abkhazia]] (largely recognised as part of the [[Republic of Georgia]]), and the southern Russian border fronting the [[Black Sea]]. It sprawls along the shores of the Black Sea and against the background of the snow-capped peaks of the [[Caucasus Mountains]]. At {{convert|145|km|mi|abbr=on|0}}, Greater Sochi claims to be the longest city in Europe.<ref>[http://www.russia.com/ports/sochi/ Port of Sochi] at Russia.com; Retrieved 8 July 2007</ref> As of the [[Russian Census (2002)|2002 Census]], it had a population of 328,809,<ref name="PopCensus" /> down from 336,514 recorded in the [[Soviet Census (1989)|1989 Census]]. In 2006, the population was estimated to be 395,012.<ref>[http://www.mojgorod.ru/stat/city/tab8020001.html «Мой Город»] Народная энциклопедия городов и регионов России</ref> The city has been selected to be the host of the [[2014 Winter Olympics|XXII Olympic Winter Games]] and [[2014 Winter Paralympics|XI Paralympic Winter Games]] in 2014.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/front_page/6271122.stm Sochi hosts 2014 Winter Olympics] BBC Sport, 4 July 2007</ref> Sochi enjoys a [[humid subtropical climate]]-[[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean-type]].<ref name=koeppen>{{cite web |
'''Sochi''' ({{lang-ru|Сочи}}, {{IPA-ru|ˈsotɕɪ|pron}}) is a [[resort town|resort city]], situated in [[Krasnodar Krai]], [[Russia]], just north of the border of the disputed territory of [[Abkhazia]] (largely recognised as part of the [[Republic of Georgia]]), and the southern Russian border fronting the [[Black Sea]]. It sprawls along the shores of the Black Sea and against the background of the snow-capped peaks of the [[Caucasus Mountains]]. At {{convert|145|km|mi|abbr=on|0}}, Greater Sochi claims to be the longest city in Europe.<ref>[http://www.russia.com/ports/sochi/ Port of Sochi] at Russia.com; Retrieved 8 July 2007</ref> As of the [[Russian Census (2002)|2002 Census]], it had a population of 328,809,<ref name="PopCensus" /> down from 336,514 recorded in the [[Soviet Census (1989)|1989 Census]]. In 2006, the population was estimated to be 395,012.<ref>[http://www.mojgorod.ru/stat/city/tab8020001.html «Мой Город»] Народная энциклопедия городов и регионов России</ref> The city has been selected to be the host of the [[2014 Winter Olympics|XXII Olympic Winter Games]] and [[2014 Winter Paralympics|XI Paralympic Winter Games]] in 2014.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/front_page/6271122.stm Sochi hosts 2014 Winter Olympics] BBC Sport, 4 July 2007</ref> Sochi enjoys a [[humid subtropical climate]]-[[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean-type]].<ref name=koeppen>{{cite web |
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| url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/ |
| url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/ |
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| title=World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification}}</ref><ref |
| title=World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification}}</ref><ref name=s1/> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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{{main|History of Sochi}} |
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{{Citations missing|section|date=November 2008}} |
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[[File:CircassianCoastBattle.JPG|thumb| |
[[File:CircassianCoastBattle.JPG|thumb|An [[Adyghe people|Adyghe]] strike on a Russian fortress during the [[Caucasian War]] in 1840.]] |
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[[File:Sochi-kurort.jpg|thumb |
[[File:Sochi-kurort.jpg|thumb|left|The "Kavkazskaya Riviera" resort in Sochi, ca. 1909]] |
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The [[Zygii]] people lived in [[Smaller Abkhazia|the area]] in [[classical antiquity|antiquity]]. From the 6th to the 11th centuries, the area successively belonged to the kingdoms of [[Egrisi]] and [[Abkhazian Kingdom|Abkhazia]] who built a dozen churches within the city boundaries. From the 11th to the middle of the 15th century it was a part of the [[Georgian Kingdom]]. The Christian settlements along the coast were destroyed by the invading [[Gokturks]], [[Khazars]], and other [[nomadic empire]]s whose control of the region was slight. The northern wall of an 11th-century [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantinesque]] [[basilica]] still stands in [[Loo Microdistrict]]. |
The [[Zygii]] people lived in [[Smaller Abkhazia|the area]] in [[classical antiquity|antiquity]]. From the 6th to the 11th centuries, the area successively belonged to the kingdoms of [[Egrisi]] and [[Abkhazian Kingdom|Abkhazia]] who built a dozen churches within the city boundaries. From the 11th to the middle of the 15th century it was a part of the [[Georgian Kingdom]]. The Christian settlements along the coast were destroyed by the invading [[Gokturks]], [[Khazars]], and other [[nomadic empire]]s whose control of the region was slight. The northern wall of an 11th-century [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantinesque]] [[basilica]] still stands in [[Loo Microdistrict]].{{cn}} |
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In the 14th-17th centuries, the region was dominated by the Abkhaz and Adyghe tribes |
In the 14th-17th centuries, the region was dominated by the Abkhaz and Adyghe tribes, the current location of the city of Sochi known as [[Ubykhia]] was part of historical [[Circassia]], and was controlled by the native people of the [[Ubykh people|local mountaineer]] clans of the north-west Caucasus, nominally under the sovereignty of the [[Ottoman Empire]], which was their principal trading partner in the Muslim world. The coastline was ceded to [[Russia]] in 1829 as a result of a [[Caucasian War]] and [[Russo-Turkish War]], 1828–1829; however, the [[Circassians]] did not admit the Russian control over [[Circassia]] and kept resisting the Russian newly established outposts along the [[Circassians]] coast.<ref name=mus>Exposition of the Historical Museum of Sochi, partly reflected in Russian in [http://www.sochiadm.ru/content/section/35/detail/31/ История Сочи] (History of Sochi) at the official cite of the city</ref><ref name=mus2>[http://english.ruvr.ru/2010/07/05/11511062.html Sochi – from ancient sites to 2014 Olympics], information from the Historical Museum of Sochi</ref> Provision of weapons and ammunition from abroad to the rebels caused a diplomatic conflict between the [[Russian empire|Russian Empire]] and [[British_Empire#Britain.27s_imperial_century_.281815.E2.80.931914.29|Great Britain]] that occurred in 1836 and was named the [[Mission of the Vixen|Mission of Vixen]].<ref>Peter Hopkirk [http://books.google.com/books?id=1_41VGoCYU8C&pg=PA158 The great game: On Secret Service in High Asia], Chapter 12 “The Greatest Fortress in the World”, pp 158-159, Oxford University Press, 2001 ISBN 0192802321</ref> |
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The Russians had no detailed knowledge of the area until Baron [[Feodor Tornau]] secretly investigated the coastal route from [[Gelendzhik]] to [[Gagra]], and across the mountains to [[Kabarda]], in the 1830s. |
The Russians had no detailed knowledge of the area until Baron [[Feodor Tornau]] secretly investigated the coastal route from [[Gelendzhik]] to [[Gagra]], and across the mountains to [[Kabarda]], in the 1830s.{{cn}} |
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In 1838, the fort of Alexandria, renamed Navaginsky a year later, was founded at the mouth of the [[Sochi River]] as part of the |
In 1838, the fort of Alexandria, renamed Navaginsky a year later, was founded at the mouth of the [[Sochi River]] as part of the Black Sea coastal line, a chain of 17 fortifications set up to protect the area from recurring Circassian resistance. At the outbreak of the [[Crimean War]], the garrison was evacuated from Navaginsky in order to prevent its capture by the Turks, who effected a landing on [[Adler, Russia|Cape Adler]] soon after. |
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[[ |
[[File:Karte des Kaukasischen Isthmus - Entworfen und gezeichnet von J-Grassl - 1856.jpg|thumb|''Karte des Kaukasischen Isthmus''. Entworfen und gezeichnet von J. Grassl, 1856.]] |
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The last battle of the [[Caucasian War]] took place at the Godlikh river on 18 March 1864 [[Old Style|O.S.]], where the [[Ubykh people|ubykhs]] were defeated by the Dakhovsky regiment of the Russian Army. On 25 March 1864 the Dakhovsky fort was established on the site of the Navaginsky fort. The end of [[Caucasian War]] was proclaimed at Kbaade tract (modern [[Krasnaya Polyana, Krasnodar Krai|Krasnaya Polyana]]) on 2 June 1864 (21 May [[Old Style|O.S.]]) 1864, by the manifesto of [[Emperor]] [[Alexander II of Russia]] read aloud by [[Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia]]. |
The last battle of the [[Caucasian War]] took place at the Godlikh river on 18 March 1864 [[Old Style|O.S.]], where the [[Ubykh people|ubykhs]] were defeated by the Dakhovsky regiment of the Russian Army. On 25 March 1864 the Dakhovsky fort was established on the site of the Navaginsky fort. The end of [[Caucasian War]] was proclaimed at Kbaade tract (modern [[Krasnaya Polyana, Krasnodar Krai|Krasnaya Polyana]]) on 2 June 1864 (21 May [[Old Style|O.S.]]) 1864, by the manifesto of [[Emperor]] [[Alexander II of Russia]] read aloud by [[Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia]].<ref name=mus/> |
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After the end of [[Caucasian War]] (during the period of |
After the end of [[Caucasian War]] (during the period of 1864–1870) almost all [[Ubykh people|Ubykhs]] and a major part of the [[Shapsugs]], who lived on the territory of modern Sochi, were either killed in the [[Circassian Genocide]] or expelled to the [[Ottoman Empire]] (see [[Muhajir (Caucasus)|Muhajir]]). Starting in 1866 the coast was actively colonized by Russians, Armenians, Ukrainians, Belorussians, Greeks, Estonians, Germans, Moldavians, Georgians and other people from inner Russia.<ref name=mus/><ref name=mus2/> |
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In |
