STS-48

STS-48
	The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) deployment
Names	Space Transportation System-43
Mission type	UARS satellite deployment
Operator	NASA
COSPAR ID	1991-063A
SATCAT no.	21700
Mission duration	5 days, 8 hours, 27 minutes, 38 seconds
Distance travelled	3,530,369 km (2,193,670 mi)
Orbits completed	81
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft	Space Shuttle Discovery
Launch mass	108,890 kg (240,060 lb)
Landing mass	87,440 kg (192,770 lb)
Payload mass	7,865 kg (17,339 lb)
Crew
Crew size	5
Members	John Oliver Creighton; Kenneth S. Reightler Jr.; Charles D. Gemar; James Buchli; Mark N. Brown;
Start of mission
Launch date	September 12, 1991, 23:11:04 UTC
Rocket	Space Shuttle Discovery
Launch site	Kennedy Space Center, LC-39A
Contractor	Rockwell International
End of mission
Landing date	September 18, 1991, 07:38:42 UTC
Landing site	Edwards Air Force Base,; Runway 22
Orbital parameters
Reference system	Geocentric orbit
Regime	Low Earth orbit
Perigee altitude	575 km (357 mi)
Apogee altitude	580 km (360 mi)
Inclination	57.00°
Period	96.20 minutes
Instruments
	Air Force Maui Optical Site (AMOS); Ascent Particle Monitor (APM); Cosmic Ray Effects and Activation Monitor (CREAM); Investigations into Polymer Membrane Processing (IPMP); Middeck 0-Gravity Dynamics Experiment (MODE); Physiological and Anatomical Rodent Experiment (PARE); Protein Crystal Growth (PCG II-2); Shuttle Activation Monitor (SAM);
	; STS-48 mission patch; ; Back row; Charles D. Gemar, James Buchli; Front row: Mark N. Brown, John Oliver Creighton, Kenneth S. Reightler Jr. Space Shuttle program ← STS-43 (42) STS-44 (44) →

STS-48 was a Space Shuttle mission that launched on September 12, 1991, from Kennedy Space Center, Florida. The orbiter was Space Shuttle Discovery. The primary payload was the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). The mission landed on September 18 at 12:38 a.m. EDT at Edwards Air Force Base on runway 22. The mission was completed in 81 revolutions of the Earth and traveled 3,530,369 km (2,193,670 mi). The 5 astronauts carried out a number of experiments and deployed several satellites. The total launch mass was 108,890 kg (240,060 lb) and the landing mass was 87,440 kg (192,770 lb).

Crew


Position	Astronaut
Commander	John Oliver Creighton Third and last spaceflight
Pilot	Kenneth S. Reightler Jr. First spaceflight
Mission Specialist 1	Charles D. Gemar Second spaceflight
Mission Specialist 2	James Buchli Fourth and last spaceflight
Mission Specialist 3	Mark N. Brown Second and last spaceflight

Crew seating arrangements

Seat^[1]	Launch	Landing	Seats 1–4 are on the Flight Deck. Seats 5–7 are on the Middeck.
S1	Creighton	Creighton
S2	Reightler	Reightler
S3	Gemar	Brown
S4	Buchli	Buchli
S5	Brown	Gemar

Mission highlights

UARS on the remote manipulator (Canadarm) prior to deployment

Space Shuttle Discovery was launched into a 57.00° inclination orbit from the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) Launch Complex 39A at 7:11 p.m. EDT on September 12, 1991. Launch was delayed for 14 minutes at the T-5 minute mark due to a noise problem in the air-to-ground link. The noise cleared itself, and the countdown proceeded normally to launch.^[2]

On the third day of the mission, the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) was deployed from Discovery's payload bay 650 km (400 mi) above Earth to study human effects on the planet's atmosphere and its shielding ozone layer. The UARS mission objectives were to provide an increased understanding of the energy input into the upper atmosphere, global photochemistry of the upper atmosphere, dynamics of the upper atmosphere, the coupling among these processes, and the coupling between the upper and lower atmosphere. This provided data for a coordinated study of the structure, chemistry, energy balance, and physical action of the Earth's middle atmosphere – that slice of air between 16 km (9.9 mi) and 97 km (60 mi) above the Earth. The UARS was the first major flight element of NASA's Mission to Planet Earth, a multi-year global research program that would use ground-based, airborne, and space-based instruments to study the Earth as a complete environmental system.^[3] UARS had ten sensing and measuring devices: Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer (CLAES); Improved Stratospheric and Mesospheric Sounder (ISAMS); Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS); Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE); High Resolution Doppler Imager (HRDI); Wind Imaging Interferometer (WlNDII); Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SUSIM); Solar/Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment (SOLSTICE); Particle Environment Monitor (PEM) and Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor (ACRIM II). UARS's initial 18-month mission was extended several times – it was finally retired after 14 years of service.

