User:TX55/sandbox/Taiwanese

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Main page: Help:IPA for Taiwanese Hokkien

IPA for Taiwanese Hokkien[edit]

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Taiwanese Hokkien (also called Taiwanese) pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. See Taiwanese Hokkien phonology for more detail on the sounds of the language.

Note that English equivalents given in this page may represent only loose approximations to the original. In addition, the Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ) applied in this page is Ernest Tipson's version, while Chinese Examples are pronounced with literal reading with Taiwanese Romanization System (TL) spelling in default unless specified.

Consonants
IPA POJ TL Phonetic Symbols Chinese Example English approximation
p p ㄅ 布 (pòo) span
pʰ ph ㄆ 普 (phóo) pan
b b 明 (bîng) boon [a]
m m- ㄇ 媽 (má) moon
am, om, im , 暗 (àm), 參 (som)[b], 心 (sim) rim
h h ㄏ 曉 (hiáu) hit
t t ㄉ 端 (tuan) stop
tʰ th ㄊ 透 (thò) top
d l d 來 (dâi) dime [c][d]
l l ㄌ 來 (lâi) lime [d]
n n ㄋ 泥 (nî) noon
-n ㄣ, ㄢ 因 (in), 安 (an)
k k ㄍ 見 (kiàn) skin
kʰ kh ㄎ 溪 (khe) kin
g g 義 (gī) good [a]
ŋ ng- 吳 (ngôo) singer
eng, ang, ong ing, ang, ong ㄥ, ㄤ, 櫻 (ing), 幫 (pang), 王 (ông) song
tɕ chi [e] tsi ㄐ 精 (tsing) like itchy, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).[f]
tɕʰ chhi [e] tshi ㄑ 七 (tshit) like cheap, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized).[f]
ȵ ni gni 耳 (gní) like onion [g]
ɕ si ㄒ 審 (sím) like sheep, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized).[f]
dʑ ji 日 (ji̍t) like jeep, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).[h]
ʑ like zip, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).[i]
ts ch ts ㄗ 走 (tsóo) roughly like seats [e]
tsʰ chh tsh ㄘ 菜 (tshài) tsunami (English pronunciation) [e]
s s ㄙ 三 (sam) same
dz j 熱 (jua̍h) pads [h]
z zoo [i]
ʔ ∅ 影 (íng) uh-oh
Syllabic consonants
m̩ -m 姆 (ḿ) rhythm
ŋ̍ -ng 光 (kng) song [j]
Stop consonant finals
p̚ -p ◌ㄅ 合 (ha̍p) like sip, but no audible release
t̚ -t ◌ㄉ 七 (tshit) like sit, but no audible release
k̚ -k ◌ㄍ 角 (kak) like sick, but no audible release
ʔ -h ◌ㄏ 桌 (toh) uh-oh
Vowels
IPA POJ TL Phonetic Symbols Chinese Example English approximation
a a ㄚ 鴨 (ah) California: hat
ɛ e ee / ek / eng ㄝ 家 (kee) bet [g]
e e 家 (ke) enPR: day
ɘ er 火 (hér)[k] New Zealand: bit [l]
ə o or ㄜ 高 (kor) about; sometimes transcribed as [ɤ]. [m]
o o ㄛ 高 (ko) snow [n]
ɔ o͘ [o] oo 烏 (oo) thought
ong, om,
op, ok 		, ,
ㄅ, ㄍ 		福 (hok)
i i ㄧ [p] 一 (it) see [q]
ɨ i / u ir 豬 (tir) roughly like glasses; sometimes pronounced as [ɯ] as goose (California) [r][k]
u u ㄨ 武 (bú) shoe [s]
Diphthongs
ai ai ㄞ 愛 (ài) fight [q]
au au ㄠ 交 (kau) out [s]
ia ia ㄧㄚ 射 (siā) Russia
iɛ ian ㄧㄢ 電 (tiān) yes [t][u]
iat ㄧㄚㄉ 結 (kiat)
iə eng ing ㄧㄥ 英 (ing) eon [v][w]
ek ik ㄧㄍ 色 (sik)
iu iu ㄧㄨ 手 (tshiú) dew
ɘe oe ere ㄜ 雞 (kere)[r] [x]
ɘu ou eru ㄜㄨ 購 (kerù)[k]
ua oa ua ㄨㄚ 化 (huà) like quality
ue oe ue ㄨ 尾 (bué) quetion
ui ui ㄨㄧ 水 (súi) we
Triphthongs
iau iau ㄧㄠ 妖 (iau) meow [q][s]
uai oai uai ㄨㄞ 怪 (kuài) quiet [q]
Nasal vowels
ã an ann 衫 (sann) roughly like want; nasalized [a]
ẽ en enn 青 (tsenn) roughly like sane; nasalized [e] [g]
ɛ̃ eenn 青 (tseenn) French: vin; nasalized [ɛ] [g]
ĩ in inn [p] 圓 (înn) roughly like bin; nasalized [i]
ɔ̃ on onn 否 (hónn) French: son; nasalized [ɔ]
ãĩ ain ainn 關 (kuainn)[b] roughly like fine; nasalized [ai]
ãũ aun aunn 喓 (iaunn) roughly like ground; nasalized [au]
ĩũ iun iunn 羊 (iûnn) roughly like Eunice; nasalized [iu] [y]
ĩɔ̃ ionn 羊 (iônn) roughly like onion; nasalized [io] [g]
ũĩ uin uinn 快 (khuìnn) roughly like twin; nasalized [ui]
Note: ⟨◌n⟩ in POJ is sometimes written as ⟨◌N⟩ when superscript ⟨n⟩ is not supported.
Tones
IPA POJ TL Phonetic Symbols Chinese Example Description Tone number
Kaohsiung Taipei Lukang
a--a 後日 （āu--ji̍t） tone 0 (varying)
˦˦ a ㄚ 東 tone 1 55 44 33
˥˩ á ㄚˋ 黨 tone 2 51 53 55
˧˩ à ㄚ˪ 棟 tone 3 31 21 31
˧˨ʔ a◌ ㄚ◌ 督 tone 4 3ʔ 2ʔ 5ʔ
˨˦ â ㄚˊ 同 tone 5 24
˥˩ ǎ ㄚˋ 動 tone 6 22
˧˧ ā ㄚ˫ 洞 tone 7 33 31
˦ʔ a̍◌ ㄚ◌˙ 毒 tone 8 5ʔ 4ʔ 35ʔ
˧˥ a̋ 引擎 tone 9 35
Note: ◌ can be any of the four stop consonant finals in Taiwanese as listed in the bottom of the left table.

