User:Central Data Bank/Turkish State Railways

Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Demiryolları
	The railways' headquarters in Ankara.
Company type	State owned enterprise
Industry	Rail transport
Founded	1953; 71 years ago
Headquarters	Ankara, Turkey
Area served	Turkey
Key people	İsa Apaydın (Chairman)
Revenue	₺2.088 billion (2016)
Net income	-₺2.506 billion (2016)
Owner	Republic of Turkey (100%)
Number of employees	28,146 (2016)

State Railways of the Republic of Turkey
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Demiryolları
	Map of the TCDD railway network
	Haydarpaşa station in Istanbul has become a landmark in Turkey and the symbol of Turkish railways.
Overview
Headquarters	Ankara, Turkey
Reporting mark	TCDD
Locale	Turkey
Dates of operation	1929–present
Predecessor	State Railways and Seaports Administration
Successor	TCDD Taşımacılık (Railway operations only)
Technical
Track gauge	1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Previous gauge	1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) Broad gauge (Sarıkamış-Hudut) ; 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in) Narrow gauge (Sarıkamış-Erzurum)
Electrification	25 kV, 50 Hz AC Overhead line
Length	12,608 kilometres (7,834 mi)
Other
Website	www.tcdd.gov.tr

The State Railways of the Republic of Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Demiryolları), abbreviated as TCDD, is a government-owned national railway company responsible with the ownership and maintenance of railway infrastructure in Turkey, as well as the planning and construction of new lines. TCDD was formed on 4 June 1929 as part of the nationalization of railways in Turkey.^[2]

The Turkish State Railways own and maintain all public railways in Turkey. This includes railway stations, ports, bridges and tunnels, yards and maintenance facilities. In 2016, TCDD controlled an active network of 12,608 km (7,834 mi) of railways, making it the 22nd-largest railway system in the world. Apart from railway infrastructure, TCDD also owns several rail transport companies within Turkey as well as a 50% share of the İzmir-area commuter rail system, İZBAN.

Prior to 2017, TCDD also operated all railways in Turkey. However, with the government taking steps to privatize some of the Turkish railway network, TCDD Taşımacılık was formed on 14 June 2016 to take over all railway operations. Handover of rolling stock was signed on 28 December of the same year and TCDD formally ceased all railway operations on 31 December 2016.^[3]

History[edit]

Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in World War I and the Turkish nationalist victory in the subsequent post-war conflict in Anatolia led to the formation of the Republic of Turkey in 1923. The new government initiated a nationwide strategy of rebuilding and nationalizing the 4,112 km (2,555 mi) of railways within its newfound borders, which were privately owned by six railway companies.^[4] The first government-owned railway company was the Anatolian Baghdad Railways, originally formed in 1920, to operate strategic railways in Anatolia during the war of independence. In 1924, the railway officially began operations and formally took over the Ottoman Anatolian Railway and the Baghdad Railway within Turkey. In 1925, the Eastern Railway and the Railway Construction and Management Administration was formed; the first one to take over operations of the Transcaucasus Railway within Turkish borders, and the latter to oversee construction of new railways in Turkey.

Formation[edit]

On 23 May 1927 the Turkish parliament passed Law No. 1092, consolidating the three national railway companies under one organization: the State Railways and Seaports Administration (Turkish: Devlet Demiryolları ve Limanları İdare-i Umumiyesi, or DDLY), which was the direct predecessor to the Turkish State Railways.^[5] This new organization, headquartered at Haydarpaşa station in Istanbul and directly controlled by the Ministry of Transport, was tasked with the operation, management and construction of railways in Turkey as well as the management of seaports in Istanbul, İzmir, Derince and Mersin.^[5] The main focus however, was the further construction of the railway east of Ankara, which had reached Kayseri by 1927. When the DDYL first began operations, it possessed 1,378 km (856 mi) of railway. A year later and with the construction of new railways to Kayseri and Tavşanlı, the system grew to 2,359 km (1,466 mi).^[5]

Two years later, on 30 May 1929, the Turkish parliament passed Law No. 1483, restructuring the DDYL into a new organization: the State Railways Administration (Turkish: Devlet Demiryolları İşletme Umum Müdürlüğü, or DDY) and was the first iteration of the Turkish State Railways. This new organization had had a wider set of responsibilities compared to its predecessors but also possessed more autonomy from the Ministry of Transport. Former president of the DDYL, Haşim Sanver became the first President of the State Railways Administration.

