Lip balm

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Homemade lip balms

Lip balm or lip salve is a wax-like substance applied topically to the lips to moisturize and relieve chapped or dry lips, angular cheilitis, stomatitis, or cold sores. Lip balm often contains beeswax or carnauba wax, camphor, cetyl alcohol, lanolin, paraffin, and petrolatum, among other ingredients. Some varieties contain dyes, flavor, fragrance, phenol, salicylic acid, and sunscreen.

Overview

The primary purpose of lip balm is to provide an occlusive layer on the lip surface to seal moisture in lips and protect them from external exposure. Dry air, cold temperatures, and wind all have a drying effect on skin by drawing moisture away from the body. Lips are particularly vulnerable because the skin is so thin, and thus they are often the first to present signs of dryness. Occlusive materials like waxes and petroleum jelly prevent moisture loss and maintain lip comfort while flavorings, colorants, sunscreens, and various medicaments can provide additional, specific benefits. Lip balms are produced from bee wax and natural candelilla and carnauba waxes.[1]

Lip balm can be applied by a finger to the lips, or in a lipstick-style tube from which it can be applied directly.

In 2019, the global lip balm market was valued at US$660 mln. The market is predicted to grow at a rate of 7.3% within the next five years and is likely to reach US$1010 mln by 2024.[2]

Types of lip balms

The lip balms are divided into different types by their ingredients:[3]

  • UV filter lip balm. This type of lip balm can be applied all the year round, especially in summer or when staying in a place with an increased solar activity (e.g. mountain ski resorts).
  • Nourishing lip balm. This type works best in winter.
  • Moisturizing lip balm. If you apply this lip balm in winter, your lips can be cracked because the balm is too quick to be absorbed. This type of lip balm is good for dry lips. Moisturizing lip balm can be worn year round.
  • Medicated lip balm. It should be applied with care. It acts as a softening and antiseptic medication.
  • Tinted lip balm. You can wear tinted lip balm year round.

Production Technology

Production technology for lip balms includes the following stages:[4]

  • Raw material is checked for its quality (cosmetic products must comply with the strict safety standards)
  • Ingredients are dosed, melted, mixed (this stage involves special equipment and facilities)
  • This mixture is treated in a vacuum (this is the stage when the bubbles are removed from the lipstick)
  • The mixture is crystallized (it takes about 48 hours)
  • The mixture is melted
  • The mixture is shaped (it is cut into pieces which are shaped as required)
  • It is packaged (the lipstick is packed into a casing)

History

Early lip balms

Since 40 BC, the Egyptians made treatment for lip care, which utilized a mixture of beeswax, olive oil, and animal fat.[5]

United States

In the 1800s, Lydia Maria Child recommended earwax as a treatment for cracked lips in her highly-popular book, The American Frugal Housewife. Child observed that, "Those who are troubled with cracked lips have found this earwax remedy successful when others have failed. It is one of those sorts of cures, which are very likely to be laughed at; but I know of its having produced very beneficial results."[6] The invention of the lip balm was first formally invented in the 1880s by physician Charles Brown Fleet[7] though its origins may be traced to earwax.[8] Fleet later named his lip balm product "ChapStick".[9]

In 1872, chemist Robert Chesebrough discovered and sampled a new petroleum jelly, initially describing it as a "natural, waxy ingredient, rich in minerals from deep within the earth" which could be used as a solution for skin repair. He then distributed his product under the name "Wonder Jelly" before shortly changing it to "Vaseline".[10]

In the early 1880s, Charles Brown Fleet created ChapStick.[9] However, due to the lack of sales, Fleet sold his formula and rights to ChapStick to John Morton in 1912 for $5, who saw the marketing potential in the brand.[5] After making the purchase, Morton commissioned Frank Wright, Jr. to create a design for the logo of ChapStick for $15 in 1936.[5] In 1972, ChapStick tubes concealing hidden microphones were used during the Watergate scandal.[11]

In 1937, Alfred Woelbing created Carmex to treat cold sores in Milwaukee, though the occurrence of World War 2 would slow the production and sales due to the lack of lanolin. In 1980, Carmex underwent a product change by converting its packaging into squeezable tubes.[12]

In 1973, Bonne Bell created the first flavored lip balm and marketed the company as Lip Smackers. The company would later collaborate on various different-flavored lip balms including Dr. Pepper in 1975, The Wrigley Company in 2004, and The Coca-Cola Company in 2006. Bonne Bell also collaborated with Disney to produce lip balms with various princess characters in 2010.[13]

In 1991, Burt Shavitz and Roxanne Quimby created their first beeswax based lip balm solution through their company, Burt's Bees.[14] In 2020, it was reported that Burt's Bees had used 50 percent of recycled material to package various products and that 100 percent of the products were recyclable.[15]

In 2011, Evolution of Smooth (or commonly known as EOS) created a spherical-shaped lip balm as well as describing its 95% organic ingredients.[5]

