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Saint Lucy

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For other uses, see Saint Lucy (disambiguation).

Saint

Lucy
Saint Lucy, by Niccolò di Segna mid 14th-century Sienese painting, circa 1340. The saint holds the dagger with which she was ultimately executed and the lamp, her attribute.
Virgin and Martyr
Bornc. 283[1]
Syracuse, Roman Empire
Died304 AD
Syracuse, Western Roman Empire
Venerated in
CanonizedPre-Congregation
Major shrineSan Geremia, Venice
Feast
AttributesCord; eyes; eyes on a dish; lamp; swords; woman hitched to a yoke of oxen; woman in the company of Saint Agatha, Saint Agnes of Rome, Saint Barbara, Saint Catherine of Alexandria, and Saint Thecla; woman kneeling before the tomb of Saint Agatha
PatronageThe blind; martyrs; Perugia, Italy; Mtarfa, Malta; epidemics; salesmen; Syracuse, Italy; throat infections; writers; Sasmuan, Pampanga Philippines

Lucia of Syracuse (283–304), also called Saint Lucia (Template:Lang-la) or Saint Lucy, was a Christian martyr who died during the Diocletianic Persecution. She is venerated as a saint in the Catholic, Anglican, Lutheran, and Eastern Orthodox churches. She is one of eight women (including the Virgin Mary) explicitly commemorated by Catholics in the Canon of the Mass. Her traditional feast day, known in Europe as Saint Lucy's Day, is observed by Western Christians on 13 December. Lucia of Syracuse was honored in the Middle Ages and remained a well-known saint in early modern England.[3] She is one of the best known virgin martyrs, along with Agatha of Sicily, Agnes of Rome, Cecilia of Rome and Catherine of Alexandria.

Sources

The oldest record of her story comes from the fifth-century Acts of the Martyrs.[4] The single fact upon which various accounts agree is that a disappointed suitor accused Lucy of being a Christian, and she was executed in Syracuse, Sicily, in the year 304 during the Diocletianic Persecution.[5] Her veneration spread to Rome, and by the sixth century to the whole Church. The oldest archaeological evidence comes from the Greek inscriptions from the Catacombs of St. John in Syracuse. Jacobus de Voragine's Legenda Aurea was the most widely read version of the Lucy legend in the Middle Ages. In medieval accounts, Saint Lucy's eyes were gouged out prior to her execution. The most ancient archaeological traces attributable to the cult of Saint Lucia have been brought back to Sicily, particularly in Syracuse and are preserved in the archaeological museums of the city.

Life

All the details of her life are the conventional ones associated with female martyrs of the early fourth century. John Henry Blunt views her story as a Christian romance similar to the Acts of other virgin martyrs.[6]

According to the traditional story, Lucy was born of rich and noble parents about the year 283 AD. Her father was of Roman origin,[1] but died when she was five years old,[7] leaving Lucy and her mother without a protective guardian. Her mother's name Eutychia seems to indicate that she came from a Greek background.[1]

Like many of the early martyrs, Lucy had consecrated her virginity to God, and she hoped to distribute her dowry to the poor.[1] However, Eutychia, not knowing of Lucy's promise, and suffering from a bleeding disorder, feared for Lucy's future. She arranged Lucy's marriage to a young man of a wealthy pagan family.

Eutychia and Lucy at the Tomb of Saint Agatha, by Jacobello del Fiore

Saint Agatha had been martyred 52 years before during the Decian persecution. Her shrine at Catania, less than 50 miles from Syracuse, attracted a number of pilgrims; many miracles were reported to have happened through her intercession. Eutychia was persuaded to make a pilgrimage to Catania, in hopes of a cure. While there, St. Agatha came to Lucy in a dream and told her that because of her faith her mother would be cured and that Lucy would be the glory of Syracuse, as she was of Catania. With her mother cured, Lucy took the opportunity to persuade her mother to allow her to distribute a great part of her riches among the poor.[1]

Eutychia suggested that the sums would make a good bequest, but Lucy countered, "...whatever you give away at death for the Lord's sake you give because you cannot take it with you. Give now to the true Savior, while you are healthy, whatever you intended to give away at your death."[8]

News that the patrimony and jewels were being distributed came to Lucy's betrothed, who denounced her to Paschasius, the Governor of Syracuse. Paschasius ordered her to burn a sacrifice to the emperor's image. When she refused, Paschasius sentenced her to be defiled in a brothel.