In 1874–1891, the first Russian [[Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] church, [[Saint Michael's Church, Sochi|St. Michael's Church]], was constructed, and the Dakhovsky settlement was renamed ''Dakhovsky'' [[Posad]] on 13 April 1874 ([[Old Style|O.S.]]). In February 1890, the Sochi Lighthouse was constructed. In 1896, the Dakhovsky [[Posad]] was renamed ''Sochi'' [[Posad]] (after the name of local river) and incorporated into the newly formed [[Black Sea Governorate]]. In 1900–1910 Sochi burgeoned into a sea resort. The first resort, "Kavkazskaya Riviera", opened on 14 June 1909 ([[Old Style|O.S.]]). Sochi was granted municipal rights in 1917.<ref name=mus/> |
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During the [[Russian Civil War]], the littoral area saw [[Sochi conflict|sporadic armed clashes]] involving the [[Red Army]], [[White movement]] forces, and the [[Democratic Republic of Georgia]]. In |
During the [[Russian Civil War]], the littoral area saw [[Sochi conflict|sporadic armed clashes]] involving the [[Red Army]], [[White movement]] forces, and the [[Democratic Republic of Georgia]]. In 192,3 Sochi acquired one of its most distinctive features, a [[North Caucasus Railway|railway which runs]] from [[Tuapse]] to [[Abkhazia]] within a kilometre or two of the coastline. Although this branch of the [[Northern Caucasus Railway]] may appear somewhat incongruous in the setting of beaches and sanatoriums, it is still operational and vital to the region's transportation infrastructure.<ref name=mus/> |
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Sochi was established as a fashionable resort area under [[Joseph Stalin]], who had his favourite [[dacha]] built in the city; Stalin's study, complete with a wax statue of the leader, is now open to the public.<ref>[http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=298313&area=/insight/insight__escape/ ''Stalin's ghost haunts Black Sea hotel''] at Mail & Guardian Online, Retrieved 7 July 2007</ref> During Stalin's reign the coast became dotted with imposing [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] buildings, exemplified by the opulent Rodina and Ordzhonikidze sanatoriums. The centrepiece of this early period is [[Alexey Shchusev|Shchusev]]'s [[Constructivist architecture|Constructivist]] Institute of Rheumatology (1927–31). The area was continuously developed until the demise of the Soviet Union. |
Sochi was established as a fashionable resort area under [[Joseph Stalin]], who had his favourite [[dacha]] built in the city; Stalin's study, complete with a wax statue of the leader, is now open to the public.<ref>[http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=298313&area=/insight/insight__escape/ ''Stalin's ghost haunts Black Sea hotel''] at Mail & Guardian Online, Retrieved 7 July 2007</ref> During Stalin's reign the coast became dotted with imposing [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] buildings, exemplified by the opulent Rodina and Ordzhonikidze sanatoriums. The centrepiece of this early period is [[Alexey Shchusev|Shchusev]]'s [[Constructivist architecture|Constructivist]] Institute of Rheumatology (1927–31). The area was continuously developed until the demise of the Soviet Union.<ref name=mus/> |
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Following Russia's loss of the traditionally popular resorts of the [[Crimea]]n peninsula (transferred away from the [[RSFSR|Russian SFSR]] to the [[Ukrainian SSR]] in 1954 by [[Nikita Khrushchev]]), Sochi emerged as the unofficial [[summer capital]] of the country. During [[Vladimir Putin]]'s term in office, the city witnessed a significant increase in investment, although many Russian holidaymakers still flock to the cheaper resorts of neighbouring [[Abkhazia]], [[Ukraine]], or to the Mediterranean coast of [[Turkey]]. |
Following Russia's loss of the traditionally popular resorts of the [[Crimea]]n peninsula (transferred away from the [[RSFSR|Russian SFSR]] to the [[Ukrainian SSR]] in 1954 by [[Nikita Khrushchev]]), Sochi emerged as the unofficial [[summer capital]] of the country. During [[Vladimir Putin]]'s term in office, the city witnessed a significant increase in investment, although many Russian holidaymakers still flock to the cheaper resorts of neighbouring [[Abkhazia]], [[Ukraine]], or to the Mediterranean coast of [[Turkey]].{{cn}} |
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Additionally, Sochi has also served as the location for the signing of many [[Sochi agreement|treaties]], especially those between the [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]], [[Abkhazia]]n, and [[South Ossetia]]n governing authorities. |
Additionally, Sochi has also served as the location for the signing of many [[Sochi agreement|treaties]], especially those between the [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]], [[Abkhazia]]n, and [[South Ossetia]]n governing authorities. |
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==Population== |
==Population== |
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{| class="wikitable" style=" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
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|- |
|- |
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! Year |
! Year |
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! Total population |
! Total population |
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! Urban population |
! Urban population |
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|- |
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|-----align=right |
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| 1887 || 98 || no data |
| 1887 || 98 || no data |
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|- |
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|-----align=right |
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| 1891 || 460 || no data |
| 1891 || 460 || no data |
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|- |
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|-----align=right |
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| 1897 || 1,352 || no data |
| 1897 || 1,352 || no data |
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|- |
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|-----align=right |
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| 1904 || 8,163 || no data |
| 1904 || 8,163 || no data |
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|- |
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|-----align=right |
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| 1916 || 13,254 || no data |
| 1916 || 13,254 || no data |
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|- |
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|-----align=right |
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| 1926 || 13,000 || no data |
| 1926 || 13,000 || no data |
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|- |
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|-----align=right |
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| 1939 || 72,597 || 49,813 |
| 1939 || 72,597 || 49,813 |
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|- |
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|-----align=right |
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| 1959 || 127,000 || 81,912 |
| 1959 || 127,000 || 81,912 |
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|- |
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|-----align=right |
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| 1970 || 245,300 || 203,100 |
| 1970 || 245,300 || 203,100 |
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|- |
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|-----align=right |
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| 1979 || 292,300 || 245,600 |
| 1979 || 292,300 || 245,600 |
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|- |
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|-----align=right |
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| 1989 || 361,200 || 314,766 |
| 1989 || 361,200 || 314,766 |
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|- |
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|-----align=right |
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| 1992 || 369,900 || 322,400 |
| 1992 || 369,900 || 322,400 |
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|- |
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|-----align=right |
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| 1994 || 378,300 || no data |
| 1994 || 378,300 || no data |
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|- |
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|-----align=right |
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| 1997 || 388,200 || no data |
| 1997 || 388,200 || no data |
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|- |
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|-----align=right |
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| 2002 || 397,103 || 328,809 |
| 2002 || 397,103 || 328,809 |
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|- |
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|-----align=right |
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| 2006 || 395,012 || 329,481 |
| 2006 || 395,012 || 329,481 |
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|- |
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|-----align=right |
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| 2007 || 402,043 || 331,059 |
| 2007 || 402,043 || 331,059 |
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|- |
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|-----align=right |
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| 2008 || 406,800 || 334,282 |
| 2008 || 406,800 || 334,282 |
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|- |
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|-----align=right |
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| 2009 || 410,987 || 337,947 |
| 2009 || 410,987 || 337,947 |
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|- |
|- |
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| colspan=3 |
| colspan=3|{{Small|''Sources:''}}<ref>Population of Russian Federation by cities, towns, and districts as of 1 January 2007: [[Rosstat]] – Moscow, 2007</ref><ref>Половинкина Т. В. Сочинское Причерноморье – Нальчик (2006) pp. 216-218</ref> |
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|} |
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==Geography== |
==Geography== |
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===Climate=== |
===Climate=== |
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Sochi has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Koppen climate classification]] ''Cfa'')<ref name="koeppen"/> |
