Physiology
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Physiology (/[invalid input: 'icon']ˌfɪziˈɒlədʒi/) is the science of the function of living systems. This includes how organisms, organ systems, organs, cells, and bio-molecules carry out the chemical or physical functions that exist in a living system. The highest honor awarded in physiology is the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, awarded since 1901 by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
Etymology
From Ancient Greek: φύσις- physis meaning "nature" or "origin" and -λογία -logia meaning the "study of".
Human physiology
Human physiology is the science of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of humans, their organs, and the cells of which they are composed.[1] The principal level of focus of physiology is at the level of organs and systems within systems. Much of the foundation of knowledge in human physiology was provided by animal experimentation. Physiology is closely related to anatomy; anatomy is the study of form, and physiology is the study of function. Due to the frequent connection between form and function, physiology and anatomy are intrinsically linked and are studied in tandem as part of a medical curriculum.
History
The study of human physiology dates back to at least 420 B.C. and the time of Hippocrates, the father of medicine.[2] The critical thinking of Aristotle and his emphasis on the relationship between structure and function marked the beginning of physiology in Ancient Greece, while Claudius Galenus (c. 126-199 A.D.), known as Galen, was the first to use experiments to probe the function of the body. Galen was the founder of experimental physiology.[3] The medical world moved on from Galenism only with the appearance of Andreas Vesalius and William Harvey.[4]
During the Middle Ages, the ancient Greek and Indian medical traditions were further developed by Muslim physicians. Notable work in this period was done by Avicenna (980-1037), author of the The Canon of Medicine, and Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288), among others.[citation needed]
Following from the Middle Ages, the Renaissance brought an increase of physiological research in the Western world that triggered the modern study of anatomy and physiology. Andreas Vesalius was an author of one of the most influential books on human anatomy, De humani corporis fabrica.[5] Vesalius is often referred to as the founder of modern human anatomy.[6] Anatomist William Harvey described the circulatory system in the 17th century,[7] demonstrating the fruitful combination of close observations and careful experiments to learn about the functions of the body, which was fundamental to the development of experimental physiology. Herman Boerhaave is sometimes referred to as a father of physiology due to his exemplary teaching in Leiden and textbook Institutiones medicae (1708).[citation needed]
In the 18th century, important works in this field were by Pierre Cabanis, a French doctor and physiologist.[citation needed]
In the 19th century, physiological knowledge began to accumulate at a rapid rate, in particular with the 1838 appearance of the Cell theory of Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann. It radically stated that organisms are made up of units called cells. Claude Bernard's (1813–1878) further discoveries ultimately led to his concept of milieu interieur (internal environment), which would later be taken up and championed as "homeostasis" by American physiologist Walter Cannon (1871–1945).[clarification needed]
In the 20th century, biologists also became interested in how organisms other than human beings function, eventually spawning the fields of comparative physiology and ecophysiology.[8] Major figures in these fields include Knut Schmidt-Nielsen and George Bartholomew. Most recently, evolutionary physiology has become a distinct subdiscipline.[9]
The biological basis of the study of physiology, integration refers to the overlap of many functions of the systems of the human body, as well as its accompanied form. It is achieved through communication that occurs in a variety of ways, both electrical and chemical.
In terms of the human body, the endocrine and nervous systems play major roles in the reception and transmission of signals that integrate function. Homeostasis is a major aspect with regard to the interactions within an organism, humans included.
See also
References
- ^ "CellPhys Undergraduate Program". Cellphys.ubc.ca. Retrieved 2012-03-10.
- ^ "Physiology - History of physiology, Branches of physiology". www.Scienceclarified.com. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
- ^ Fell, C.; Griffith Pearson, F. (2007). "Thoracic Surgery Clinics: Historical Perspectives of Thoracic Anatomy". Thorac Surg Clin. 17 (4): 443–8, v. doi:10.1016/j.thorsurg.2006.12.001.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ "Galen". Discoveriesinmedicine.com. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
- ^ "Page through a virtual copy of Vesalius's De Humanis Corporis Fabrica". Archive.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
- ^ "Andreas Vesalius (1514-1567)". Ingentaconnect.com. 1999-05-01. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
- ^ Zimmer, Carl (2004). "Soul Made Flesh: The Discovery of the Brain - and How It Changed the World". J Clin Invest. 114 (5): 604–604. doi:10.1172/JCI22882.
- ^ Feder, Martin E. (1987). New directions in ecological physiology. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-521-34938-3.
- ^ Garland, Jr, Theodore; Carter, P. A. (1994). "Evolutionary physiology" (PDF). Annual Review of Physiology. 56 (56): 579–621. doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.56.030194.003051.
External links
- The Physiological Society
- physiologyINFO.org public information site sponsored by The American Physiological Society