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A variety of vegetable curries from India.

Curry (IPA: /ˈkʌri/) is a generic description used throughout European and American culture to describe a general variety of spiced dishes, best known in South Asian cuisines, especially Indian cuisine. Curry is a generic term and although there is no one specific attribute that marks a dish as "curry", some distinctive spices used in many curry dishes include turmeric, cumin, coriander, fenugreek, and red pepper. The word curry is an anglicised version of the Tamil word khari (கறி ),^[1] which is usually understood to mean "gravy" or "sauce" rather than "spices".^[2] In Urdu, an official language of Pakistan and North India, curry is usually referred to as saalan. سالن In most South Indian languages, the word literally means 'side-dish', which can be eaten along with a main dish like rice or bread.

Curry's popularity in recent decades has spread outward from the Indian subcontinent to figure prominently in international cuisine. Consequently, each culture has adopted spices in its indigenous cooking to suit its own unique tastes and cultural sensibilities. Curry can therefore be called a pan-Asian or global phenomenon with immense popularity in Thai, British, and Japanese cuisines.^[3]

Etymology

Curry is derived from the Tamil word karii, meaning "sauce".^[4]

Indian and South Asian cuisines

In other varieties of Indian cuisine, kadhi is a gravy, made by stirring yoghurt into a roux of ghee and besan. The spices added vary, but usually include turmeric and black mustard seed. It is often eaten with rice. In India thousands of curries can be made up of vegetables and lentils only. In curry a lot of spices does not determine that it is going to be hot; the main masala (spice) is coriander (dhania powder) for digestive problems.^{[citation needed]}

Andhra or Telugu cuisine

Andhra cuisine is spicy and has a unique flavour similar to the Tamil cuisine, although there are regional variations in Andhra Pradesh cuisine. Telangana in the west of Andhra Pradesh has dishes like Ambali, jonna rotte/jowar bread, sajja rotte/bread from sajja grains, and hyderabadi biryani.

Typical Andhra cuisine dishes include kodi kura/chicken curry, ulavachaaru/soup from horse gram, chapala pulusu/fish curry, yatamamsam/goat mutton, avakaaya pickle/mango, red chilli pickle, and pesarattu.

Bengali, Bangladeshi and Oriya cuisines

Bengali cuisine includes a plethora of curries. Seafood and fresh fish are a great favourite with Bengalis, and a large number of curries have been devised to accompany them. Mustard seeds and mustard oil are added to many recipes, as are poppy seeds.

The Oriya people have similar eating habits and are considered masters in preparing these types of curries. This is proven by the number of Oriyas deployed in West Bengal as master chefs.

Gujarati cuisine

The typical Gujarati cuisine is called Thali, which consists of Roti (a flat bread made from wheat flour), daal or kadhi, bhaat (rice), and shaak (sabzi) (a dish made up of different combinations of vegetables and spices, which may be stir fried, spicy or sweet). Cuisine varies in flavour and heat, depending on taste.

Karnataka cuisine

The curries of Karnataka typically have a lot more dal than curries of other parts of India. Some typical soup dishes include Saaru, Gojju, Thovve, Huli, Majjige Huli; which is similar to the "kadi" made in the north, Sagu or Kootu, which is eaten mixed with hot rice.

Karnataka curry (either in the form of sambar or saru/rasam) is must in lunch/dinner or breakfast (especially with idli and wada). Idli, sambar, and chatni along with crispy wada are good combination and light breakfast.

Malayali cuisine

Malayali curries of Kerala typically contain shredded coconut paste or coconut milk, curry leaves, and various spices. Mustard seeds are used in almost every dish, along with onions, curry leaves, sliced red chilies fried in hot oil. Most of the non-vegetarian dishes are heavily spiced. Kerala is known for its traditional Sadya, a vegetarian meal served with boiled rice and a host of side-dishes, such as Parippu (Green gram), Papadum, some ghee, Sambar, Rasam, Aviyal, Kaalan, Kichadi, pachadi, Injipuli, Koottukari, pickles (mango, lime), Thoran, one to four types of Payasam, Boli, Olan, Pulissery, moru (buttermilk), Upperi, Banana chips, etc. The sadya is customarily served on a banana leaf.

North Indian and Pakistani cuisines

North Indian cuisine includes Mughlai cuisine, the cuisine of Kashmir, Awadhi cuisine, the cuisine of Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthani cuisine and Bhojpuri cuisine.

A favourite Pakistani curry is Karahi, which is either mutton or chicken cooked in a dry spice rub. Lahori Karahi incorporates garlic, spices and vinegar. Peshawari karahi is a simple dish made with just meat, salt, tomatoes and coriander.