Sochi has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Koppen climate classification]] ''Cfa'')<ref name="koeppen"/> – [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean-type]], at the lower elevations. Its average annual temperature is {{convert|14|°C|°F|abbr=on}}: {{convert|18.2|°C|°F|abbr=on}} during the day and {{convert|10.8|°C|°F|abbr=on}} at night. In the coldest month – January – the average temperature is about {{convert|9|°C|°F|abbr=on}} during the day, the average sea temperature is about {{convert|9|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. In the warmest months – July and August – the temperature typically ranges from {{convert|25|to|29|C|F}} during the day, about {{convert|20|°C|°F|abbr=on}} at night and the average sea temperature is about {{convert|23|-|24|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. Yearly sunshine hours is about 2,200. Generally, the summer season lasting to 6 months (from May to October). December, January, February and March is the coldest months, with average temperature (of these four months) {{convert|10.6|°C|°F|abbr=on}} during the day and {{convert|4.1|°C|°F|abbr=on}} at night. Average annual [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] is about 1,500 mm.<ref name="GSE">[[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]] [http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/bse/article/00073/53400.htm?text=%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8 Entry on Sochi] {{Ru icon}}</ref><ref name=s1>{{cite journal|author=V. A. Drozdov, O. B. Glezer, T. G. Nefedova and I. V. Shabdurasulov|year=1992|doi=10.1007/BF00717701|title=Ecological and geographical characteristics of the coastal zone of the Black Sea|journal=GeoJournal|volume=27|issue=2|pages=169-178}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Elena A. Rybak, Oleg O. Rybak and Yuri V. Zasedatelev |year=1994|doi=10.1007/BF00813147|title=Complex geographical analysis of the Greater Sochi region on the Black Sea coast|journal=GeoJournal|volume=34|issue=4|pages=507-513}}</ref> Sochi lies at 8b/9a [[hardiness zone]], so the city supports different types of palm trees. Sochi is situated on the same latitude as [[Nice]] but strong cold winds from Asia makes winter less warm. In fact, temperatures drop below zero every winter for one or two days. |
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{{Weather box |
{{Weather box |
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|location = Sochi ( |
|location = Sochi (1971–2000) |
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|metric first = Yes |
|metric first = Yes |
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|single line = Yes |
|single line = Yes |
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|year sun = 2174 |
|year sun = 2174 |
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|source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net<ref name="pogoda">{{cite web |
|source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net<ref name="pogoda">{{cite web |
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| url = http://pogoda.ru.net/climate/37171.htm |
| url = http://pogoda.ru.net/climate/37171.htm|title = Pogoda.ru.net| accessdate = 7 September 2007| publisher =|language = Russian}}</ref>, [[Hong Kong Observatory]]<ref>[http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/russia/soci_e.htm "Climatological Information for Soci, Russia"] – Hong Kong Observatory</ref> <small>for data of avg. precipitation days & sunshine hours</small> |
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|date=August 2010}} |
|date=August 2010}} |
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===Layout and landmarks=== |
===Layout and landmarks=== |
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Sochi is almost unique among larger Russian cities as having some aspects of a [[subtropical]] resort. Apart from the scenic [[Caucasus Mountains]], pebble and sand [[beach]]es, the city attracts [[tourism|vacation-goers]] with its subtropical vegetation, numerous parks, monuments, and extravagant [[Stalinist architecture]]. About two million people visit Greater Sochi each summer,<ref>{{cite news |
Sochi is almost unique among larger Russian cities as having some aspects of a [[subtropical]] resort. Apart from the scenic [[Caucasus Mountains]], pebble and sand [[beach]]es, the city attracts [[tourism|vacation-goers]] with its subtropical vegetation, numerous parks, monuments, and extravagant [[Stalinist architecture]]. About two million people visit Greater Sochi each summer,<ref>{{cite news|title=Сочи, Пхенчхан и Зальцбург — претенденты на Олимпиаду-2014|url=http://www.itar-tass.com/level2.html?NewsID=11684508&PageNum=0|format=in Russian|publisher=[[ITAR-TASS]]|date=4 July 2007| accessdate=9 July 2007}}</ref> when the city is home to the annual film festival "[[Kinotavr]]" and a getaway for Russia's elite. |
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A [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]], the {{convert|2957|km2|acre}} [[Western Caucasus|Caucasian Biosphere Reserve]], lies just north from the city.<ref>[http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/900/ Western Caucasus] at Unesco Heritage Site and [http://maps.google.com/maps?near=%2B44%C2%B0+0'+0.00%22,+%2B40%C2%B0+0'+0.00%22+(44.000000,+40.000000)&geocode=&q=Sochi&f=l&hl=en&ie=UTF8&z=9&om=1 Google Maps search for Sochi near 44°N 40°E] Retrieved 7 July 2007</ref> Sochi also has [[Europe]]'s most northerly [[tea]] [[plantation]]s. It is served by the [[Adler-Sochi International Airport]]. The [[Sochi Light Metro]] is under construction, projected to be complete by 2014. |
A [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]], the {{convert|2957|km2|acre}} [[Western Caucasus|Caucasian Biosphere Reserve]], lies just north from the city.<ref>[http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/900/ Western Caucasus] at Unesco Heritage Site and [http://maps.google.com/maps?near=%2B44%C2%B0+0'+0.00%22,+%2B40%C2%B0+0'+0.00%22+(44.000000,+40.000000)&geocode=&q=Sochi&f=l&hl=en&ie=UTF8&z=9&om=1 Google Maps search for Sochi near 44°N 40°E] Retrieved 7 July 2007</ref> Sochi also has [[Europe]]'s most northerly [[tea]] [[plantation]]s. It is served by the [[Adler-Sochi International Airport]]. The [[Sochi Light Metro]] is under construction, projected to be complete by 2014. |
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[[ |
[[File:Sochi sea port.jpg|thumb|right|Sochi Maritime Terminal]] |
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[[ |
[[File:Sochi train station palmtree.jpg|thumb|Sochi rail station]] |
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{{See|Tsentralny City District, Sochi|:Category:Tsentralny City District}} |
{{See|Tsentralny City District, Sochi|:Category:Tsentralny City District}} |
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[[Tsentralny City District, Sochi|Central City District]], or Sochi proper, covers an area of {{km2 to mi2|32}} and, as of [[Russian Census (2002)|2002 Census]] has a population of 133,935. The highlights include: |
[[Tsentralny City District, Sochi|Central City District]], or Sochi proper, covers an area of {{km2 to mi2|32}} and, as of [[Russian Census (2002)|2002 Census]] has a population of 133,935. The highlights include: |
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*[[Archangel Cathedral, Sochi|Michael Archangel Cathedral]], a diminutive church built in |
*[[Archangel Cathedral, Sochi|Michael Archangel Cathedral]], a diminutive church built in 1873–1891 to [[Alexander Kaminsky|Kaminsky]]'s designs in order to commemorate the victorious conclusion of the [[Caucasian War]]. |
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*The red-granite Archangel Column, erected in 2006 in memory of the Russian soldiers fallen in Sochi during the Caucasian War. It is capped by a 7-metre bronze statue of Sochi's patron saint, [[Michael the Archangel]]. |
*The red-granite Archangel Column, erected in 2006 in memory of the Russian soldiers fallen in Sochi during the Caucasian War. It is capped by a 7-metre bronze statue of Sochi's patron saint, [[Michael the Archangel]]. |
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*Sochi Art Museum occupies a large building with a four-columned portico, completed in 1939. The |
*Sochi Art Museum occupies a large building with a four-columned portico, completed in 1939. The [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] design is by [[Ivan Zholtovsky]]. |
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*[[Arboretum]], a large botanical garden with tropical trees from many countries and the Mayors Alley — the line of palm-trees planted by the mayors of different cities of the world. |
*[[Arboretum]], a large botanical garden with tropical trees from many countries and the Mayors Alley — the line of palm-trees planted by the mayors of different cities of the world. |
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*The Winter Theatre ( |
*The Winter Theatre (1934–1937) is another rigorously Neoclassical edifice, surrounded by 88 Corinthian columns, with a pediment bearing the statues of [[Terpsichore]], [[Melpomene]] and [[Thalia]], all three cast by [[Vera Mukhina]]. |
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*Hall of Organ and Chamber Music. |
*Hall of Organ and Chamber Music. Located centrally in the city of Sochi it conducts organ, symphony, chamber-ensemble, choral, vocal music concerts. All year round local actors of the city art groups, famous Russian and international performers, International Contests Winners and Laureates give concerts here. |
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*The Maritime Passenger Terminal (1955) is notable for its distinctive 71-metre-high steepled tower and four statues symbolizing the [[cardinal points]]. |
*The Maritime Passenger Terminal (1955) is notable for its distinctive 71-metre-high steepled tower and four statues symbolizing the [[cardinal points]]. |
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*The Railway |
*The Railway Station (1952) is one of the most remarkable buildings of Sochi. |
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*The Riviera Park was established by Vasily Alexeevich Khludov in 1883 in the part of the city which later became known as Khludovskaya. The park is popular with tourists and local residents alike. It has a variety of attractions, including an outcrop of funny statues and a "glade of friendship" where [[magnolia]] trees were planted by every Soviet [[cosmonaut]], among other notables. |