Cannabis infused lip balms

With the gradual legalization of cannabis in the United States, some companies have produced lip balms containing doses of THC or CBD oil. In 2018, Ermont Inc., medical marijuana dispensary in Quincy, Massachusetts created the first THC lip balm.[16] The lip balms were infused with a low dosage of THC in order to prevent the occurrence of any psychoactive or related effect, but rather to act as a pain-relieving ingredient.[16] CBD, which is known for its pain relieving and anti-aging properties, is also extracted from cannabis to be used as an ingredient for lip balms.[17] Some cannabis infused lip balms have also included sativa strains in order to enhance concentration and energy.[18] Other cannabis infused lip balms use indica strains, which were reported to provide a solution to anxiety and stress due to the nature and property of THC.[18] Although there are many health related uses of cannabis infused lip balms, there are others purposely meant for recreational purposes. Wax is a type of lip balm composed of hash oil which has the strength of dozens of cannabis joints.[19] Although it can be applied directly on the lips, there are several instances where it can be eaten or smoked using a device.[19]

Notable brands

Dependency

Causes

According to a report, professor Brad Rohu states that it is natural for the lips to feel dry.[20] The exposure to environments with cold, dry, or windy weather can directly cause the chapping of the lips as well as behaviors such as lip licking or mouth breathing.[21] These factors may directly contribute to an increased amount of lip balm usage. According to dermatologist Amy Derick, those who have expressed dependencies on lip balm have developed a desire of how the lips feel after application. She also mentions that the variety of lip balm flavor may also directly cause lip balm dependency as a person may want to lick their lips to taste the flavor, which may consequentially removes the lip balm coating from the lips. This may also leave saliva on the lips which can dry up and make the lips feel even more dry than it initially was.[22]

Addictive ingredients

Some physicians have suggested that certain types of lip balm can be addictive or contain ingredients that actually cause drying,[23] though, it has been debated by many professionals. Lip balm manufacturers sometimes state in their FAQs that there is nothing addictive in their products or that all ingredients are listed and approved by the FDA. Snopes found the claim that there are substances in Carmex that are irritants necessitating reapplication, such as ground glass, to be false.[24] However, some experts such as Dermatologist Dr. Cynthia Bailey states that some ingredients in lip balm directly causes sensitive lip skin which may lead to addiction.[25] Dermatology professor Marcia Driscoll also adds onto this argument by stating that aroma ingredients found in flavored or scented lip balms have the potential to irritate skin.[26]

Effects on lip barrier

The human lips have an inadequate capability of holding moisture as well as an imperfect lip barrier function.[27] The Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology performed a study in order to determine whether consistent use of lip balm would enhance the overall quality of the lips. The study used 32 female participants within the ages of 20 to 40 years and the participants had mild to moderate dried lips without any history of health-related complications. The participants underwent a procedure in which no lip treatment was provided on the first 3 days, then 2 weeks of consistent lip balm usage, and then a period of no treatment for 3 days. The study determined the quality of the lips based on the physical details and appearance throughout the study. The study showed a direct improvement of the physical details of the lips except for lip cracking during the second week of treatment and after the period of no treatment. The study also showed that hydration of the lips lasted for approximately 8 hours after usage and the lip balm improved the lip barrier function despite discontinued usage. The study concluded that lip balms assist the hydration of the lips which consequentially improves the lip barrier function and the quality.[28]

Mineral oil

In 2015, German consumer watchdog Stiftung Warentest analyzed cosmetics containing mineral oils. After developing a new detection method they found high concentrations of Mineral Oil Aromatic Hydrocarbons (MOAH) and even polyaromatics in products containing mineral oils with Vaseline products containing the most MOAH of all tested cosmetics (up to 9%).[29] The European Food Safety Authority sees MOAH and polyaromatics as possibly carcinogenic.[29] Based on the results, Stiftung Warentest warns not to use Vaseline or any product that is based on mineral oils for lip care.

Lip balm market

United States

In 2019, a research report conducted by the Statista Research Department concluded that ChapStick was the leading lip balm brand in the United States with an approximate unit sale of 55.8 million. Carmex was the second leading brand with approximately 35.2 million units sold and Burt's Bees being the third leading brand with approximately 32.3 million units sold.[30]

Lip balm sales in the United States[30]
Brand Unit sales (in millions)
Aquaphor 4.1
Blistex 23.9
Burt's Bees 32.3
Carmex 35.2
ChapStick 55.8
ChapStick Classic 9
ChapStick Total Hydration 6.5
EOS 9.2
Private Label 7.1
Vaseline Lip Therapy 13