According to Law No. 1482, the original responsibilities of the DDY was as follows:

Ownership and management of existing railways, complete or under construction, along with the construction and planning of new railways
Ownership and management of all railway-related government buildings
Ownership and management of four seaports and port facilities

Expansion[edit]

When the State Railways Administration first began operations, the railways possessed a network of 2,359 km (1,466 mi) of completed railway. The completed system spanned from Istanbul to Kayseri, via Ankara; Eskişehir to Fevzipaşa, via Konya and Adana along with a branch to Mersin and Tavşanlı; and an isolated railway from Erzurum to Kars and further to the border with Soviet Armenia. The latter railway was a mixed gauge route, consisting of narrow gauge from Erzurum to Sarıkamış and broad gauge from Sarıkamış to the Soviet border. The railways also took over several more lines that were under construction. These lines were from Kayseri to Sivas, Kayseri to Ulukışla, Irmak to Ereğli, Kütahya to Balıkesir, Fevzipaşa to Diyarbakır and Samsun to Sivas, the latter of which had about 168 km (104 mi) of route between Kavak and Zile completed.^[6]

The first railway to be completed by the DDY was between Kayseri and Sivas, which officially opened on 30 August 1930 with great fanfare.^[7] This began the largest railway construction spree in Turkish history. In the following decade, the State Railways would construct about 2,606 km (1,619 mi) of new railways, connecting most major Turkish cities to the national rail network. The main railway building policy was to expand the existing network throughout the country, with priority given to strategic regions and population centers. By 1935, the railways reached Elazığ and Diyarbakır in the east as well as the port city of Samsun and Hisarönü (just east of Zonguldak) on the Black Sea and reached Balıkesir and Ulukışla, connecting to the Smyrna Cassaba Railway, and the former Baghdad Railway respectively.^[2]

The DDY was also charged with buying up the remaining private railways in Turkey. The first private railway to be bought by the DDY was the Mudanya Bursa Railway, which it purchased for 50,000 liras (about $337,500 today) on 30 May 1931. This purchase added the 41 km (25 mi) long narrow gauge railway from Bursa to Mudanya, on the southeast coast of the Sea of Marmara, to the DDY network.^[8] The first major railway to be acquired by the state railways was the Ottoman Railway Company, which owned and operated the railway from İzmir to Eğirdir, with branches to Ödemiş, Tire, Söke, Denizli and Civril. The DDY bought the ORC for £1.8 million ($135.4 million today) on 30 May 1931.^[8] Three years later, the DDY acquired the Smyrna Cassaba Railway (SCP) for Fr162.4 million (about $200.1 million today), which added about 700 km (430 mi) of railway spanning from İzmir to Afyon and to the port town of Bandırma on the Sea of Marmara.^[8] The provided a more direct route to İzmir, which was the second largest city at the time. Another strategic railway was added to the DDY system in 1937 when the state railways bought the Oriental Railway (CO). The CO owned the only railway in European Turkey which ran east from Istanbul to the Greek border near Uzunköprü, with a branch line to Kırklareli. The acquisition took place on 31 May 1937 for CHF210.7 million (about $483.4 million today) under law No. 3155.^[8] The purchase of the CO marked an end to the former Ottoman railway companies.

Restructuring[edit]

Decline[edit]

Modernization, Resurgence and High-speed era[edit]

Split with TCDD Taşımacılık[edit]

Organization[edit]

The Turkish State Railways is a state owned enterprise and is wholly owned by the Republic of Turkey. The Ministry of Transport (UDHB) posses legal control of the railways, however since 1953, TCDD has more autonomy to function independently. TCDD is headquartered in Ankara on Hipodrom Avenue just northwest of Ankara station. The building was built between 1939 and 1941 and designed by Turkish architect Bedri Uçar in the Turkish New Regionalism style.