*The Riviera Park was established by Vasily Alexeevich Khludov in 1883 in the part of the city which later became known as Khludovskaya. The park is popular with tourists and local residents alike. It has a variety of attractions, including an outcrop of funny statues and a "glade of friendship" where [[magnolia]] trees were planted by every Soviet [[cosmonaut]], among other notables. |
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*The Tree of Friendship is a lemon tree planted by [[Otto Schmidt]] in 1934. Multiple cultivars from foreign countries were grafted onto this tree as a token of friendship. The associated museum boasts a collection of 20,000 presents from all over the world. |
*The Tree of Friendship is a lemon tree planted by [[Otto Schmidt]] in 1934. Multiple cultivars from foreign countries were grafted onto this tree as a token of friendship. The associated museum boasts a collection of 20,000 presents from all over the world. |
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{{See|Lazarevsky City District, Sochi|:Category:Lazarevsky City District}} |
{{See|Lazarevsky City District, Sochi|:Category:Lazarevsky City District}} |
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[[File:Subashi desant.jpg|thumb |
[[File:Subashi desant.jpg|thumb|right|The landing of [[Nikolay Raevsky]]'s squadron at Subashi, as depicted in 1839 by [[Ivan Aivazovsky]], an eyewitness to the event]] |
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[[File:Letniy theatre Sochi.jpg|thumb|right |
[[File:Letniy theatre Sochi.jpg|thumb|right|The Summer Theatre]] |
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[[Lazarevsky City District]] lies to the north-west from the city centre and has a population of 63,239 people (2002 Census). It is the largest city district by area, covering some {{km2 to mi2|1744}} and comprising several [[microdistrict]]s: |
[[Lazarevsky City District]] lies to the north-west from the city centre and has a population of 63,239 people (2002 Census). It is the largest city district by area, covering some {{km2 to mi2|1744}} and comprising several [[microdistrict]]s: |
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====Khostinsky City District==== |
====Khostinsky City District==== |
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{{See|Khostinsky City District, Sochi|:Category:Khostinsky City District}} |
{{See|Khostinsky City District, Sochi|:Category:Khostinsky City District}} |
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[[File:Dendrarium Sochi Mauritanian arbour.jpg|thumb|right |
[[File:Dendrarium Sochi Mauritanian arbour.jpg|thumb|right|Sochi [[Arboretum]]]] |
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[[Khostinsky City District]], sprawling to the south-east from the city centre, occupies approximately {{km2 to mi2|374}}, with a population of 62,515 (2002 Census). The district is traversed by many rivulets which give their names to the sub-districts of Matsesta ("flame-coloured river"), Kudepsta, and Khosta ("the river of boars"): |
[[Khostinsky City District]], sprawling to the south-east from the city centre, occupies approximately {{km2 to mi2|374}}, with a population of 62,515 (2002 Census). The district is traversed by many rivulets which give their names to the sub-districts of Matsesta ("flame-coloured river"), Kudepsta, and Khosta ("the river of boars"): |
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*[[Matsesta]] has been a [[spa]] since 1902. A 1,316-metre long tunnel, constructed between 1996 and 2000, connects it to Khosta and Sochi proper. The area does not retain many marks of antiquity, although the eponymous river was noted as Masaitica as early as 137 AD, in a letter from [[Arrian]] to Emperor [[Hadrian]]. |
*[[Matsesta]] has been a [[spa]] since 1902. A 1,316-metre long tunnel, constructed between 1996 and 2000, connects it to Khosta and Sochi proper. The area does not retain many marks of antiquity, although the eponymous river was noted as Masaitica as early as 137 AD, in a letter from [[Arrian]] to Emperor [[Hadrian]]. |
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====Adlersky City District==== |
====Adlersky City District==== |
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{{See|Adlersky City District|:Category:Adlersky City District}} |
{{See|Adlersky City District|:Category:Adlersky City District}} |
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[[ |
[[File:Forel farm Sochi.jpg|thumb|A [[fish farming|trout farm]] in Adler.]] |
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Adlersky City District, with an area of {{km2 to mi2|1352}} and a population of 69,120 people (2002 Census), is the southernmost district of the city, located just north of the border with [[Abkhazia]]. Until the establishment of Greater Sochi in 1961, it was administered as a separate town, which had its origin in an ancient [[Sadz]] village and a medieval [[Genoa|Genoese]] trading post. |
Adlersky City District, with an area of {{km2 to mi2|1352}} and a population of 69,120 people (2002 Census), is the southernmost district of the city, located just north of the border with [[Abkhazia]]. Until the establishment of Greater Sochi in 1961, it was administered as a separate town, which had its origin in an ancient [[Sadz]] village and a medieval [[Genoa|Genoese]] trading post. |
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In June 2006, the [[International Olympic Committee]] announced that Sochi had been selected as a finalist city to host the [[2014 Winter Olympics]] and the [[2014 Winter Paralympics]]. On 4 July 2007, Sochi was announced as the host city of the 2014 Winter Games, edging out [[Pyeongchang]], [[South Korea]] and [[Salzburg]], [[Austria]].<ref name="Host">{{cite web|url=http://olympic.org/uk/news/olympic_news/full_story_uk.asp?id=2221|title=Sochi Elected as Host City of XXII Olympic Winter Games|author=International Olympic Committee|date=4 July 2007|accessdate=4 July 2007}}</ref> |
In June 2006, the [[International Olympic Committee]] announced that Sochi had been selected as a finalist city to host the [[2014 Winter Olympics]] and the [[2014 Winter Paralympics]]. On 4 July 2007, Sochi was announced as the host city of the 2014 Winter Games, edging out [[Pyeongchang]], [[South Korea]] and [[Salzburg]], [[Austria]].<ref name="Host">{{cite web|url=http://olympic.org/uk/news/olympic_news/full_story_uk.asp?id=2221|title=Sochi Elected as Host City of XXII Olympic Winter Games|author=International Olympic Committee|date=4 July 2007|accessdate=4 July 2007}}</ref> |
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This will be [[Russia|the Russian Federation]]'s first time to host the Winter Olympic Games, and the first time to host the Paralympic Games. The site of a training centre for aspiring Olympic athletes, as of 2008, the city has no world-class level athletic facilities fit for international competition.<ref name="A Major Tuneup for a Sports Machine">[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/29/sports/olympics/29russia.html?pagewanted=2 A Major Tuneup for a Sports Machine] NYTimes.com, 29 July 2008</ref> |
This will be [[Russia|the Russian Federation]]'s first time to host the Winter Olympic Games, and the first time to host the Paralympic Games. The site of a training centre for aspiring Olympic athletes, as of 2008, the city has no world-class level athletic facilities fit for international competition.<ref name="A Major Tuneup for a Sports Machine">[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/29/sports/olympics/29russia.html?pagewanted=2 A Major Tuneup for a Sports Machine] NYTimes.com, 29 July 2008</ref> To get the city ready for the Olympics, the Russian government has committed to a $12 billion investment package,<ref>[http://sportsline.com/olympics/story/10246121/2 sportsline.com: Sochi, Russia wins, awarded 2014 Winter Olympics]</ref> shared 60-40 between the government and private sector.<ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/09/13/sports/EU_SPT_OLY_2014_Sochi_Environment.php Iht.com: ''Sochi Olympic bid organizers says venue projects conform to environmental norms, federal law''], Retrieved 7 July 2007</ref> By some estimates, the investments necessary to bring the location up to Olympic standards may exceed that of any previous Olympic games.<ref name="A Major Tuneup for a Sports Machine"/> |
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===Sochi Olympics 2014 Site: Controversies=== |
===Sochi Olympics 2014 Site: Controversies=== |
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====Environmental impact==== |
====Environmental impact==== |
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"Sadly, the Olympic bid is being used as a way for construction companies simply to get their hands on the most valuable land," [[Greenpeace]] Russia’s Mikhail Kreindlin said. "The last time the Russian government looked at this issue, which was in January, 2007 they made no mention of the Olympic bid. They simply said that the land could be used for social infrastructure, whereas it was patently obvious that it would be snapped up by elite resorts and golf clubs [with] nothing to do with the Olympics."<ref name="rferl1">[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/02/c2b059d1-2dce-468e-8adf-8d564ed42be9.html Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty: ''Russia: Environmentalists Oppose Sochi's Olympic Bid''] Retrieved 7 July 2007</ref> Putin had apparently chided construction firms working round-the-clock to get Sochi up to ready, the ''[[St. Petersburg Times (Russia)|St. Petersburg Times]]'' reported.<ref>[http://www.sptimes.ru/index.php?action_id=2&story_id=20761 The St. Petersburg Times: ''Putin Takes to Slopes to Back Olympic Bid''] Retrieved 7 July 2007</ref> "It would be a huge mistake not to take into account what the environmental organizations think", said Putin. "We are going to make sure that builders maintain contact with" environmentalists, who had voiced concerns about the work’s impact on the [[Sochi National Park]], in |