The Christian tradition states that when the guards came to take her away, they could not move her even when they hitched her to a team of oxen. Bundles of wood were then heaped about her and set on fire, but would not burn. Finally, she met her death by the sword[1] thrust into her throat.[9]

Lucy Before the Judge, by Lorenzo Lotto, 1523–32

Absent in the early narratives and traditions, at least until the fifteenth century, is the story of Lucia tortured by eye-gouging. According to later accounts, before she died she foretold the punishment of Paschasius and the speedy end of the persecution, adding that Diocletian would reign no more, and Maximian would meet his end.[1] This so angered Paschasius that he ordered the guards to remove her eyes. Another version has Lucy taking her own eyes out in order to discourage a persistent suitor who admired them. When her body was prepared for burial in the family mausoleum it was discovered that her eyes had been miraculously restored.[7] This is one of the reasons that Lucy is the patron saint of those with eye illnesses.

Veneration

By the sixth century, her story was sufficiently widespread that she appears in the Sacramentary of Pope Gregory I.[6] She is also commemorated in the ancient Roman Martyrology.[1] St. Aldhelm (English, died in 709) and later the Venerable Bede (English, died in 735) attest that her popularity had already spread to England, where her festival was kept in England until the Protestant Reformation, as a holy day of the second rank in which no work but tillage or the like was allowed.[7]

Lucy is honored in the Church of England and in the Episcopal Church on 13 December.[10][11]

Monk Sigebert of Gembloux (1030–1112) wrote a mid-eleventh century passio, to support a local cult of Lucy at Metz.[12]

The General Roman Calendar formerly had a commemoration of Saints Lucy and Geminianus on 16 September. This was removed in 1969, as a duplication of the feast of her dies natalis on 13 December and because the Geminianus in question, mentioned in the Passio of Saint Lucy, seems to be a fictitious figure,[2] unrelated to the Geminianus whose feast is on 31 January.

Relics

Saint Lucy by Domenico Beccafumi, 1521, a High Renaissance recasting of a Gothic iconic image (Pinacoteca Nazionale, Siena)

Sigebert of Gembloux, in his sermo de Sancta Lucia, chronicled that her body lay undisturbed in Sicily for 400 years, before Faroald II, Duke of Spoleto, captured the island and transferred the body to Corfinium in the Abruzzo, Italy. From there it was removed by the Emperor Otho I in 972 to Metz and deposited in the church of St. Vincent. It was from this shrine that an arm of the saint was taken to the monastery of Luitburg in the Diocese of Speyer – an incident celebrated by Sigebert in verse.[1]

The subsequent history of the relics is not clear.[1] According to Umberto Benigni, Stephen II (768) sent the relics of St. Lucy to Constantinople for safety against the Saracen incursions.[13] On their capture of Constantinople in 1204, the French found some relics attributed to Saint Lucy in the city, and Enrico Dandolo, Doge of Venice, secured them for the monastery of St. George at Venice.[14] In 1513 the Venetians presented to Louis XII of France the saint's head, which he deposited in the cathedral church of Bourges. Another account, however, states that the head was brought to Bourges from Rome, where it had been transferred during the time when the relics rested in Corfinium.[1]

Parts of the body are present in Sicily in particular in Syracuse, which has preserved them from antiquity. The remainder of the relics remain in Venice: they were transferred to the church of San Geremia when the church of Santa Lucia was demolished in 1861 to make way for the new railway terminus. A century later, on 7 November 1981, thieves stole all her bones, except her head. Police recovered them five weeks later, on her feast day. Other parts of the corpse have found their way to Rome, Naples, Verona, Lisbon, Milan, as well as Germany, France and Sweden.[14]

Patronage

Lucy's Latin name Lucia shares a root (luc-) with the Latin word for light, lux. A number of traditions incorporate symbolic meaning of St. Lucy as the bearer of light in the darkness of winter, her feast day being 13 December. Because some versions of her story relate that her eyes were removed, either by herself or by her persecutors, she is the patron saint of the blind.[4]

She is also the patron saint of authors, cutlers, glaziers, laborers, martyrs, peasants, saddlers, salesmen, stained glass workers, and of Perugia, Italy. She is invoked against hemorraghes, dysentery, diseases of the eye, and throat infections.[15]

St. Lucy is the patroness of Syracuse in Sicily, Italy.[15] At the Piazza Duomo in Syracuse, the church of Santa Lucia alla Badia houses the painting Burial of St. Lucy by Caravaggio. She is also the patron saint of the coastal town of Olón, Ecuador, Colombia, which celebrates with a week-long festival culminating on the feast day 13 December. She is also the patron saint of the town of Guanes, Santander, Colombia.