Punjabi cuisine

Punjabi curries are mainly based upon masalas (spice blends), pure desi ghee, with liberal amounts of butter and cream. There are certain dishes that are exclusive to Punjab, such as Maha Di Dal and Saron Da Saag (Sarson Ka Saag).

Sindhi cuisine

Sindhi cuisine refers to the cuisine of the Sindhi people. The daily food in most Sindhi households consists of wheat-based flat-bread (phulka) and rice accompanied by two dishes, one gravy and one dry.

Pashtun cuisine

The cuisine of the Pashtun people in northwestern Pakistan is mostly identical to the cuisine of neighbouring Afghanistan, which is largely based upon cereals like wheat, maize, barley and rice. Accompanying these staples are dairy products (yoghurt, whey), various nuts, native vegetables, and fresh and dried fruits.

Northeast Indian and Nepalese cuisines

The curries of North-East India are very different from those of other parts of India. This area's cuisine has been influenced by its neighbours, namely Burma and Tibet. Well known Indian spices are used less. Yak is a popular meat in this region of India.

Dahl baht, rice and lentil soup, is a staple dish of Nepal. Newa cuisine is a type of cuisine developed over centuries by the Newars of Nepal.

Tamil and Sri Lankan cuisines

Curry-based dishes from Karnataka, India.

Tamil cuisine's distinctive flavour and aroma is achieved by a blend and combination of spices including curry leaves, tamarind, coriander, ginger, garlic, chili, pepper, poppy seeds, mustard seeds, cinnamon, cloves, cardamom, cumin, fennel or anise seeds, fenugreek seeds, nutmeg, coconut, turmeric root or powder, and rosewater. Lentils, vegetables and dairy products are essential accompaniments and are often served with rice. Traditionally vegetarian foods dominate the menu with a range of non-vegetarian dishes including freshwater fish and seafood cooked with traditional Tamil spices and seasoning. This holds good for all the four south Indian states.

In Sri Lankan cuisine rice, which is usually consumed daily, can be found at any special occasion; whilst spicy curries are favourite dishes for dinner and lunch. 'Rice and curry' refers to a range of Sri Lankan dishes.

Other Asian cuisines

Chinese cuisine

Chinese curries (咖哩, gā lǐ) typically consist of chicken, beef, fish, lamb, or other meats, green peppers, onions, large chunks of potatoes, and a variety of other ingredients and spices in a mildly spicy yellow curry sauce, and topped over steamed rice. White pepper, soy sauce, hot sauce, and/or hot chili oil may be applied to the sauce to enhance the flavor of the curry.

The most common Chinese variety of curry sauce is usually sold in powder form. It seems to have descended from a Singaporean and Malaysian variety, countries which also introduced the Satay sauce to the Chinese. The ethnic Cantonese being dominant in Kuala Lumpur and Singapore, this yellow, Chinese-Malaysian variety was naturally introduced to China by the Cantonese, and features typically in Hong Kong cuisine. (Interestingly, the Malay Satay seems to have been introduced to China with wider success by the ethnic Teochew, which are not dominant in the Nusantara, but in Thailand.)

There are many different varieties of Chinese curry, depending on each restaurant. Unlike other Asian curries, which usually have a thicker consistency, Chinese curry is often watery.^{[citation needed]} "Galimian," (from Malaysian "curry mee" or "curry noodles,") is also a popular Chinese curry dish.

Indonesian cuisine

In Indonesia, gulai and kari or kare are based on curry. They are often highly localised and reflect the meat and vegetables available. They can therefore employ a variety of meats (chicken, beef, water buffalo and goat as in the flavoursome "gulai kambing"), seafood (prawn, crab, mussel, clam, squid etc), fish or vegetable dishes in a spiced sauce. They use local ingredients such as chili peppers, Kaffir lime leaves, lemon grass, Galangal, Indonesian bay leaves or salam leaves, candlenuts, turmeric, shrimp paste (terasi), cumin, coriander seed and coconut milk. One popular curry is rendang from West Sumatran cuisine. Authentic rendang uses water buffalo slow-cooked in thick coconut milk for a number of hours to tenderise and flavour the meat. In Aceh, curries use daun salam koja or daun kari (translated as "curry leaves"). Opor Ayam is another kind of curry.

Iranian cuisine

In Iranian cuisine, a ground spice mixture called advieh is used in many stews and rice dishes. It is similar to some curries. Ingredients vary, but may include cinnamon, cardamom, cumin, coriander, golpar, turmeric, black pepper, cloves, allspice, dried rose petals, and ground ginger. It is usually mellow and mild, not spicy hot.