"Sadly, the Olympic bid is being used as a way for construction companies simply to get their hands on the most valuable land," [[Greenpeace]] Russia’s Mikhail Kreindlin said. "The last time the Russian government looked at this issue, which was in January, 2007 they made no mention of the Olympic bid. They simply said that the land could be used for social infrastructure, whereas it was patently obvious that it would be snapped up by elite resorts and golf clubs [with] nothing to do with the Olympics."<ref name="rferl1">[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/02/c2b059d1-2dce-468e-8adf-8d564ed42be9.html Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty: ''Russia: Environmentalists Oppose Sochi's Olympic Bid''] Retrieved 7 July 2007</ref> Putin had apparently chided construction firms working round-the-clock to get Sochi up to ready, the ''[[St. Petersburg Times (Russia)|St. Petersburg Times]]'' reported.<ref>[http://www.sptimes.ru/index.php?action_id=2&story_id=20761 The St. Petersburg Times: ''Putin Takes to Slopes to Back Olympic Bid''] Retrieved 7 July 2007</ref> "It would be a huge mistake not to take into account what the environmental organizations think", said Putin. "We are going to make sure that builders maintain contact with" environmentalists, who had voiced concerns about the work’s impact on the [[Sochi National Park]], in [[Western Caucasus]]. |
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Greenpeace Russia had told the [[United States|US]]-funded Radio Liberty<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/09/37f77b4d-d9d5-48c2-a82c-d6be14ad8cfc.html Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty: ''Sochi Olympic Bid Faces Greenpeace Challenge''] Retrieved 7 July 2007</ref> on 12 September 2006 that it wanted to prevent construction work inside a national park, which it said would break Russia's environmental protection laws. |
Greenpeace Russia had told the [[United States|US]]-funded Radio Liberty<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/09/37f77b4d-d9d5-48c2-a82c-d6be14ad8cfc.html Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty: ''Sochi Olympic Bid Faces Greenpeace Challenge''] Retrieved 7 July 2007</ref> on 12 September 2006 that it wanted to prevent construction work inside a national park, which it said would break Russia's environmental protection laws. |
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====Construction work==== |
====Construction work==== |
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[[File:Krasnaya Polyana 08.jpg|right |
[[File:Krasnaya Polyana 08.jpg|right|thumb|Ski resort of [[Krasnaya Polyana, Krasnodar Krai|Krasnaya Polyana]]]] |
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The state-controlled [[RAO UES]] announced in July 2007 that it might spend 30 billion roubles (about US$1.2billion) on upgrading the electrical power system in the Sochi area by 2014.<ref>[http://www.kommersant.com/p780519/public_utilities/ Kommersant: ''Power Supply to Be Stepped Up to Sochi by 2014''] Retrieved 7 July 2007</ref> The power generating companies [[Inter RAO UES]] and [[RusHydro]] would have to build or modernize four thermal power plants and four hydroelectric plants — and the federal grid company [[FGC UES]] has to replace the Central-Shepsi electricity transmission line, which reportedly often fails in bad weather. The new power line would run partly on power towers and partly across the bottom of the Black Sea. By 2011, the power supply of the resort area would increase by 1129 MW — of which 300 MW would be used for Olympic sports facilities “The cost of the work is estimated at 83.6 billion roubles (about US $3.26 billion), of which 50 billion roubles (about US$2 billion dollars) will go to investments in the electricity grid,” power company announced. They did not say how much of the bill the state would foot. In February 2007, when UES had planned to spend 48.8 billion roubles (about US$1.9 billion) on the Sochi area, the share the state had been ready to pay 38 billion roubles (about US$1.48 billion) of that. |
The state-controlled [[RAO UES]] announced in July 2007 that it might spend 30 billion roubles (about US$1.2billion) on upgrading the electrical power system in the Sochi area by 2014.<ref>[http://www.kommersant.com/p780519/public_utilities/ Kommersant: ''Power Supply to Be Stepped Up to Sochi by 2014''] Retrieved 7 July 2007</ref> The power generating companies [[Inter RAO UES]] and [[RusHydro]] would have to build or modernize four thermal power plants and four hydroelectric plants — and the federal grid company [[FGC UES]] has to replace the Central-Shepsi electricity transmission line, which reportedly often fails in bad weather. The new power line would run partly on power towers and partly across the bottom of the Black Sea. By 2011, the power supply of the resort area would increase by 1129 MW — of which 300 MW would be used for Olympic sports facilities “The cost of the work is estimated at 83.6 billion roubles (about US $3.26 billion), of which 50 billion roubles (about US$2 billion dollars) will go to investments in the electricity grid,” power company announced. They did not say how much of the bill the state would foot. In February 2007, when UES had planned to spend 48.8 billion roubles (about US$1.9 billion) on the Sochi area, the share the state had been ready to pay 38 billion roubles (about US$1.48 billion) of that. |
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==Other sports events== |
==Other sports events== |
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The Silk way Rally which is part of Dakkar series took place in Sochi in 2010 for the last stage between the Capital of the [[ |
The Silk way Rally which is part of Dakkar series took place in Sochi in 2010 for the last stage between the Capital of the [[Republic of Adygea|Adygheya Republic]] [[Maikop]] to the city of Sochi through [[Lazarevskoye Microdistrict|Pseshwap]]<ref>[http://www.silkwayrally.com/ Silk Way Rally]</ref>. |
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The [[Bandy World Championships]] 2014 will be held in the city at the same time as the Olympic and Paralympic Games. |
The [[Bandy World Championships]] 2014 will be held in the city at the same time as the Olympic and Paralympic Games. |
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==Notable people from Sochi== |
==Notable people from Sochi== |
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*[[Yuri Nikolaevich Denisyuk]] |
*[[Yuri Nikolaevich Denisyuk]] – Physicist, one of the founders of [[holography]] |
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*[[Andre Geim]] |
*[[Andre Geim]] – Physicist, inventor of [[graphene]] and Nobel Prize winner (Physics, 2010) <ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2010/sci.html# The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010: Andre Geim, Konstantin Novoselov], Nobel Prize winners (Physics, 2010)</ref> |
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*[[Yevgeny Kafelnikov]] |
*[[Yevgeny Kafelnikov]] – [[tennis]] player |
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*[[Grigory Leps]] |
*[[Grigory Leps]] – [[singer]]-[[songwriter]], [[musician]] |
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*[[Slava Metreveli]] |
*[[Slava Metreveli]] – [[Soviet]] [[Association football|football]] player, Sochi's central stadium is named after him. |
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*[[Boris Nemtsov]] |
*[[Boris Nemtsov]] – former Deputy Prime Minister of Russia |
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*[[Mordechai Spiegler]] |
*[[Mordechai Spiegler]] – 1970s Russian-[[Israel]]i [[Football (soccer)|football]] player and manager. |
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*[[Vladimir Tkachenko]] |
*[[Vladimir Tkachenko]] – basketball player |
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*[[Alexey Voevoda]] |
*[[Alexey Voevoda]] – bobsledder and professional armwrestler |
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==International relations== |
==International relations== |
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{{Main|List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia}} |
{{Main|List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia}} |
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=== |
===Sister cities=== |
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Sochi has been twinned with the following cities: |
Sochi has been twinned with the following cities: |
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{{col-begin}} |
{{col-begin}} |
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* {{flagicon|Italy}} '''[[Rimini]]''', [[Italy]] (from 1977)<ref>[http://wwwold.comune.rimini.it/sez_comune/gemellaggi/index.shtml Official website of Rimini]</ref> |
* {{flagicon|Italy}} '''[[Rimini]]''', [[Italy]] (from 1977)<ref>[http://wwwold.comune.rimini.it/sez_comune/gemellaggi/index.shtml Official website of Rimini]</ref> |
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* {{flagicon|Finland}} '''[[Espoo]]''', [[Finland]] (from 1989)<ref>[http://www.espoo.fi/binary.asp?path=1;28;11894;49602;24015;24021;37508;61774;61775&field=FileAttachment Official website of Espoo]</ref> |
* {{flagicon|Finland}} '''[[Espoo]]''', [[Finland]] (from 1989)<ref>[http://www.espoo.fi/binary.asp?path=1;28;11894;49602;24015;24021;37508;61774;61775&field=FileAttachment Official website of Espoo]</ref> |
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* {{flagicon|United States}} '''[[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]]''', [[California]], [[United States]] (from 1990)<ref name="sisters">Sister Cities information obtained from [http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/NIS/Russia/index [[Sister Cities International]]], Inc. (SCI) |
* {{flagicon|United States}} '''[[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]]''', [[California]], [[United States]] (from 1990)<ref name="sisters">Sister Cities information obtained from [http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/NIS/Russia/index [[Sister Cities International]]], Inc. (SCI), Retrieved 5 July 2007</ref> |
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* {{flagicon|Ukraine}} '''[[Kerch]]''', [[Ukraine]] (from 2005) |
* {{flagicon|Ukraine}} '''[[Kerch]]''', [[Ukraine]] (from 2005) |
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{{col-2}} |
{{col-2}} |
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* {{flagicon|Lebanon}} '''[[Sidon]]''', [[Lebanon]] (from 2005) |
* {{flagicon|Lebanon}} '''[[Sidon]]''', [[Lebanon]] (from 2005) |
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* {{flagicon|Philippines}} '''[[Las Pinas]]''', [[Philippines]] (from 2005) |
* {{flagicon|Philippines}} '''[[Las Pinas]]''', [[Philippines]] (from 2005) |
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* {{flagicon|Greece}} '''[[Volos]]''', [[Greece]] (from 2007)<ref>{{cite news |