The Caribbean island of Saint Lucia, one of the Windward Islands in the Lesser Antilles, is named after her.

Iconography

Saint Lucy, by Francesco del Cossa (c. 1430 – c. 1477)

The emblem of eyes on a cup or plate apparently reflects popular devotion to her as protector of sight, because of her name, Lucia (from the Latin word "lux" which means "light").[16][17] In paintings St. Lucy is frequently shown holding her eyes on a golden plate. Lucy was represented in Gothic art holding a dish with two eyes on it. She also holds the palm branch, symbol of martyrdom and victory over evil.[7] Other symbolic images include a lamp, dagger, or two oxen.[15]

In literature

Dante

Lucy first appears in Canto 2 of Inferno, the first canticle of Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, as the messenger sent to Beatrice from "The blessed Dame" (the Virgin Mary), to rouse Beatrice to send Virgil to Dante's aid. Henry Fanshawe Tozer identifies Lucia as representing "illuminative grace".[18] According to Robert Pogue Harrison and Rachel Jacoff, Lucia's appearance in this intermediary role is to reinforce the scene in which Virgil tries to fortify Dante's courage to begin the journey through the inferno.[citation needed]

In Purgatorio 9.52–63, Lucy carries a sleeping Dante to the entrance to purgatory. Since Lucy represents light, her appearance in Purgatorio 9 mirrors her appearance in Inferno 2; both times she carries him out of darkness. Lucy's light symbolism also explains why Dante tells this evening scene in Purgatorio 9 through the lens of the dawn. She carries him both out of the literal darkness to a new day, as well as the figurative darkness to lead him to salvation.[19]

Then in Paradiso 32, Dante places her opposite Adam within the Mystic Rose in Canto XXXII of the Paradiso. Lucy may also be seen as a figure of Illuminating Grace or Mercy or even Justice.[20]

Donne

Her feast day was commonly described as the shortest day of the year, as it is in John Donne's poem, "A Nocturnal upon St. Lucie's Day, being the shortest day" (1627). The poem begins with: "'Tis the year's midnight, and it is the day's".[21]

Lucia is also the protagonist of a Swedish novel: "Ett ljus i mörkret" ("A light in the darkness") by Agneta Sjödin.

Main article: Saint Lucy's Day
Saint Lucia procession in Sweden.
File:Santalucia.jpg
Popular devotional image.

Lucy's feast is on 13 December, in Advent. Her feast once coincided with the Winter Solstice, the shortest day of the year, before calendar reforms, so her feast day has become a festival of light.[7]

St. Lucy is the patron saint of the city of Syracuse (Sicily). On 13 December a silver statue of St. Lucy containing her relics is paraded through the streets before returning to the Cathedral of Syracuse.[22] Sicilians recall a legend that holds that a famine ended on her feast day when ships loaded with grain entered the harbor. Here, it is traditional to eat whole grains instead of bread on 13 December. This usually takes the form of cuccìa,[23] a dish of boiled wheat berries often mixed with ricotta and honey, or sometimes served as a savory soup with beans.[24]

This is particularly seen in Scandinavian countries, with their long dark winters. There, a young girl dressed in a white dress and a red sash (as the symbol of martyrdom) carries palms and wears a crown or wreath of candles on her head. In Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and parts of Finland, girls dressed as Lucy carry St. Lucia buns in procession as songs are sung. It is said that to vividly celebrate St. Lucy's Day will help one live the long winter days with enough light.[25]