Japanese cuisine

Japanese curry (カレー, karē) is one of the most popular dishes in Japan, where people eat it 125 times a year according to a survey made in 2005.^[5] It is usually eaten as karē raisu — curry, rice and often pickled vegetables, served on the same plate and eaten with a spoon, a common lunchtime canteen dish.

Curry was introduced to Japan by the British in the Meiji era (1869–1913) after Japan ended its policy of national self-isolation (Sakoku), and curry in Japan is categorized as a Western dish. Its spread across the country is commonly attributed to its use in the Japanese Army and Navy which adopted it extensively as convenient field and naval canteen cooking, allowing even conscripts from the remotest countryside to experience the dish. The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force traditionally have curry every Friday for lunch and many ships have their own unique recipes.

The standard Japanese curry contains onions, carrots, potatoes, and sometimes celery, and a meat that is cooked in a large pot. Sometimes grated apples or honey are added for additional sweetness and other vegetables are sometimes used instead. For the meat, pork, beef and chicken are the most popular, in order of decreasing popularity. In northern and eastern Japan including Tokyo, pork is the most popular meat for curry. Beef is more common in western Japan, including Osaka, and in Okinawa chicken is favoured.^[6] Curry seasoning is commonly sold in the form of a condensed brick which dissolves in the mixture of meat and vegetables.

Curry in Korea is very similar to the Japanese version, having moved over from colonial times in the early 20th century. It usually consists of potato, kimchi, vegetables and pork.

Sometimes the curry-rice is topped with breaded pork cutlet (tonkatsu); this is called Katsu-karē ("cutlet curry"). Korokke (potato croquettes) are also a common topping.

Apart from with rice, karē udon (thick noodles in curry flavoured soup) and karē-pan ("curry bread" — deep fried battered bread with curry in the middle) are also popular.

Southeast Asian cuisines

South East Asia, including countries like Cambodia Laos and Vietnam, also have their own versions of curry. Note that these countries have had many influences from Indian culture and cuisine, owing to South Asian travellers centuries before. In the cuisine of the Philippines, kare-kare is made with a peanut sauce.

Malaysian cuisine

Being at the crossroads of ancient trade routes has left a mark on the Malaysian cuisine. While the curry may have initially found its way to Malaysian shores via the Indian population, it has since become a staple among the Malays and Chinese too. Malaysian curries differ from state to state, even within similar ethnic groupings, as they are influenced by the many factors, be it cultural, religious, agricultural or economical.

Malaysian curries typically use curry powders rich in turmeric, coconut milk, shallots, ginger, belacan (shrimp paste), chilis, and garlic. Tamarind is also often used. Rendang is another form of curry consumed in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia; although it is drier and contains mostly meat and more coconut milk than a conventional Malaysian curry. Rendang was mentioned in Malay literature Hikayat Amir Hamzah^[7] (1550-an) ^[8] is popular among Indonesians, Singaporeans and Malaysians. All sorts of things are curried in Malaysia, including mutton, chicken, shrimp, cuttlefish, fish, aubergines, eggs, and vegetables.

Thai cuisine

In Thai cuisine, curries are meat, fish or vegetable dishes in a spiced sauce. They use local ingredients such as chili peppers, Kaffir lime leaves, lemon grass, Galangal and coconut milk, and tend to be more aromatic than Indian curries as a result. Curries are often described by colour; red curries use red chilis while green curries use green chilis. Yellow curries are more similar to Indian curries, with their use of turmeric and cumin. Yellow curries in Thailand usually don't contain potatoes except in southern style cooking, however, Thai restaurants abroad usually have them. Yellow curry is also called gaeng curry (by various spellings), of which a word-for-word translation would be "soup curry" or "curry curry". Some dishes have curry powder added.

Thai curries:

Vietnamese cuisine

In Vietnam, curry is called cà ri or sometimes ca re. Certain Vietnamese curry is more soup-like than Indian curry. Curry is more common in the South, such as in Saigon and the surrounding areas. Besides rice, dipping French style bread is also a common practice when eating curry goat or chicken in these regions. Unlike curry from other countries, Vietnamese curry isn't as thick as its Indian counter parts and is a mild yellow spice.