Subdivisions[edit]

The state railways has a total of eight subdivisions (Turkish: bölge) on its network. These subdivisions oversee regional operations and are headquartered at main railway stations within the subdivision. The following eight subdivisions are:

Subdivision 1 - Headquartered at Haydarpaşa station in Istanbul, subdivision 1 is responsible for railways in East Thrace and the northeastern Marmara region. Interchanges with subdivision 7 and subdivision 2 is at Eskişehir and Polatlı respectively.

Subdivision 2 - Headquartered at Marşandiz Yard in Ankara, subdivision 2 is responsible for the eastern section of the Istanbul-Ankara railway, the middle section of the Trans-Anatolian railway, the Irmak-Zonguldak railway and the Boğazköprü-Ulukışla railway. Interchanges with subdivision 1, subdivision 4 and subdivision 6 are at Polatlı, Kayseri and Ulukışla respectively.

Subdivision 3 - Headquartered at Alsancak station in İzmir, subdivision 3 is responsible for railways in the Aegean region and southern Marmara region. Interchanges with subdivision 7 are at Balıkesir, Dumlupınar and Goncalı.

Subdivision 4 - Headquartered at Sivas station in Sivas, subdivision 4 is responsible for the eastern section of the Trans-Anatolian railway and the Kalın-Samsun railway. Interchanges with subdivision 2 and subdivision 5 are at Kayseri and Çetinkaya respectively.

Subdivision 5 - Headquartered at Malatya station in Malatya, subdivision 5 is responsible for most railways in southeast Turkey, with the exception of the former Baghdad Railway. Interchanges with subdivision 4 and subdivision 6 are at Çetinkaya and Narlı respectively.

Subdivision 6 - Headquartered at Adana station in Adana, subdivision 6 is responsible for the former Baghdad Railway routes as well as the Narlı-Karkamış railway. Interchanges with subdivision 2, subdivision 5 and subdivision 7 are at Ulukışla, Narlı and Konya respectively.

Subdivision 7 - Headquartered at Ali Çetinkaya station in Afyonkarahisar, subdivision 7 is the newest numbered subdivision and is responsible for railways around western Central Anatolia. Interchanges with subdivision 1 and subdivision 6 at Eskişehir and Konya and with subdivision 3 at Balıkesir, Dumlupınar and Goncalı respectively.

YHT Subdivision - Headquartered at Ankara station in Ankara, the YHT subdivision is responsible for all high-speed railways in Turkey. As of 2018, the subdivision overlaps with subdivision 1, subdivision 2 and subdivision 7.

Subsidiaries and Affiliated Organizations[edit]

Network[edit]

The Turkish State Railways own and maintain an active network spanning 12,608 kilometres (7,834 mi).^[1] Of this network, 1,213 km (754 mi) of track is for high-speed rail, 4,350 km (2,700 mi) of track is electrified and 5,462 km (3,394 mi) of track is signalized.^[9] TCDD owns the second-largest rail network in the Balkans, after Romania, and the second largest network in the Middle-east, after Iran.

High-speed railway network[edit]

Turkey's high-speed rail network was first opened on 13 March 2009, between Esenkent and Eskişehir. This route, part of the Ankara-Istanbul high-speed railway, was gradually extended from Esenkent to Ankara in 2010 and from Eskişehir to Geyve and İzmit to Sapanca in mid-2014. The gap between Geyve and Sapanca is still under construction. A second high-speed railway to Konya was opened in 2011, diverging from the Ankara-Istanbul HSR near Polatlı.

Within large cities, high-speed railways are integrated with the existing railways but are segregated from local commuter rail traffic. Main railway stations serviced by high-speed rail were rebuilt and modernized, notable examples being Eskişehir station, Konya station and Ankara station.