A special devotion to St. Lucy is practiced in the Italian regions of Lombardy, Emilia-Romagna, Veneto, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Trentino-Alto Adige, in the North of the country, and Sicily and Calabria, in the South, as well as in the Croatian coastal region of Dalmatia. The feast is a Catholic-celebrated holiday with roots that can be traced to Sicily. On the 13th of every December it is celebrated with large traditional feasts of home-made pasta and various other Italian dishes, with a special dessert called cuccìa, made of wheatberries, butter, sugar, chocolate, and milk. The large grains of soft wheat are representative of her eyes and are a treat only to be indulged in once a year. In North Italy, Saint Lucy brings gift to children between 12 and 13 December. Traditionally a bouquet of hay is put outside of the house for Lucy's Donkey and food in the house for Lucy to refresh them after the long night bringing gifts to every kid. In small towns, a parade with Saint Lucy is held the evening of the 12th when she goes through the main streets of the town munching sweets and candy from her cart, always together with her donkey.

A Hungarian custom is to plant wheat in a small pot on St. Lucy's feast. By Christmas green sprouts appear, signs of life coming from death. The wheat is then carried to the manger scene as the symbol of Christ in the Eucharist.

In the Philippines, villagers from Barangay Sta. Lucia in Magarao, Camarines Sur, hold a novena to St. Lucy nine days before her feast. A procession of the saint's image is held every morning at the poblacion or village centre during the nine days leading up to St. Lucy's Day, attracting devotees from other parts of the Bicol Region. Hymns to the saint, known as the Gozos, as well as the Spanish version of the Ave Maria are chanted during the dawn procession, which is followed by a Mass.[citation needed]

The feast day is also commemorated in Barangay Sucad in Apalit Pampanga after the traditional nine-day novena, where a whole day celebration is observed through Eucharistic Masses, festivals and the procession of the religious sculpture of Sta. Lucia in the evening before the evening Mass.[citation needed]