Other cuisines

Other countries have their own varieties of curry, well known examples include:

South Africa: Cape Malay curries
Caribbean: Curry Goat
Fiji, Samoa, and Tonga: Known generally as "kare" or "kale," the spice is a popular ingredient in curried lamb, mutton, and chicken stew. Often prepared with coconut milk and accompanied by rice or taro.
Ethiopia: Wat, a thick, heavily spiced stew
Germany: Currywurst
Central Africa: Groundnut stew, though not technically a curry, is a similar style

Curry powder is used as an incidental ingredient in other cuisines, including for example a "curry sauce" (sauce au curry, sometimes even au cari) variation of the classic French béchamel.

British cuisine

In British cuisine, the word "curry" is primarily used to denote a sauce-based dish flavoured with curry powder or a paste made from the powder and oils. However, the use of fresh spices such as ginger and garlic, and preparation of an initial masala from freshly ground dried spices are sometimes used.

The first curry recipe in Britain appeared in The Art of Cookery made Plain and Easy by Hannah Glasse in 1747.^[9] The first edition of her book used only pepper and coriander seeds for seasoning of "currey". By the fourth edition of the book other relatively common ingredients of turmeric and ginger were used. The use of hot spices was not mentioned, which reflected the limited use of chili in India — chili plants had only been introduced into India around the late 15th century and at that time were only popular in southern India. Many curry recipes are contained in 19th century cookbooks such as those of Charles Elme Francatelli and Mrs Beeton. In Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management, a recipe for curry powder is given that contains coriander, turmeric, cinnamon, cayenne, mustard, ginger, allspice and fenugreek; although she notes that it is more economical to purchase the powder at "any respectable shop".^[10] In 1810, the British Bengali entrepreneur Sake Dean Mahomed opened the first Indian curry house in England: the Hindoostanee Coffee House in London.^[11] According to legend, one 19th century attempt at curry resulted in the invention of Worcestershire sauce.^[12]

The popularity of curry among the general public was enhanced by the invention of "Coronation chicken" to commemorate the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953. Curry sauce (or curry gravy) is a British use of curry as a condiment, usually served warm with traditional British fast food dishes such as chips. Curry sauce occasionally would include sultanas.

The popularity of curry in the UK encouraged the growth of Indian restaurants. Until the early 1970s more than three quarters of Indian restaurants in Britain were identified as being owned and run by people of Bengali origin. Most were run by migrants from East Pakistan, which became Bangladesh in 1971. Bangladeshi restaurateurs overwhelmingly come from the northeastern division of Sylhet. Until 1998, as many as 85% of curry restaurants in the UK were British Bangladeshi restaurants^[13] but in 2003 this figure declined to just over 65%.^[14] Currently the dominance of Bangladeshi restaurants is generally declining in some parts of London and the further north one travels. In Glasgow there are more restaurants of Punjabi origin than any other.^[15]

Regardless of the ethnic origin of a restaurant's ownership, the menu will often be influenced by the wider Indian subcontinent (sometimes including Nepalese dishes), and sometimes cuisines from further afield (such as Persian dishes). Some British variations on Indian food are now being exported from the UK to India.^{[citation needed]} British-style curry restaurants are also popular in Canada, Australia and New Zealand.

In a relatively short space of time curry has become an integral part of British cuisine, so much so that, since the late 1990s, Chicken Tikka Masala has been referred to as "a true British national dish".^[16] It is now available (albeit in frozen, microwavable form) on Intercity rail trains, as a flavour for crisps, and even as a pizza topping.

British curry house

Curry is eaten in almost all parts of the Indian subcontinent and outside, namely India, Bangladesh and Pakistan, it has its varying degrees of style, taste and aroma, depending on local ingredients used.

Bengalis in the UK settled in big cities with industrial employment. In London Bengalis settled in the East End. For centuries the East End has been the first port of call for many immigrants working in the docks and shipping from east Bengal. Their regular stopover paved the way for food/curry outlets to be opened up catering for an all male workforce as family migration and settlement took place some decades later.

This cuisine is characterized by the use of a common base for all the sauces to which spices are added when individual dishes are prepared. The standard "feedstock" is usually a sautéed mixture of onion, garlic and fresh ginger, to which various spices are added, depending on the recipe, but which may include: cloves, cinnamon, cardamom, chilies, peppercorns, cumin and mustard seeds. Ground coriander seed is widely used as a thickening agent, and turmeric is added for colour and its digestive qualities. Fresh or canned tomatoes and Bell Peppers are a common addition.

Better-quality restaurants will normally make up new sauces on a daily basis, using fresh ingredients wherever possible and grinding their own spices. More modest establishments are more likely to resort to frozen or dried ingredients and pre-packaged spice mixtures.