Secondary payloads were: Ascent Particle Monitor (APM); Middeck 0-Gravity Dynamics Experiment (MODE); Shuttle Activation Monitor (SAM); Cosmic Ray Effects and Activation Monitor (CREAM); Physiological and Anatomical Rodent Experiment (PARE); Protein Crystal Growth (PCG II-2); Investigations into Polymer Membrane Processing (IPMP); and the Air Force Maui Optical Site (AMOS) experiment.^[4]

The flight was the first to test an electronic still camera in space, a modified Nikon NASA F4. Images obtained during the flight were monochrome with 8 bits of digital information per pixel (256 gray levels) and stored on a removable hard disk. The images could be viewed and enhanced on board using a modified lap-top computer before being transmitted to the ground via the orbiter digital downlinks.^[5]

STS-48 was the second post-Challenger mission to have Kennedy Space Center as the planned End-Of-Mission landing site, and the first mission to have a planned night landing at KSC. However, due to weather conditions at KSC in Florida, Discovery flew one extra orbit and landed at Edwards Air Force Base, California, at 3:38 a.m. EDT on September 18, 1991. The orbiter returned to KSC on September 26, 1991.^[6]

Ice particles

Video while in orbit on September 15, 1991, shows a flash of light and several objects that appear to be flying in an artificial or controlled fashion. NASA explained the objects as ice particles reacting to engine jets.^[7]^[8]^[9] Philip C. Plait discussed the issue in his book Bad Astronomy, agreeing with NASA.^[10] This topic was also discussed in an episode of UFO Hunters.

Wake-up calls

NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Project Gemini, and first used music to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15.^[11] Each track is specially chosen, often by the astronauts' families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.


Day	Song	Artist/Composer	Played For
Day 2	Hound Dog	Elvis Presley
Day 3	Release Me	Elvis Presley	In anticipation of the release of the UARS
Day 4	The Bare Necessities	The Sherman Brothers	Ken Reightler, chosen by his daughters (who were in the control room, from the animated 1967 Disney film The Jungle Book, sung by Phil Harris as Baloo and Bruce Reitherman as Mowgli)
Day 5	Are you Lonesome Tonight	Elvis Presley	Chosen for its line "Are you sorry we drifted apart?" referring to Discovery's separation from its payload (UARS)
Day 6	Return to Sender	Elvis Presley	In anticipation of their landing that day

References

^ "STS-48". spacefacts.de. Spacefacts. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
^ Clatterbuck, Guy E.; Hill, William C. (1991). Mission Safety Evaluation Report for STS-48. Clatterbuck & Hill. p. 15.
^ Clatterbuck & Hill 1991, p. 28.
^ "STS-48 Press Kit". NASA. September 1991. Retrieved February 7, 2022. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ "STS-48 Press Kit". NASA. September 1991. p. 25. Retrieved February 7, 2022. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Fricke, Robert W. (1991), STS-48 Mission Report, p. 16
^ Carlotto, Mark J. (Summer 2005). "Anomalous phenomena in space shuttle mission STS-80 video" (PDF). New Frontiers in Science. 4 (4): 17–18.
^ Fleming, Lan (Winter 2003). "A new look at the evidence supporting a prosaic explanation of the STS-48 "UFO" video" (PDF). New Frontiers in Science. 2 (2). ISSN 1537-3169.
^ Fleming, Lan (Fall 2003). "Examination of object trajectories in the STS-48 "UFO" video" (PDF). New Frontiers in Science. 3 (1). ISSN 1537-3169.
^ Plait, Philip C. (2002). Bad Astronomy. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 208–209. ISBN 0471409766.
^ Fries, Colin. "Chronology of wakeup calls" (PDF). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

External links

NASA mission summary Archived July 28, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
STS-48 Video Highlights Archived July 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine

[1] "STS-48". spacefacts.de. Spacefacts. Retrieved February 26, 2014.

[2] Clatterbuck, Guy E.; Hill, William C. (1991). Mission Safety Evaluation Report for STS-48. Clatterbuck & Hill. p. 15.

[FOOTNOTEClatterbuck_&_Hill199128-3] Clatterbuck & Hill 1991, p. 28.