List of dedications to Saint Lucy

Churches

  • Saint Lucy's church, chapel, cathedral, Syracuse, Sicily, Italy
  • Basilica di Santa Lucia a Mare [it], Naples, Italy
  • Saint Lucia's Church, Upton Magna, Shropshire, England
  • Chiesa di Santa Lucia, Belpasso, Catania, Sicily, Italy
  • Saint Lucy's Church, Methuen, Massachusetts, United States
  • Church of Saint Lucia (Iglesia de Santa Lucía), Mérida, Mexico
  • St. Lucia Church, Puthoor, India
  • St. Lucia Church, Erayumanthurai, India
  • St. Lucia's Cathedral, Kotahena, Sri Lanka
  • Church of San Geremia and the grave of Saint Lucy, Venice, Italy
  • Church of St. Lucia at the Tomb [it] (Church of St. Lucia Outside the Walls), Syracuse, Sicily, Italy
  • Chiesa di Santa Lucia alla Badia, also Syracuse, Sicily, Italy
  • St. Lucy Catholic Church, Highland Beach, Florida, United States
  • St. Lucie Catholic Church, Port St. Lucie, Florida, United States
  • Église Sainte-Lucie de Vallières, Metz, Moselle, France
  • St. Lucy's National Shrine at Micoud, Saint Lucia
  • St. Lucy, Virgin and Martyr Parish, Capalonga, Camarines Norte, Philippines
  • Sta. Lucia Parish, Barangay Sta. Lucia, Sasmuan, Pampanga, Philippines
  • Sta. Lucia Parish, Barangay Manggahan, Pasig, Philippines
  • Sta. Lucia Parish, Barangay Sta. Lucia, Novaliches, Quezon City Philippines
  • Santa Lucia in San Jose Recoletos Parish Church, Cebu City, Philippines
  • Sta. Lucia Chapel, Barangay Sta. Lucia, Magarao, Camarines Sur, Philippines
  • Sta. Lucia Chapel, Barangay Sta. Lucia, Samal, Bataan
  • Sta. Lucia Chapel, Barangay Sta. Lucia, San Miguel, Bulacan
  • Sta. Lucia Chapel, Barangay Sta. Lucia, San Juan City, Metro Manila, Philippines
  • Sta. Lucia Chapel, Barangay Sta. Lucia, San Luis, Pampanga
  • Sta. Lucia Chapel, Barangay Punturin, Valenzuela City, Metro Manila, Philippines
  • Sta. Lucia Chapel, Barangay Sta. Lucia, Lubao, Pampanga, Philippines
  • Sta. Lucia Chapel, Barangay Sta. Lucia, Masantol, Pampanga, Philippines
  • Sta. Lucia Chapel, Barangay Sta. Lucia, Sta. Ana, Pampanga, Philippines – CPC rj simbillo
  • Sta. Lucia Cupang, Chapel, Arayat, Pampanga, Philippines
  • Sta. Lucia Chapel, Barangay Pinulot, Dinalupihan, Bataan
  • Sta. Lucia Chapel, Barangay Sucad, Apalit, Pampanga, Philippines
  • Sta. Lucia Chapel, Valenzuela, Metro Manila, Philippines
  • Sta. Lucia Mini-Parish, De Castro Subd., Barangay Sta. Lucia, Pasig, Philippines
  • Sta.Lucia chapel, Calumpit, Bulacan Philippines
  • Namayan Chapel, Barangay Namayan, City of Malolos, Bulacan, Philippines
  • Sta.Lucia Holy Mt.Banahaw, Dolores, Quezon Province, Philippines
  • St. Lucy's Church (Manhattan) (parish established 1900; present church built 1915), New York, United States
  • St. Lucy's Church (established in 1927), Bronx, New York, United States[26]
  • Sta. Lucia Catholic Church, El Paso, Texas, United States
  • St. Lucy's Church, Newark, New Jersey, United States
  • Church of St. Lucija, Santa Luċija, Gozo, Malta
  • St. Lucy's Chapel, St Lucy Street, Naxxar, Malta
  • Medieval Chapel of St. Lucy, limits of Mtarfa Malta[27]
  • New Church of St. Lucy, Mtarfa, Malta
  • Medieval Chapel of Saint Lucija, Gudja, Malta
  • St. Lucia's Cathedral, Sri Lanka
  • St. Lucia Church, Poonapity, Kaddaikadu, Puttlam, Sri Lanka
  • Santa Luzia Church, Viana Do Castelo, Portugal
  • St. Lucy's Church, North Lanarkshire, Scotland
  • Cerkev Svete Lucije, Skaručna, Slovenia
  • Iglesia de Sta. Lucia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
  • Iglesia de Sta. Lucia, Miranda, Venezuela
  • St. Lucy's Church, Syracuse, New York, United States
  • St. Lucy Catholic Church, Houma, Louisiana, United States
  • Saint Lucia Church, Ruiru Membley, Kiambu, Kenya
  • Chapel of Saint Lucy, Barcelona Cathedral, Spain
  • Parroquia Santa Lucía, Paraná, Entre Ríos, Argentina
  • Sta. Lucia Parish Church, Sta. Lucia, Asturias, Cebu, Philippines
  • St. Lucy Croatian Catholic Church, Troy, Michigan, United States
  • St. Lucy's Church, Jurandvor, Baška, Croatia
  • St. Lucy's Church, Pazin, Croatia
  • St. Lucy's Church, Kostrena, Croatia
  • St. Lucy's crypt, inside of Cathedral of Saint Domnius, Split, Croatia
  • Parroquia y Santuario Santa Lucía, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
  • Hermitage of Santa Lucía, Valencia, Valencian Community, Spain
  • St. Lucy's Church, Scranton, Pennsylvania, United States
  • Santa Lucia Chapel, Barangay, Malandog, Hamtic, Antique, Philippines
  • Igreja de Santa Luzia Doutor Severiano, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
  • Catedral de Santa Luzia Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
  • Igreja de Santa Luzia, Rafael Fernandes, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil
  • Igreja de Santa Luzia, Carnaubais, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
  • Igreja de Santa Luzia, Vertentes-Jaguaribe Ceará, Brasil
  • La Iglesia de Santa Lucía, Santa Lucía de Tirajana, Gran Canaria
  • Parroquia ni Sta. Lucia in the Municipality of Narvacan, Ilocos Sur