* {{flagicon|Greece}} '''[[Volos]]''', [[Greece]] (from 2007)<ref>{{cite news|title=Греческий Волос и российский Сочи стали городами-побратимами|url=http://www.interfax.ru/r/B/ug/182.html?menu=35&id_issue=11749829|publisher=[[Interfax]]|date=26 May 2005|accessdate=8 July 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070930223556/http://www.interfax.ru/r/B/ug/182.html?menu=35&id_issue=11749829 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 30 September 2007}}</ref> |
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{{col-end}} |
{{col-end}} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[Tuapse]] and [[Gelendzhik]] |
*[[Tuapse]] and [[Gelendzhik]] – Russian coast towns immediately to the north |
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*[[Gagra]] and [[Pitsunda]] |
*[[Gagra]] and [[Pitsunda]] – adjacent resorts in [[Abkhazia]] |
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*[[Sochi International Airport]] |
*[[Sochi International Airport]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} |
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} |
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*[http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=creator:%22Bell,%20James%20Stanislaus%22 Journal of a residence in Circassia during the years 1837, 1838, and 1839 |
*[http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=creator:%22Bell,%20James%20Stanislaus%22 Journal of a residence in Circassia during the years 1837, 1838, and 1839 – Bell, James Stanislaus (English)] |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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Revision as of 05:52, 11 October 2010
Sochi
Сочи | |
|---|---|
 View of Sochi and the Black Sea | |
.png) Flag .png) Coat of arms | |
Location of Sochi  | |
  Sochi Location of Sochi .svg) Sochi Sochi (Krasnodar Krai) | |
| Coordinates: 43°35′7″N 39°43′13″E / 43.58528°N 39.72028°E | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal subject | Krasnodar Krai |
| Founded | 1838[2][3] |
| Government | |
| • Body | City Assembly[1] |
| • Head | Anatoly Pakhomov (acting)[1] |
| Area | |
| • Total | 3,505 km2 (1,353 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 65 m (213 ft) |
| Population | |
| • Estimate (2018)[4] | 424,281 |
| • Urban okrug | Sochi Urban Okrug[1] |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (MSK  [5]) |
| Postal code(s)[1] | 354000-354999 |
| Dialing code(s) | +7 8622[1] |
| OKTMO ID | 03726000001 |
| Website | [[1] www |
Sochi (Russian: Сочи, pronounced [ˈsotɕɪ]) is a resort city, situated in Krasnodar Krai, Russia, just north of the border of the disputed territory of Abkhazia (largely recognised as part of the Republic of Georgia), and the southern Russian border fronting the Black Sea. It sprawls along the shores of the Black Sea and against the background of the snow-capped peaks of the Caucasus Mountains. At 145 km (90 mi), Greater Sochi claims to be the longest city in Europe.[6] As of the 2002 Census, it had a population of 328,809,[7] down from 336,514 recorded in the 1989 Census. In 2006, the population was estimated to be 395,012.[8] The city has been selected to be the host of the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games in 2014.[9] Sochi enjoys a humid subtropical climate-Mediterranean-type.[10][11]
History
The Zygii people lived in the area in antiquity. From the 6th to the 11th centuries, the area successively belonged to the kingdoms of Egrisi and Abkhazia who built a dozen churches within the city boundaries. From the 11th to the middle of the 15th century it was a part of the Georgian Kingdom. The Christian settlements along the coast were destroyed by the invading Gokturks, Khazars, and other nomadic empires whose control of the region was slight. The northern wall of an 11th-century Byzantinesque basilica still stands in Loo Microdistrict.[citation needed]
In the 14th-17th centuries, the region was dominated by the Abkhaz and Adyghe tribes, the current location of the city of Sochi known as Ubykhia was part of historical Circassia, and was controlled by the native people of the local mountaineer clans of the north-west Caucasus, nominally under the sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire, which was their principal trading partner in the Muslim world. The coastline was ceded to Russia in 1829 as a result of a Caucasian War and Russo-Turkish War, 1828–1829; however, the Circassians did not admit the Russian control over Circassia and kept resisting the Russian newly established outposts along the Circassians coast.[2][12] Provision of weapons and ammunition from abroad to the rebels caused a diplomatic conflict between the Russian Empire and Great Britain that occurred in 1836 and was named the Mission of Vixen.[13]
The Russians had no detailed knowledge of the area until Baron Feodor Tornau secretly investigated the coastal route from Gelendzhik to Gagra, and across the mountains to Kabarda, in the 1830s.[citation needed]
In 1838, the fort of Alexandria, renamed Navaginsky a year later, was founded at the mouth of the Sochi River as part of the Black Sea coastal line, a chain of 17 fortifications set up to protect the area from recurring Circassian resistance. At the outbreak of the Crimean War, the garrison was evacuated from Navaginsky in order to prevent its capture by the Turks, who effected a landing on Cape Adler soon after.
The last battle of the Caucasian War took place at the Godlikh river on 18 March 1864 O.S., where the ubykhs were defeated by the Dakhovsky regiment of the Russian Army. On 25 March 1864 the Dakhovsky fort was established on the site of the Navaginsky fort. The end of Caucasian War was proclaimed at Kbaade tract (modern Krasnaya Polyana) on 2 June 1864 (21 May O.S.) 1864, by the manifesto of Emperor Alexander II of Russia read aloud by Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia.[2]
After the end of Caucasian War (during the period of 1864–1870) almost all Ubykhs and a major part of the Shapsugs, who lived on the territory of modern Sochi, were either killed in the Circassian Genocide or expelled to the Ottoman Empire (see Muhajir). Starting in 1866 the coast was actively colonized by Russians, Armenians, Ukrainians, Belorussians, Greeks, Estonians, Germans, Moldavians, Georgians and other people from inner Russia.[2][12]
In 1874–1891, the first Russian Orthodox church, St. Michael's Church, was constructed, and the Dakhovsky settlement was renamed Dakhovsky Posad on 13 April 1874 (O.S.). In February 1890, the Sochi Lighthouse was constructed. In 1896, the Dakhovsky Posad was renamed Sochi Posad (after the name of local river) and incorporated into the newly formed Black Sea Governorate. In 1900–1910 Sochi burgeoned into a sea resort. The first resort, "Kavkazskaya Riviera", opened on 14 June 1909 (O.S.). Sochi was granted municipal rights in 1917.[2]
During the Russian Civil War, the littoral area saw sporadic armed clashes involving the Red Army, White movement forces, and the Democratic Republic of Georgia. In 192,3 Sochi acquired one of its most distinctive features, a railway which runs from Tuapse to Abkhazia within a kilometre or two of the coastline. Although this branch of the Northern Caucasus Railway may appear somewhat incongruous in the setting of beaches and sanatoriums, it is still operational and vital to the region's transportation infrastructure.[2]
Sochi was established as a fashionable resort area under Joseph Stalin, who had his favourite dacha built in the city; Stalin's study, complete with a wax statue of the leader, is now open to the public.[14] During Stalin's reign the coast became dotted with imposing Neoclassical buildings, exemplified by the opulent Rodina and Ordzhonikidze sanatoriums. The centrepiece of this early period is Shchusev's Constructivist Institute of Rheumatology (1927–31). The area was continuously developed until the demise of the Soviet Union.[2]
Following Russia's loss of the traditionally popular resorts of the Crimean peninsula (transferred away from the Russian SFSR to the Ukrainian SSR in 1954 by Nikita Khrushchev), Sochi emerged as the unofficial summer capital of the country. During Vladimir Putin's term in office, the city witnessed a significant increase in investment, although many Russian holidaymakers still flock to the cheaper resorts of neighbouring Abkhazia, Ukraine, or to the Mediterranean coast of Turkey.[citation needed]
Additionally, Sochi has also served as the location for the signing of many treaties, especially those between the Georgian, Abkhazian, and South Ossetian governing authorities.
Sochi is scheduled to host the 2014 Winter Olympics.
Population
| Year | Total population | Urban population |
|---|---|---|
| 1887 | 98 | no data |
| 1891 | 460 | no data |
| 1897 | 1,352 | no data |
| 1904 | 8,163 | no data |
| 1916 | 13,254 | no data |
| 1926 | 13,000 | no data |
| 1939 | 72,597 | 49,813 |
| 1959 | 127,000 | 81,912 |
| 1970 | 245,300 | 203,100 |
| 1979 | 292,300 | 245,600 |
| 1989 | 361,200 | 314,766 |
| 1992 | 369,900 | 322,400 |
| 1994 | 378,300 | no data |
| 1997 | 388,200 | no data |
| 2002 | 397,103 | 328,809 |
| 2006 | 395,012 | 329,481 |
| 2007 | 402,043 | 331,059 |
| 2008 | 406,800 | 334,282 |
| 2009 | 410,987 | 337,947 |
| Sources:[15][16] | ||
Geography
Climate
Sochi has a humid subtropical climate (Koppen climate classification Cfa)[10] – Mediterranean-type, at the lower elevations. Its average annual temperature is 14 °C (57 °F): 18.2 °C (64.8 °F) during the day and 10.8 °C (51.4 °F) at night. In the coldest month – January – the average temperature is about 9 °C (48 °F) during the day, the average sea temperature is about 9 °C (48 °F). In the warmest months – July and August – the temperature typically ranges from 25 to 29 °C (77 to 84 °F) during the day, about 20 °C (68 °F) at night and the average sea temperature is about 23–24 °C (73–75 °F). Yearly sunshine hours is about 2,200. Generally, the summer season lasting to 6 months (from May to October). December, January, February and March is the coldest months, with average temperature (of these four months) 10.6 °C (51.1 °F) during the day and 4.1 °C (39.4 °F) at night. Average annual precipitation is about 1,500 mm.[17][11][18] Sochi lies at 8b/9a hardiness zone, so the city supports different types of palm trees. Sochi is situated on the same latitude as Nice but strong cold winds from Asia makes winter less warm. In fact, temperatures drop below zero every winter for one or two days.