References

  1. ^ "Candelilla Wax vs Beeswax vs Carnauba". beerealhoney.com. Retrieved 2021-11-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  2. ^ "Lip Balm Market Size 2021". ktvn.com. Archived from the original on 2021-11-10. Retrieved 2021-11-10.
  3. ^ "Types of lip balms. How to choose the right lip balm?". pleasingcare.com. Retrieved 2021-11-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  4. ^ "Cosmetic Process: Lipstick Synthesis". slideshare.net. Retrieved 2021-11-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)[permanent dead link]
  5. ^ a b c d Atkinson, Nathalie (June 12, 2014). "Secret gloss: A brief history of lip balm, from earwax to Clorox". National Post. Retrieved October 2, 2022.
  6. ^ Lydia Maria Francis Child (1833). The American Frugal Housewife. S.S. & W. Wood. pp. 116.
  7. ^ "The History of Chapstick - The History of Carmex". About.com. Retrieved 2010-06-30.
  8. ^ Schwaab, M; Gurr, A; Neumann, A; Dazert, S; Minovi, A (2011). "Human antimicrobial proteins in ear wax". European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 30 (8): 997–1004. doi:10.1007/s10096-011-1185-2. PMID 21298458. S2CID 20731975.
  9. ^ a b "2 Popular Lip Balms and How They Were Created". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 2022-10-09.
  10. ^ "History". www.vaseline.com. Retrieved 2022-10-09.
  11. ^ Tracy, Kathleen (2007). The Watergate Scandal. Hockessin, Del.: Mitchell Lane Publishers. ISBN 1-58415-470-5. OCLC 62089809.
  12. ^ "About Carmex Lip Balm - America's Best Lip Products". www.mycarmex.com. 2022-06-20. Retrieved 2022-10-09.
  13. ^ "Our History | Lip Smacker". www.lipsmacker.com. Retrieved 2022-10-09.
  14. ^ "Burt's Bees | Burt's Bees History | Burt's Bees". www.burtsbees.com. Retrieved 2022-10-09.
  15. ^ Manso, James. “Burt's Bees Releases Sustainability Impact, Goals Report: Women's Wear Daily.” Wwd, 16 Feb. 2021, p. 17. ProQuest One Business, https://ezproxy.bu.edu/login?qurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Ftrade-journals%2Fburts-bees-releases-sustainability-impact-goals%2Fdocview%2F2527608662%2Fse-2%3Faccountid%3D9676. Accessed 9 Oct. 2022.
  16. ^ a b Toussaint, Kristin (2018-03-09). "Massachusetts marijuana dispensary creates THC lip balm – Metro US". www.metro.us. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
  17. ^ David, Ricky Ben (2018-07-16). "Skin Deep: Cannabis Is The Latest 'It' Ingredient In Beauty Products". NoCamels. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
  18. ^ a b Frisch, Ian. "Yes, My Lip Balm Has Weed In It". www.refinery29.com. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
  19. ^ a b Milhorn, H. Thomas (2018), Milhorn, H. Thomas (ed.), "Cannabis Dependence", Substance Use Disorders: A Guide for the Primary Care Provider, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 131–141, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-63040-3_9, ISBN 978-3-319-63040-3, retrieved 2022-10-09
  20. ^ Sander, Staci Ann. "Help for a lip balm junkie. (Real-Life Beauty with Bobbi Brown)." Prevention, vol. 55, no. 2, Feb. 2003, p. 100. Gale Academic OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A99818231/AONE?u=mlin_b_bumml&sid=bookmark-AONE&xid=4e37362c. Accessed 4 Oct. 2022.
  21. ^ "Lip balm - ProQuest". www.proquest.com. Retrieved 2022-10-09.
  22. ^ Cardellino, Carly. "Addicted to lip balm? What keeps you chained to your favorite lube--plus, does natural deodorant really work?" Shape, vol. 28, no. 8, Apr. 2009, p. 68. Gale Academic OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A196055444/AONE?u=mlin_b_bumml&sid=bookmark-AONE&xid=2b9e6269. Accessed 4 Oct. 2022.
  23. ^ "Avoiding Lip Balm Addiction". CBS. Archived from the original on 26 January 2011. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
  24. ^ Lip Balm entry on snopes.com
  25. ^ "Do I Have Sensitive Skin? Find out with Dr. Bailey". Dr. Bailey Skin Care. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
  26. ^ "Hair spray - ProQuest". www.proquest.com. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
  27. ^ Trookman NS, Rizer RL, Ford R, Mehta R, Gotz V. Clinical assessment of a combination lip treatment to restore moisturization and fullness. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2009 Dec;2(12):44-8. PMID: 20725584; PMCID: PMC2923945.
  28. ^ "Effects of treatment with a natural lip balm on lip barrier function". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. Poster Abstracts. 72 (5, Supplement 1): AB23. 2015-05-01. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2015.02.103. ISSN 0190-9622.
  29. ^ a b Warentest, Stiftung. "Mineralöle in Kosmetika – Kritische Stoffe in Cremes, Lippenpflegeprodukten und Vaseline". www.test.de.
  30. ^ a b "Lip balm/treatment brand unit sales U.S. 2019". Statista. Retrieved 2022-10-09.
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