Places

Schools

  • Sta. Lucia Elementary School, Masantol, Pampanga, Philippines
  • Sta. Lucia Elementary School, De Castro Subd., Barangay Sta. Lucia, Pasig, Philippines
  • St. Lucy Integrated School of Manila, Malate, Manila, Philippines
  • St. Lucia's School, Kotahena, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  • St. Lucy Catholic Elementary School, Brampton, Ontario, Canada
  • St. Lucy Catholic Elementary School, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (defunct)
  • St. Lucy Catholic Elementary School, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
  • Sta. Lucia High School Novaliches, Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines
  • Santa Lucia Catholic School, Chicago, Illinois, United States
  • St. Lucy's Priory High School, Glendora, California, United States
  • St. Lucy Day School for the Blind and Visually Impaired, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
  • St. Lucy's School of Archdiocese of Pampanga, Sasmuan, Pampanga, Philippines
  • St. Lucy's School (dedicated in 1955), Bronx, New York, United States[28]
  • Sta. Lucía del Tuy, Miranda, Venezuela

Other

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bridge, James (1910). "St. Lucy". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  2. ^ a b Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 139
  3. ^ Findlay, Allison (2010). Women in Shakespeare: A Dictionary. p. 234. (b) The play's setting in Ephesus and its links to Syracuse suggest that, in addition to its associations with light, Luciana's name might invoke memories of St Lucia of Syracuse, who remained a well-known saint in early modern England...
  4. ^ a b "About Saint Lucy | St. Lucy Catholic Parish". Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  5. ^ Media, Franciscan (13 December 2015). "Saint Lucy". Franciscan Media. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  6. ^ a b John Henry Blunt (1885). The Annotated Book of Common Prayer. London. p. 176.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  7. ^ a b c d e "Saint Lucy's Church: The Mother Italian Church of The Diocese of Scranton. Home to All! Ministered to by Saint Frances Xavier Cabrini". www.stlucy-church.org.
  8. ^ "Ælfric's Lives of Saints". Walter W. Skeat, ed., Early English Text Society, original series, vols. 76, 82, 94, 114 [London, 1881–1900], revised). Retrieved 24 October 2013.
  9. ^ Pirlo, Paolo O. (1997). "St. Lucy". My first book of saints. Sons of Holy Mary Immaculate - Quality Catholic Publications. p. 302. ISBN 971-91595-4-5.
  10. ^ "The Calendar". The Church of England. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  11. ^ Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018. Church Publishing, Inc. 17 December 2019. ISBN 978-1-64065-235-4.
  12. ^ Sigibert von Gembloux (2007). Acta Sanctae Luciae. Heidelberg: Ed. Tino Licht. (Editiones Heidelbergenses, vol. 34.).
  13. ^ Benigni, Umberto. "Syracuse". Catholic Encyclopedia.
  14. ^ a b INM. "Santa Lucia of the gondoliers brought home to Sicily after a millennium". Independent.co.uk. Archived from the original on 24 November 2009.
  15. ^ a b c "Memorial of St. Lucy, virgin and martyr - December 13, 2013 - Liturgical Calendar". www.catholicculture.org. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  16. ^ Paul, Tessa. The Illustrated World Encyclopedia of Saints.
  17. ^ Butler, Alban. Lives of the Saints.
  18. ^ "Dante: La Divina Commedia: Notes on Inferno : Henry Fanshawe Tozer : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming". Internet Archive. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  19. ^ Ross, Charles (2008). "Canto IX: The Ritual Keys". In Ross, Charles; Mandelbaum, Allen; Oldcorn, Anthony (eds.). Lectura Dantis: Purgatorio. University of California Press. pp. 85–94.
  20. ^ See David H. Higgins' commentary in Dante, The Divine Comedy, trans. C.H. Sisson. NY: Oxford University Press, 1993. ISBN 0-19-920960-X. P. 506.
  21. ^ Pinsky, Robert (11 December 2012). "Struggling Against the Dark". Slate.
  22. ^ Saints In Rome and Beyond, by Daniel Thelen, pages 129–130
  23. ^ Alio, Jacqueline (2009). "Saint Lucy – Sicily's Most Famous Woman". Best of Sicily Magazine.
  24. ^ "Lussekatter and Cuccia for St. Lucy's Day". Smithsonian Magazine. 10 December 2010.
  25. ^ "Swedish Lucia For Dummies". Swedish Institute. 2012.
  26. ^ "About Our Parish". St. Lucy.
  27. ^ Thomas Gatt – TG Development. "Santa Lucija (Kappella l-Qadima) – Chapel – Mtarfa, Malta".
  28. ^ "St. Lucy's School".

Further reading

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Books

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