Conventional railway network[edit]

Planned lines[edit]

The Turkish State Railways have a number of railways that are planned or under construction. The Ministry of Transport aims to construct an additional 12,500 km (7,800 mi) of railway by 2023 and 18,500 km (11,500 mi) by 2035. This would enlarge the current network to 25,000 km (16,000 mi) in 2023, making it the 14th-largest national network in the world, and 31,000 km (19,000 mi) in 2035, making it the 10th largest in the world.^[10]

The following railways are planned to be constructed by 2023.^[11]

Railway	Cities	Type	Notes
Sivas-Erzincan railway^[12]	Sivas, Erzincan	Higher-speed rail	A more direct route between Sivas and Erzincan.
Northern Istanbul railway	Gebze, Istanbul	Higher-speed rail	A bypass of Istanbul, via the Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge.
Ispartakule-Kapıkule railway	Istanbul, Lüleburgaz, Edirne	Conventional rail	A more direct route in East Thrace, replacing the Istanbul-Pythio railway.
Bursa-Gemlik railway	Bursa, Gemlik	Conventional rail
Eskişehir-Antalya railway	Eskişehir, Afyonkarahisar, Burdur, Isparta, Antalya	Conventional rail	North-south corridor
İzmir-Antalya railway	İzmir, Denizli, Burdur, Antalya	Higher-speed rail
Samsun-Ulukışla railway	Samsun, Merzifon, Çorum, Kırşehir, Aksaray	Conventional rail	North-south corridor
Yerköy-Kayseri high-speed railway	Yerköy, Kayseri	High-speed rail	Will diverge from the Ankara-Sivas high-speed railway at Yerköy.
Kayseri-Antalya railway	Kayseri, Nevşehir, Aksaray, Konya, Antalya	Conventional rail
Turhal-Tokat railway	Tokat	Conventional rail	Will diverge from the Kalın-Samsun railway at Turhal.
Gaziantep-Nusaybin railway	Gaziantep, Nizip, Şanlıurfa, Mardin, Nusaybin	Conventional rail	A more direct route between Gaziantep and Nusaybin, replacing the former Baghdad railway.
Kahramanmaraş-Nurdağ railway	Kahramanmaraş	Conventional rail
Erzincan-Kars railway	Erzincan, Erzurum, Kars	Conventional rail	A more direct route between Erzincan and Kars, replacing the existing railway between the two cities.
Sivas-Diyarbakır railway	Sivas, Malatya, Elazığ, Diyarbakır	Conventional rail	A more direct route between Sivas and Diyarbakır, replacing the existing railway between the two cities.
Gölbaşı-Kahta railway	Gölbaşı, Adıyaman, Kahta	Conventional rail
Erzincan-Trabzon railway	Erzincan, Gümüşhane, Trabzon	Conventional rail
Kurtalan-Siirt railway	Kurtalan, Siirt	Conventional rail	Extension of the Çetinkaya-Kurtalan railway.

Abandoned lines[edit]

Links with adjacent countries[edit]

Most railway border crossings were built before the modern borders of Turkey were established. This is the reason why, until 1971, Turkey's only railway to Europe crossed into Greece only to cross back into Turkey for a short span at Edirne, then cross back over into Greece and continue on to Bulgaria. Since its foundation, the Turkish State Railways opened three new cross-border railways; with Bulgaria and Iran in 1971 and with Georgia in 2017. In total, TCDD has eight border crossings with six of Turkey's eight neighbors.