Although the names may be similar to traditional dishes, the recipes generally are not.

Korma/Kurma - mild, yellow in colour, with almond and coconut powder
Curry - medium, brown, gravy-like sauce
Biryani - Spiced rice and meat cooked together and usually served with vegetable curry sauce.
Dupiaza/Dopiaza - medium curry the word means "double onion" referring to the boiled and fried onions used as its primary ingredient.
Pasanda - a mild curry sauce made with cream, coconut milk, and almonds or cashews.
Roghan Josh (from "Roghan" (fat) and "Josh" (energy/heat - which as in English may refer to either "spiciness" or temperature)) - medium, with tomatoes and paprika
Bhuna - medium, thick sauce, some vegetables
Dhansak - medium/hot, sweet and sour sauce with lentils (originally a Parsi dish). This dish often also contains pineapple.
Madras - fairly hot curry, red in colour and with heavy use of chili powder
Pathia - hot, generally similar to a Madras with lemon juice and tomato purée
Jalfrezi - onion, green chili and a thick sauce
Sambar - medium heat, sour curry made with lentils and lemons
Vindaloo - this is generally regarded as the classic "hot" restaurant curry, although a true Vindaloo does not specify any particular level of spiciness. The name has European origins, derived from the Portuguese term "vinha d'alhos", a marinade containing wine ("vinho"), or sometimes vinegar, and garlic ("alho"), used to prevent the pork from going off in the heat. Some recipes include potato, misinterpreting the word "Vindaloo" due to its similarity to the Hindi word aloo (potato).
Phaal - extremely hot dish using ground chilies, ginger and fennel.

The tandoor was introduced into Britain in the 1960s and tandoori and tikka chicken became popular dishes; Chicken Tikka Masala was said to have been invented in Glasgow by a Bengali chef, when a customer demanded a sauce with a "too dry" tikka (legend has it that the cook then heated up a tin of Campbell's condensed tomato soup and added some spices)

Other dishes may be featured with varying strengths, with those of north Indian origin, such as Butter Chicken, tending to be mild, and recipes from the south of India tending to be hotter.

Balti curries

A style of curry thought to have been developed in Birmingham, England^[17] which has spread to other western countries is traditionally cooked and served in the same, typically cast iron pot.

Curry house cuisine at home

The popularity of curry houses in Britain has encouraged a number of publications aiming to show how the curry house cuisine, as opposed to authentic Indian cuisine, can be recreated at home. Notable publications are Kris Dhillon's book "The Curry Secret" which was first published in 1989 but has been reprinted as recently as 2008.^[18] Dhillon reports having had experience working in her own Indian-style restaurant before publishing the book.^[19] In contrast, Bruce Edwards published a short series of articles in 1990 based mostly on deduction and experiments in trying to recreate his experiences as a restaurant customer. The series consisted of three articles published in the Curry Club Magazine.^[20] Edwards published a follow-up series in the same magazine three years later, using information he had since learned from a behind-the-scenes look of an Indian take-away restaurant.^[21] Edwards' articles are still used as a reference by members of the online forum "Curry Recipes Online", where he has also informally published a few brief further follow-ups.^[22]

West Indies

In the West Indies, curry is a very popular dish. The Indian indentured servants that were brought over from India by different European powers, brought this dish, as well as their culture, to the West Indies. In Jamaica and Trinidad, curried goat is prominently featured. The sauces for other curries are usually thinner than a true Indian curry, but some exceptions can be made. Curry can be found at both inexpensive and upscale Caribbean restaurants, and ingredients can range from chicken or vegetables to shellfish such as shrimp and scallops. Examples of curries in the West Indies include:

Jamaica: Especially curried chicken, goat, fish and shrimp
Trinidad and Tobago: Most notably curried chicken, goat, shrimp, and curry aloo
Guyana: Chicken Curry, Goat Curry, Duck Curry, Shrimp Curry, Beef Curry (eaten by Muslims), Aloo Curry, Fish (different varieties of fish) Curry, etc.