| Climate data for Sochi (1971–2000) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.3 (48.7) |
9.8 (49.6) |
12.1 (53.8) |
16.8 (62.2) |
20.5 (68.9) |
24.4 (75.9) |
27.0 (80.6) |
27.1 (80.8) |
24.2 (75.6) |
20.0 (68.0) |
15.1 (59.2) |
11.4 (52.5) |
18.2 (64.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 6.2 (43.2) |
6.5 (43.7) |
8.6 (47.5) |
13.0 (55.4) |
16.6 (61.9) |
20.4 (68.7) |
23.2 (73.8) |
23.2 (73.8) |
20.0 (68.0) |
16.0 (60.8) |
11.5 (52.7) |
8.3 (46.9) |
14.5 (58.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.1 (37.6) |
3.2 (37.8) |
5.0 (41.0) |
9.1 (48.4) |
12.6 (54.7) |
16.4 (61.5) |
19.4 (66.9) |
19.3 (66.7) |
15.8 (60.4) |
12.0 (53.6) |
7.9 (46.2) |
5.1 (41.2) |
10.8 (51.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 183 (7.2) |
120 (4.7) |
115 (4.5) |
122 (4.8) |
89 (3.5) |
99 (3.9) |
93 (3.7) |
111 (4.4) |
133 (5.2) |
135 (5.3) |
182 (7.2) |
202 (8.0) |
1,584 (62.4) |
| Average precipitation days | 12.9 | 10.1 | 11.0 | 10.5 | 8.0 | 6.8 | 6.1 | 5.9 | 7.2 | 8.5 | 11.1 | 14.4 | 112.5 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 96.1 | 110.2 | 145.7 | 162.0 | 220.1 | 258.0 | 279.0 | 282.1 | 225.0 | 189.0 | 120.0 | 86.8 | 2,174 |
| Source: Pogoda.ru.net[19], Hong Kong Observatory[20] for data of avg. precipitation days & sunshine hours | |||||||||||||
Layout and landmarks
Sochi is almost unique among larger Russian cities as having some aspects of a subtropical resort. Apart from the scenic Caucasus Mountains, pebble and sand beaches, the city attracts vacation-goers with its subtropical vegetation, numerous parks, monuments, and extravagant Stalinist architecture. About two million people visit Greater Sochi each summer,[21] when the city is home to the annual film festival "Kinotavr" and a getaway for Russia's elite.
A UNESCO World Heritage Site, the 2,957 square kilometres (731,000 acres) Caucasian Biosphere Reserve, lies just north from the city.[22] Sochi also has Europe's most northerly tea plantations. It is served by the Adler-Sochi International Airport. The Sochi Light Metro is under construction, projected to be complete by 2014.
Sochi proper
Central City District, or Sochi proper, covers an area of Template:Km2 to mi2 and, as of 2002 Census has a population of 133,935. The highlights include:
- Michael Archangel Cathedral, a diminutive church built in 1873–1891 to Kaminsky's designs in order to commemorate the victorious conclusion of the Caucasian War.
- The red-granite Archangel Column, erected in 2006 in memory of the Russian soldiers fallen in Sochi during the Caucasian War. It is capped by a 7-metre bronze statue of Sochi's patron saint, Michael the Archangel.
- Sochi Art Museum occupies a large building with a four-columned portico, completed in 1939. The Neoclassical design is by Ivan Zholtovsky.
- Arboretum, a large botanical garden with tropical trees from many countries and the Mayors Alley — the line of palm-trees planted by the mayors of different cities of the world.
- The Winter Theatre (1934–1937) is another rigorously Neoclassical edifice, surrounded by 88 Corinthian columns, with a pediment bearing the statues of Terpsichore, Melpomene and Thalia, all three cast by Vera Mukhina.
- Hall of Organ and Chamber Music. Located centrally in the city of Sochi it conducts organ, symphony, chamber-ensemble, choral, vocal music concerts. All year round local actors of the city art groups, famous Russian and international performers, International Contests Winners and Laureates give concerts here.
- The Maritime Passenger Terminal (1955) is notable for its distinctive 71-metre-high steepled tower and four statues symbolizing the cardinal points.
- The Railway Station (1952) is one of the most remarkable buildings of Sochi.
- The Riviera Park was established by Vasily Alexeevich Khludov in 1883 in the part of the city which later became known as Khludovskaya. The park is popular with tourists and local residents alike. It has a variety of attractions, including an outcrop of funny statues and a "glade of friendship" where magnolia trees were planted by every Soviet cosmonaut, among other notables.
- The Tree of Friendship is a lemon tree planted by Otto Schmidt in 1934. Multiple cultivars from foreign countries were grafted onto this tree as a token of friendship. The associated museum boasts a collection of 20,000 presents from all over the world.
Lazarevsky City District
Lazarevsky City District lies to the north-west from the city centre and has a population of 63,239 people (2002 Census). It is the largest city district by area, covering some Template:Km2 to mi2 and comprising several microdistricts:
- Lazarevskoye, 59 km from the downtown core, contains a delphinarium, an old church (1903), and a new church (1999). The settlement was founded as a Russian military outpost in 1839 and was named after Admiral Mikhail Lazarev.
- Loo, 18 km from the city centre, was once owned by Princes Loov, a noble Abkhazian family claiming patrilineal descent from King Anos, whose royal title was sanctioned by Emperor Heraclius in 623 AD. The district contains the ruins of a medieval church, founded in the 8th century, rebuilt in the 11th century, and converted into a fortress in the Late Middle Ages.
- Dagomys, 18 km from the city centre, has been noted for its botanical garden, established by order of Nicholas II, as well as tea plantations and factories. A sprawling hotel complex was opened there in 1982. Dagomys adjoins Bocharov Ruchey, a dacha built for Kliment Voroshilov in the 1950s, but later upgraded into a country residence of the President of Russia, where he normally spends his vacations and often confers with leaders of other states.[23]
- Golovinka is a historic location at the mouth of the Shakhe River. Formerly marking the border between the Ubykhs and the Shapsugs, the settlement was noted by Italian travellers of the 17th century as Abbasa. On 3 May 1838, it was the site of the Subashi landing of the Russians, who proceeded to construct Fort Golovinsky where many convicted Decembrists used to serve. The fort was intentionally destroyed by Russian forces at the beginning of the Crimean War, so as to avoid its capture by the enemy.
- Fort Godlik, of which little remains, had a turbulent history. It was built at the mouth of the Godlik River in the Byzantine period (5th to 8th centuries), was destroyed by the Khazars and revived by the Genoese in the High Middle Ages.
Khostinsky City District
Khostinsky City District, sprawling to the south-east from the city centre, occupies approximately Template:Km2 to mi2, with a population of 62,515 (2002 Census). The district is traversed by many rivulets which give their names to the sub-districts of Matsesta ("flame-coloured river"), Kudepsta, and Khosta ("the river of boars"):
- Matsesta has been a spa since 1902. A 1,316-metre long tunnel, constructed between 1996 and 2000, connects it to Khosta and Sochi proper. The area does not retain many marks of antiquity, although the eponymous river was noted as Masaitica as early as 137 AD, in a letter from Arrian to Emperor Hadrian.
- Kudepsta is another seashore resort, notable for the Vorontsov Caves, stretching for some four kilometers away from the shore. There are fourteen entrances to the caves. The largest hall has a length of twenty meters.
- Khosta is an old village, attested in medieval documents as Casto and Khamysh. It contains the ruins of a medieval church, going back to the 14th century, and the comparatively modern Transfiguration Church, consecrated in 1914. Khosta has an array of tourist attractions:
- Khosta Fortress, or rather the ruins thereof, perched on the top of a 100-metre high cliff within six kilometers from the sea coast.
- The fortress stands on the grounds of an ancient grove of yews and boxwood, which may be up to 30 mya old. The largest yews attain a height of 50 meters; some are estimated to be 2,000 years old. The grove covers an area of 301 ha and has been affiliated with the Caucasian Biosphere Reserve since 1931.
- The Akhun massif comprises Greater Akhun Mtn. (663 m), Lesser Akhun Mtn. (501 m), and Eagle Bluff (380 m). Greater Akhun is crowned by a Neo-Romanesque limestone tower (1936) that offers glimpses of Pitsunda and Gagra across the border in Abkhazia. There is also a chain of twenty karst caves in the massif.
- The Sochi Arboretum, which goes back to 1889, possesses the most comprehensive collection of subtropical flora in Russia, including 76 species of pine, 80 species of oak, and 24 species of palm.
- The Summer Theatre is a rather ordinary Neoclassical structure, erected in 1937 and extensively renovated in 2001.
Adlersky City District
Adlersky City District, with an area of Template:Km2 to mi2 and a population of 69,120 people (2002 Census), is the southernmost district of the city, located just north of the border with Abkhazia. Until the establishment of Greater Sochi in 1961, it was administered as a separate town, which had its origin in an ancient Sadz village and a medieval Genoese trading post.
Among the natural wonders of the district is the Akhshtyr Gorge with a 160-meter-long cave that contains traces of human habitation from about 30,000 years ago. The upland part of the district includes a network of remote mountain villages (auls), the Estonian colony at Estosadok, and the ski resort of Krasnaya Polyana which will host the events (Alpine and Nordic) of the 2014 Winter Olympics.