Europe[edit]

Bulgaria – open – 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) – 25 kV, 50 Hz AC
Greece – open – 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) – 25 kV, 50 Hz AC

Asia[edit]

Georgia – open – break-of-gauge 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)/1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) at Akhalkalaki
Armenia – closed since 1993 – break-of-gauge 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)/1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) (see the Kars-Gyumri-Tbilisi railway line)^[13]
Azerbaijan – no direct link – break-of-gauge 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)/1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) via Georgia under reconstruction
Iran – open, via Lake Van train ferry – 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)
Iraq – no direct link, traffic routed via Syria – 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)
Syria – closed due to the Syrian civil war – 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)

Infrastructure[edit]

Railway stations[edit]

Ports[edit]

Bridges and Tunnels[edit]

Ferries[edit]

Yards and Maintenance Facilities[edit]

Electrification[edit]

Standards[edit]

Former Rolling stock[edit]

Transferred to TCDD Taşımacılık[edit]

Locomotives[edit]

Model	Numbers	Built	Number built	Type	Power	Builder (Designer)	Notes
Road power
DE24000	24001-24418	1970–84	418^[14]	Diesel Electric	2360 hp (1760 kW)	TÜLOMSAŞ (MTE)	Ordered for TCDD's complete dieselization of its fleet
DE18100	18101-18120	1978	20^[15]	Diesel Electric	1800 hp (1320 kW)	MTE	Ordered for use in District 3
DE22000	22001-22086	1985–89	86^[16]	Diesel Electric	2200 hp (1620 kW)	TÜLOMSAŞ (Electro-Motive Division)
E43000	43001-43045	1987	45^[17]	Electric	4260 hp (3180 kW)	TÜLOMSAŞ (Toshiba)
DE33000	33001-33089	2003–04	89^[18]	Diesel Electric	3300 hp (2463 kW)	TÜLOMSAŞ (Electro-Motive Diesel)	Based on the DE22000
E68000	68001-68080	2013–	80^[19]	Electric	6800 hp (5000 kW)	Hyundai Rotem, TÜLOMSAŞ	First 8 built by Hyundai Rotem, later 72 are being build by TÜLOMSAŞ
DE36000	36001-36020	2013–	20^[20]	Diesel Electric	3600 hp (2680 kW)	TÜLOMSAŞ (General Electric)	GE PowerHaul type
Switchers
DE11000	11001-11085	1985	85^[21]	Diesel Electric	1065 hp (780 kW)	Krauss-Maffei, TÜLOMSAŞ	First 20 built by Krauss-Maffei later 60 built by TÜLOMSAŞ
DH7000	7001–7020	1994	20^[22]	Diesel Hydraulic	710 hp (522 kW)	TÜLOMSAŞ
DH9500	9501–9526	1999	26^[23]	Diesel Hydraulic	950 hp (700 kW)	TÜLOMSAŞ	Diesel-hydraulic redesign of TCDD DE11000 to work around short of spare parts for the traction motors of TCDD DE11000
E1000	1000	2015–	1	Electric	1360 hp (1000 kW)	TÜBİTAK MAM, TÜLOMSAŞ	Prototype, mainly used for shunting operations (electric-only adaptation of TCDD DE11000)

Trainsets[edit]

Model	Numbers	Built	Number Built	Type	Power	Builder (Designer)	Notes
MT15000	15001-15012	2008	12	DMU	650 kW	Hyundai Rotem	Used for regional services
HT65000	65001-65012	2007-10	12	EMU	4800 kW	CAF	TCDD high-speed train sets
E23000	23001-23033	2009–????	33	EMU		EUROTEM	Başkentray commuter rail
MT30000	15401-15452	2011–	14	DMU	650 kW	TÜVASAŞ	Used for regional services
E32000	32001-32054	2011–????	88	EMU		EUROTEM	Marmaray commuter rail
HT80000	80001 & 80101-80106	2013–2016	16	EMU	8000 kW	Siemens	TCDD high-speed train sets

Railcars[edit]

Model	Picture	Numbers	Built	Number Built	Type	Power	Builder (Designer)	Notes
MT5700		5701-5730	1993	30	Railcar		Fiat	Used for regional services

Passenger cars[edit]

Model	Built	Type	Builder (Designer)
Regional Fleet	1972	Coach	TÜVASAŞ
Pullman Fleet	1980–90	Coach, Couchette, Diner, Generator	TÜVASAŞ
TVS2000	1992	Coach, Diner, Couchette, Sleeper, Generator	TÜVASAŞ