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b [b] and [g] are sometimes transcribed as [b̃] and [g̃] respectively.
  2. ^ a b In Taiwanese Chiang-chiu accent.
  3. ^ [d] only appears in Amoy accent.
  4. ^ a b [l] and [d] are pronounced as [ɾ] in some accents. Note that [d] / is only used in textbooks and academic publishing Ngoo Siu Le [zh].
  5. ^ a b c d In some POJ variants, chi [tɕ] and chhi [ts] are written as ⟨tsi⟩ and ⟨ts⟩ respectively.
  6. ^ a b c [tɕ], [tɕʰ], and [ɕ] are pronounced as [ts], [tsʰ], and [s] in some accents.
  7. ^ a b c d e gni [ȵ], ee [ɛ], eeh [ɛʔ], eenn [ɛ̃], ek [ɛk̚], eng [ɛŋ], ionn [ĩɔ̃], and ionnh [ĩɔ̃ʔ] of TL are used in Taiwanese Chiang-chiu accent. Note that gni [ȵ] and eenn [ɛ̃] are not listed in the Taiwanese Romanization System by Ministry of Education, but is featured in textbooks and dictionaries.
  8. ^ a b [dz] and [dʑ] are used in Taiwanese Choân-chiu accent; they are pronounced as [l] in some sub-accents.
  9. ^ a b [z] and [ʑ] is used in Taiwanese Chiang-chiu accent, while [ʑ] is pronounced as [g] in some sub-accents.
  10. ^ -ng [ŋ̍] is pronounced as ui [ui] (after a nasal consonant) or uinn [ũĩ] (after non-nasal consonant) mainly in Taiwanese Chiang-chiu accent.
  11. ^ a b c In Lo̍k-káng Choân-chiu accent
  12. ^ er [ɘ] is also transcribed as [ə] by some scholars despite of the slight difference.
  13. ^ [ə] is used in Taiwanese southern accent.
  14. ^ [o] is used in Taiwanese northern accent.
  15. ^ o͘ [ɔ] is sometimes be written as ⟨ou⟩ in POJ as the dot is barely visible for readers.
  16. ^ a b In horizontal writing, it might be written in 90 degrees rotated.
  17. ^ a b c d [i] can be transcribed as [ɪ] in -ai, -ia, -io, and -iau.
  18. ^ a b In Sam-Kiap Choân-chiu accent
  19. ^ a b c [u] can be transcribed as [ʊ] in -au
  20. ^ ⟨ian⟩ is pronounced as either [iɛn], [ɛn], or [en] depending on accents.
  21. ^ ⟨iat⟩ is pronounced as either [iɛt̚], [ɛt̚], or [et̚] depending on accents.
  22. ^ ⟨ing⟩ is pronounced as either [iəŋ], [iŋ] or [eŋ], depending on accents.
  23. ^ ⟨ik⟩ is pronounced as either [iək̚], [ik̚] or [ek̚] depending on accents.
  24. ^ ere [ɘe] is alternatively spelled as ⟨oe⟩ while its Phonetic Symbol "ㄜ" is replaced with "" in textbooks and academic publishing Ngoo Siu Le [zh].
  25. ^ [ĩũ] is only used in Choân-chiu accent.

References[edit]

  • "Tai-Hoa Dictionary". Peh-oe-ji Tai-gu-bun Bang-cham - Written Taiwanese Southern-Min.
  • "Taiwanese Hokkien Romanization and Pronunciation Learning Network". National Taichung University of Education.
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