Curry addiction

A number of studies have claimed that the reaction of pain receptors to the hotter ingredients in curries, even Korma, leads to the body's release of endorphins and, with the complex sensory reaction to the variety of spices and flavours, a natural high is achieved that causes subsequent cravings, often followed by a desire to move on to hotter curries. Some refer to this as addiction, but other researchers contest the use of the word "addiction" in this instance.^[23]

Curry powder

Curry powder, also known as masala powder, is a spice mixture of widely varying composition developed by the British during the days of the Raj as a means of approximating the taste of Indian cuisine at home. Masala refers to spices, and this is the name given to the thick and pasty sauce based on a combination of spices with ghee (clarified butter), butter, palm oil or coconut milk. Most commercial curry powders available in Britain, the U.S. and Canada, rely heavily on ground turmeric, in turn producing a very yellow sauce. Lesser ingredients in these Western yellow curry powders are often coriander, cumin, fenugreek, mustard, chili, black pepper and salt. It should be reiterated that curry powders and pastes produced and consumed in India are extremely diverse; some red, some yellow, some brown; some with five spices and some with as many as 20 or more. Besides the previously mentioned spices, other commonly found spices in different curry powders in India are allspice, white pepper, ground mustard, ground ginger, cinnamon, roasted cumin, cloves, nutmeg, mace, green cardamom seeds or black cardamom pods, bay leaves and coriander seeds.

Health benefits

Some studies have shown that ingredients in curry may help to prevent certain diseases, including colon cancer and Alzheimer's disease.^[24]^[25]

References

^ This is the generally accepted origin for Engl. curry in the modern sense. The spelling however appears to allude to an older form "cury" 'cooking' (from French cuire), which was first attested in Forme of Cury, a culinary cookbook from 1390.
^ "Indian Cookery Terms". Cookeryonline.com. 2007-02-24. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
^ "Meatless Recipes, Health and Nutrition News". Meatless Monday. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
^ "University of Chicago". Dsal.uchicago.edu. 2001-09-01. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
^ S&B Foods Inc. "Curry Q&A" (in Japanese). Retrieved 2008-04-11.
^ The Curry Rice Research (in Japanese)
^ Hikayat Amir Hamzah. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
^ "malay concordance project". Mcp.anu.edu.au. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
^ Hannah Glasse (1747). The art of cookery, made plain and easy. OCLC 4942063.
^ Isabella Mary Beeton (1861). Mrs. Beeton's book of household management. p. 215. ISBN 0-304-35726-X.
^ "Curry house founder is honoured". London: BBC News. 29 September 2005. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
^ Lizzie Collingham (2006). "Curry Powder". Curry: A tale of cooks and conquerors. Vintage. pp. 149–150. ISBN 0 09 943786 4.
^ "UK Curry Scene". Retrieved 2006-12-12.
^ "Indian Curry in London". Retrieved 2006-12-12.
^ "The history of the "ethnic" restaurant in Britain". Retrieved 2006-12-12.
^ "Robin Cook's chicken tikka masala speech". Retrieved 2006-12-12.
^ "Wordhunt appeal list - Balderdash Wordhunt - Oxford English Dictionary". Oed.com. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
^ Dhillon, Kris. The Curry Secret. Right Way. ISBN 978-0716021919.
^ Dhillon, Kris. "About Kris Dhillon". Retrieved 5 April 2010.
^ Edwards, Bruce. "Curry House Cookery". Curry Club Magazine, Winter issue 1990.
^ Edwards, Bruce. "Curry House Cookery". Curry Club Magazine, first issue of 1993.
^ Edwards, Bruce. "Comments received from Bruce Edwards 14/10/2008". Retrieved 5 April 2010.
^ BBC News. British "addicted to curry"
^ "HEALTH | "Curry is cancer fighter"". London: BBC News. 2000-01-10. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
^ "HEALTH | Curry "may slow Alzheimer's"". London: BBC News. 2001-11-21. Retrieved 2009-06-08.