[4] "STS-48 Press Kit". NASA. September 1991. Retrieved February 7, 2022. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[5] "STS-48 Press Kit". NASA. September 1991. p. 25. Retrieved February 7, 2022. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[6] Fricke, Robert W. (1991), STS-48 Mission Report, p. 16

[7] Carlotto, Mark J. (Summer 2005). "Anomalous phenomena in space shuttle mission STS-80 video" (PDF). New Frontiers in Science. 4 (4): 17–18.

[8] Fleming, Lan (Winter 2003). "A new look at the evidence supporting a prosaic explanation of the STS-48 "UFO" video" (PDF). New Frontiers in Science. 2 (2). ISSN 1537-3169.

[9] Fleming, Lan (Fall 2003). "Examination of object trajectories in the STS-48 "UFO" video" (PDF). New Frontiers in Science. 3 (1). ISSN 1537-3169.

[10] Plait, Philip C. (2002). Bad Astronomy. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 208–209. ISBN 0471409766.

[:0-11] Fries, Colin. "Chronology of wakeup calls" (PDF). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

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v t e Space Shuttle Discovery (OV-103)
Completed flights	STS-41-D STS-51-A STS-51-C STS-51-D STS-51-G STS-51-I STS-26 STS-29 STS-33 STS-31 STS-41 STS-39 STS-48 STS-42 STS-53 STS-56 STS-51 STS-60 STS-64 STS-63 STS-70 STS-82 STS-85 STS-91 STS-95 STS-96 STS-103 STS-92 STS-102 STS-105 STS-114 STS-121 STS-116 STS-120 STS-124 STS-119 STS-128 STS-131 STS-133
Status	Retired
On display	Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center, Washington, D.C.
Related	Destiny in Space (1994 documentary)

v t e ← 1990 Orbital launches in 1991 1992 →
January	NATO 4A Progress M-6 Italsat 1, Eutelsat-2 F2 Kosmos 2121 Kosmos 2122 Informator No.1
February	Kosmos 2123 Kosmos 2124 Kosmos 2125, Kosmos 2126, Kosmos 2127, Kosmos 2128, Kosmos 2129, Kosmos 2130, Kosmos 2131, Kosmos 2132 Kosmos 2133 Kosmos 2134 Molniya 1-80 Kosmos 2135 Gran' No.38L
March	Astra 1B, Meteosat 5 Kosmos 2136 USA-69 Inmarsat-2 F2 Nadezhda No.409 Progress M-7 Kosmos 2137 Molniya-3 No.55 Kosmos 2138 Almaz 1
April	Kosmos 2139, Kosmos 2140, Kosmos 2141 Anik E2 STS-37 (Compton GRO) ASC-2 Kosmos 2142 BS-3h Meteor-3 No.6 STS-39 (IBSS/SPAS (CRO-A, CRO-B, CRO-C), USA-70)
May	NOAA-12 Kosmos 2143, Kosmos 2144, Kosmos 2145, Kosmos 2146, Kosmos 2147, Kosmos 2148 Soyuz TM-12 Resurs-F2 No.6 Kosmos 2149 Satcom C5 Progress M-8
June	Okean-O1 No.6 STS-40 Kosmos 2150 Kosmos 2151 Molniya 1-81 Unnamed Resurs-F1 No.52 REX
July	Gorizont No.34L USA-71, Losat-X Kosmos 2152 Kosmos 2153 ERS-1, Orbcomm-X, SARA , Tubsat-A, UoSAT-5 Microsat 1, Microsat 2, Microsat 3, Microsat 4, Microsat 5, Microsat 6, Microsat 7 Resurs-F1 No.53
August	Molniya 1-82 STS-43 (TDRS-5) Intelsat VI F5 Meteor-3 No.5 Progress M-9 Resurs-F2 No.7 Kosmos 2154 Yuri 3b IRS-1B Yohkoh Unnamed
September	STS-48 (UARS) Kosmos 2155 Molniya-3 No.48 Kosmos 2156 Anik E1 Kosmos 2157, Kosmos 2158, Kosmos 2159, Kosmos 2160, Kosmos 2161, Kosmos 2162
October	Soyuz TM-13 Foton No.7L Kosmos 2163 Kosmos 2164 Progress M-10 Gorizont No.35L Intelsat VI F1
November	USA-72, USA-74, USA-76, USA-77 Kosmos 2165, Kosmos 2166, Kosmos 2167, Kosmos 2168, Kosmos 2169, Kosmos 2170 Kosmos 2171 Kosmos 2172 STS-44 (USA-75) Kosmos 2173 USA-73
December	Eutelsat-2 F3 Telecom 2A, Inmarsat-2 F3 Kosmos 2174 Interkosmos 25, Magion 3 Gran' No.39L Zhongxing-4
Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ). Crewed flights are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).