Also located here are the largest trout fishery in Russia (founded in 1964) and a breeding nursery for great apes.
Sports facilities
Sochi is also known for its sport facilities: a local tennis school spawned the careers of such notable players as Grand Slam champions Maria Sharapova and Yevgeny Kafelnikov (Kafelnikov spent much of his childhood here, while Sharapova relocated to Florida at the age of 7). In late 2005, the Russian Football Union announced that it was planning to establish a year-round training centre for the country's national teams in Sochi. The city's warm climate was cited as one of the main incentives. And it's home of FC Zhemchuzhina who play in the Russian First Division.
2014 Winter Olympics and Paralympics
In June 2006, the International Olympic Committee announced that Sochi had been selected as a finalist city to host the 2014 Winter Olympics and the 2014 Winter Paralympics. On 4 July 2007, Sochi was announced as the host city of the 2014 Winter Games, edging out Pyeongchang, South Korea and Salzburg, Austria.[24]
This will be the Russian Federation's first time to host the Winter Olympic Games, and the first time to host the Paralympic Games. The site of a training centre for aspiring Olympic athletes, as of 2008, the city has no world-class level athletic facilities fit for international competition.[25] To get the city ready for the Olympics, the Russian government has committed to a $12 billion investment package,[26] shared 60-40 between the government and private sector.[27] By some estimates, the investments necessary to bring the location up to Olympic standards may exceed that of any previous Olympic games.[25]
Sochi Olympics 2014 Site: Controversies
Environmental impact
"Sadly, the Olympic bid is being used as a way for construction companies simply to get their hands on the most valuable land," Greenpeace Russia’s Mikhail Kreindlin said. "The last time the Russian government looked at this issue, which was in January, 2007 they made no mention of the Olympic bid. They simply said that the land could be used for social infrastructure, whereas it was patently obvious that it would be snapped up by elite resorts and golf clubs [with] nothing to do with the Olympics."[23] Putin had apparently chided construction firms working round-the-clock to get Sochi up to ready, the St. Petersburg Times reported.[28] "It would be a huge mistake not to take into account what the environmental organizations think", said Putin. "We are going to make sure that builders maintain contact with" environmentalists, who had voiced concerns about the work’s impact on the Sochi National Park, in Western Caucasus.
Greenpeace Russia had told the US-funded Radio Liberty[29] on 12 September 2006 that it wanted to prevent construction work inside a national park, which it said would break Russia's environmental protection laws.
Construction work
The state-controlled RAO UES announced in July 2007 that it might spend 30 billion roubles (about US$1.2billion) on upgrading the electrical power system in the Sochi area by 2014.[30] The power generating companies Inter RAO UES and RusHydro would have to build or modernize four thermal power plants and four hydroelectric plants — and the federal grid company FGC UES has to replace the Central-Shepsi electricity transmission line, which reportedly often fails in bad weather. The new power line would run partly on power towers and partly across the bottom of the Black Sea. By 2011, the power supply of the resort area would increase by 1129 MW — of which 300 MW would be used for Olympic sports facilities “The cost of the work is estimated at 83.6 billion roubles (about US $3.26 billion), of which 50 billion roubles (about US$2 billion dollars) will go to investments in the electricity grid,” power company announced. They did not say how much of the bill the state would foot. In February 2007, when UES had planned to spend 48.8 billion roubles (about US$1.9 billion) on the Sochi area, the share the state had been ready to pay 38 billion roubles (about US$1.48 billion) of that.
The coming of 2014 Olympics also urges the construction of a medium capacity rapid transit system, the Sochi Light Metro. The current alignment would connect the Sochi Olympic Village, Sochi International Airport, two major railway stations of Northern Caucasus Railway, the downtown of Sochi, and the Alpine skiing area Krasnaya Polyana.
Other sports events
The Silk way Rally which is part of Dakkar series took place in Sochi in 2010 for the last stage between the Capital of the Adygheya Republic Maikop to the city of Sochi through Pseshwap[31]. The Bandy World Championships 2014 will be held in the city at the same time as the Olympic and Paralympic Games.
Notable people from Sochi
- Yuri Nikolaevich Denisyuk – Physicist, one of the founders of holography
- Andre Geim – Physicist, inventor of graphene and Nobel Prize winner (Physics, 2010) [32]
- Yevgeny Kafelnikov – tennis player
- Grigory Leps – singer-songwriter, musician
- Slava Metreveli – Soviet football player, Sochi's central stadium is named after him.
- Boris Nemtsov – former Deputy Prime Minister of Russia
- Mordechai Spiegler – 1970s Russian-Israeli football player and manager.
- Vladimir Tkachenko – basketball player
- Alexey Voevoda – bobsledder and professional armwrestler
International relations
Sister cities
Sochi has been twinned with the following cities:
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See also
- Tuapse and Gelendzhik – Russian coast towns immediately to the north
- Gagra and Pitsunda – adjacent resorts in Abkhazia
- Sochi International Airport
References
- ^ a b c d e f Official Cite of Sochi
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Exposition of the Historical Museum of Sochi, partly reflected in Russian in История Сочи (History of Sochi) at the official cite of the city
- ^ a b Сочи in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian)
- ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
- ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
- ^ Port of Sochi at Russia.com; Retrieved 8 July 2007
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
PopCensuswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ «Мой Город» Народная энциклопедия городов и регионов России
- ^ Sochi hosts 2014 Winter Olympics BBC Sport, 4 July 2007
- ^ a b "World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification".
- ^ a b V. A. Drozdov, O. B. Glezer, T. G. Nefedova and I. V. Shabdurasulov (1992). "Ecological and geographical characteristics of the coastal zone of the Black Sea". GeoJournal. 27 (2): 169–178. doi:10.1007/BF00717701.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Sochi – from ancient sites to 2014 Olympics, information from the Historical Museum of Sochi
- ^ Peter Hopkirk The great game: On Secret Service in High Asia, Chapter 12 “The Greatest Fortress in the World”, pp 158-159, Oxford University Press, 2001 ISBN 0192802321
- ^ Stalin's ghost haunts Black Sea hotel at Mail & Guardian Online, Retrieved 7 July 2007
- ^ Population of Russian Federation by cities, towns, and districts as of 1 January 2007: Rosstat – Moscow, 2007
- ^ Половинкина Т. В. Сочинское Причерноморье – Нальчик (2006) pp. 216-218
- ^ Great Soviet Encyclopedia Entry on Sochi Template:Ru icon
- ^ Elena A. Rybak, Oleg O. Rybak and Yuri V. Zasedatelev (1994). "Complex geographical analysis of the Greater Sochi region on the Black Sea coast". GeoJournal. 34 (4): 507–513. doi:10.1007/BF00813147.
- ^ "Pogoda.ru.net" (in Russian). Retrieved 7 September 2007.
- ^ "Climatological Information for Soci, Russia" – Hong Kong Observatory
- ^ "Сочи, Пхенчхан и Зальцбург — претенденты на Олимпиаду-2014" (in Russian). ITAR-TASS. 4 July 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2007.
- ^ Western Caucasus at Unesco Heritage Site and Google Maps search for Sochi near 44°N 40°E Retrieved 7 July 2007
- ^ a b Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty: Russia: Environmentalists Oppose Sochi's Olympic Bid Retrieved 7 July 2007
- ^ International Olympic Committee (4 July 2007). "Sochi Elected as Host City of XXII Olympic Winter Games". Retrieved 4 July 2007.
- ^ a b A Major Tuneup for a Sports Machine NYTimes.com, 29 July 2008
- ^ sportsline.com: Sochi, Russia wins, awarded 2014 Winter Olympics
- ^ Iht.com: Sochi Olympic bid organizers says venue projects conform to environmental norms, federal law, Retrieved 7 July 2007
- ^ The St. Petersburg Times: Putin Takes to Slopes to Back Olympic Bid Retrieved 7 July 2007
- ^ Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty: Sochi Olympic Bid Faces Greenpeace Challenge Retrieved 7 July 2007
- ^ Kommersant: Power Supply to Be Stepped Up to Sochi by 2014 Retrieved 7 July 2007
- ^ Silk Way Rally
- ^ The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010: Andre Geim, Konstantin Novoselov, Nobel Prize winners (Physics, 2010)
- ^ Official website of Cheltenham
- ^ Website of the President of France
- ^ Official website of Rimini
- ^ Official website of Espoo
- ^ Sister Cities information obtained from Sister Cities International, Inc. (SCI), Retrieved 5 July 2007
- ^ a b c Official website of Sochi (international). The page spotlights similarities of the twin towns to Sochi in that all of them are "summer resorts".
- ^ "Греческий Волос и российский Сочи стали городами-побратимами". Interfax. 26 May 2005. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 8 July 2007.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sochi.
Territorial divisions of Sochi | ||
|---|---|---|
| 1 Tsentralny City District |  | |
| 2 Khostinsky City District | ||
| 3 Lazarevsky City District | ||
| 4 Adlersky City District | ||
| |
[c1] Cancelled due to World War II
 Olympic Games portal |