@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 Curry is derived from the [[Tamil (language)|Tamil]] word ''karii'', meaning "sauce".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:705.hobson |title=University of Chicago |publisher=Dsal.uchicago.edu |date=2001-09-01 |accessdate=2009-06-08}}</ref>
+==Indian and South Asian cuisines==
-{{Main|South Indian cuisine|Sri Lankan cuisine}}
-[[Image:Karnatakadishes.jpg|thumb|Curry-based dishes from [[Karnataka]], India.]]
-==Indian cuisines==
 In other varieties of [[India]]n cuisine, ''[[kadhi]]'' is a [[gravy]], made by stirring [[yoghurt]] into a [[roux]] of [[ghee]] and [[besan]]. The spices added vary, but usually include [[turmeric]] and [[black mustard]] seed. It is often eaten with rice. In India thousands of curries can be made up of vegetables and lentils only.  In curry a lot of spices does not determine that it is going to be hot; the main masala (spice) is [[coriander]] (dhania powder) for digestive problems.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}
-==Andhra or Telugu cuisine==
+===Andhra or Telugu cuisine===
 [[Andhra cuisine]] is spicy and has a unique flavour similar to the Tamil cuisine, although there are regional variations in Andhra Pradesh cuisine. Telangana in the west of Andhra Pradesh has dishes like Ambali, jonna rotte/jowar bread, sajja rotte/bread from sajja grains, and hyderabadi biryani.
 Typical Andhra cuisine dishes include kodi kura/chicken curry, ulavachaaru/soup from [[horse gram]], chapala pulusu/fish curry, yatamamsam/goat mutton, avakaaya pickle/mango, red chilli pickle, and pesarattu.
+===Bengali, Bangladeshi and Oriya cuisines===
-==Karnataka cuisine==
-{{Main|Cuisine of Karnataka}}
-The curries of Karnataka typically have a lot more dal than curries of other parts of India. Some typical soup dishes include [[Saaru]], Gojju, Thovve, Huli, Majjige Huli; which is similar to the "kadi" made in the north, Sagu or Kootu, which is eaten mixed with hot rice.
-Karnataka curry (either in the form of sambar or saru/rasam) is must in lunch/dinner or breakfast (especially with idli and wada). Idli, sambar, and chatni along with crispy wada are good combination and light breakfast.
-==Malayali cuisine==
-{{Main|Cuisine of Kerala}}
-[[Malayali]] curries of [[Kerala]] typically contain shredded [[coconut]] paste or [[coconut milk]], [[curry leaves]], and various spices.  Mustard seeds are used in almost every dish, along with onions, curry leaves, sliced red chilies fried in hot oil. Most of the non-vegetarian dishes are heavily spiced. Kerala is known for its traditional [[Sadya]], a vegetarian meal served with boiled rice and a host of side-dishes, such as [[Parippu]] (Green gram), [[Papadum]], some [[ghee]], [[Sambar (dish)|Sambar]], [[Rasam]], [[Aviyal]], [[Kaalan]], [[Kichadi]], [[pachadi]], [[Injipuli]], [[Koottukari]], [[Indian pickle|pickles]] (mango, lime), [[Thoran]], one to four types of [[Payasam]], [[Boli]], [[Olan]], [[Pulissery]], moru ([[buttermilk]]), [[Upperi]], [[Banana]] chips, etc. The sadya is customarily served on a banana leaf.
-==Tamil and Sri Lankan cuisines==
-[[Tamil cuisine]]'s distinctive flavour and aroma is achieved by a blend and combination of [[spice]]s including [[curry leaves]], [[tamarind]], [[coriander]], [[ginger]], [[garlic]], [[chili pepper|chili]], [[black pepper|pepper]], [[poppy seeds]], [[mustard seeds]], [[cinnamon]], [[clove]]s, [[cardamom]], [[cumin]], [[fennel]] or [[anise]] seeds, [[fenugreek seeds]], [[nutmeg]], [[coconut]], [[turmeric]] root or powder, and [[rosewater]]. [[Lentil]]s, [[vegetable]]s and [[dairy]] products are essential accompaniments and are often served with rice.  Traditionally vegetarian foods dominate the menu with a range of non-vegetarian dishes including [[freshwater]] [[fish]] and [[seafood]] cooked with traditional Tamil spices and seasoning. This holds good for all the four south Indian states.
-In [[Sri Lankan cuisine]] [[rice]], which is usually consumed daily, can be found at any special occasion; whilst spicy curries are favourite dishes for [[dinner]] and [[lunch]]. '[[Rice and curry]]' refers to a range of Sri Lankan dishes.
-==Bengali, Bangladeshi and Oriya cuisines==
 {{Main|Bangladeshi cuisine|Bengali cuisine|Oriya cuisine}}
@@ Line 50: / Line 27: @@
 The [[Oriya people]] have similar eating habits and are considered masters in preparing these types of curries. This is proven by the number of [[Oriya people|Oriya]]s deployed in [[West Bengal]] as master chefs.
-==Gujarati cuisine==
+===Gujarati cuisine===
 {{Main|Gujarati cuisine}}
 The typical [[Gujarat]]i cuisine is called Thali, which consists of [[Roti]] (a flat bread made from wheat flour), [[Dal|daal]] or [[kadhi]], bhaat (rice), and shaak ([[Sabji|sabzi]]) (a dish made up of different combinations of vegetables and spices, which may be stir fried, spicy or sweet). Cuisine varies in flavour and heat, depending on taste.
+===Karnataka cuisine===
-==North Indian and Pakistani cuisines==
+{{Main|Cuisine of Karnataka}}
+The curries of Karnataka typically have a lot more dal than curries of other parts of India. Some typical soup dishes include [[Saaru]], Gojju, Thovve, Huli, Majjige Huli; which is similar to the "kadi" made in the north, Sagu or Kootu, which is eaten mixed with hot rice.
+Karnataka curry (either in the form of sambar or saru/rasam) is must in lunch/dinner or breakfast (especially with idli and wada). Idli, sambar, and chatni along with crispy wada are good combination and light breakfast.
+===Malayali cuisine===
+{{Main|Cuisine of Kerala}}
+[[Malayali]] curries of [[Kerala]] typically contain shredded [[coconut]] paste or [[coconut milk]], [[curry leaves]], and various spices.  Mustard seeds are used in almost every dish, along with onions, curry leaves, sliced red chilies fried in hot oil. Most of the non-vegetarian dishes are heavily spiced. Kerala is known for its traditional [[Sadya]], a vegetarian meal served with boiled rice and a host of side-dishes, such as [[Parippu]] (Green gram), [[Papadum]], some [[ghee]], [[Sambar (dish)|Sambar]], [[Rasam]], [[Aviyal]], [[Kaalan]], [[Kichadi]], [[pachadi]], [[Injipuli]], [[Koottukari]], [[Indian pickle|pickles]] (mango, lime), [[Thoran]], one to four types of [[Payasam]], [[Boli]], [[Olan]], [[Pulissery]], moru ([[buttermilk]]), [[Upperi]], [[Banana]] chips, etc. The sadya is customarily served on a banana leaf.
+===North Indian and Pakistani cuisines===
 {{Main|Pakistani cuisine}}
 [[Image:Vegthali.jpg|thumb|Indian vegetable curries with [[chapati]].]]
@@ Line 63: / Line 52: @@
 A favourite [[Pakistan]]i curry is [[Karahi]], which is either mutton or chicken cooked in a dry spice rub.  Lahori Karahi incorporates garlic, spices and vinegar. Peshawari karahi is a simple dish made with just meat, salt, tomatoes and coriander.
-===Punjabi cuisine===
+====Punjabi cuisine====
 {{Main|Punjabi cuisine}}
 [[Punjab region|Punjabi]] curries are mainly based upon [[masala]]s (spice blends), pure [[desi]] [[ghee]], with liberal amounts of [[butter]] and [[cream]]. There are certain dishes that are exclusive to Punjab, such as Maha Di Dal and Saron Da Saag (Sarson Ka Saag).
-===Sindhi cuisine===
+====Sindhi cuisine====
 {{Main|Sindhi cuisine}}
 [[Sindh]]i cuisine refers to the cuisine of the [[Sindhi people]]. The daily food in most Sindhi households consists of [[wheat]]-based flat-bread ([[phulka]]) and rice accompanied by two dishes, one [[gravy]] and one dry.
-===Pashtun cuisine===
+====Pashtun cuisine====
 {{Main|Pashtun cuisine|Afghan cuisine}}
@@ Line 85: / Line 74: @@
 [[Dahl baht]], rice and [[lentil soup]], is a staple dish of [[Nepal]]. [[Newa cuisine]] is a type of cuisine developed over centuries by the [[Newar]]s of Nepal.
+===Tamil and Sri Lankan cuisines===
-==Chinese cuisine==
+{{Main|South Indian cuisine|Sri Lankan cuisine}}
+[[Image:Karnatakadishes.jpg|thumb|Curry-based dishes from [[Karnataka]], India.]]
+[[Tamil cuisine]]'s distinctive flavour and aroma is achieved by a blend and combination of [[spice]]s including [[curry leaves]], [[tamarind]], [[coriander]], [[ginger]], [[garlic]], [[chili pepper|chili]], [[black pepper|pepper]], [[poppy seeds]], [[mustard seeds]], [[cinnamon]], [[clove]]s, [[cardamom]], [[cumin]], [[fennel]] or [[anise]] seeds, [[fenugreek seeds]], [[nutmeg]], [[coconut]], [[turmeric]] root or powder, and [[rosewater]]. [[Lentil]]s, [[vegetable]]s and [[dairy]] products are essential accompaniments and are often served with rice.  Traditionally vegetarian foods dominate the menu with a range of non-vegetarian dishes including [[freshwater]] [[fish]] and [[seafood]] cooked with traditional Tamil spices and seasoning. This holds good for all the four south Indian states.
+In [[Sri Lankan cuisine]] [[rice]], which is usually consumed daily, can be found at any special occasion; whilst spicy curries are favourite dishes for [[dinner]] and [[lunch]]. '[[Rice and curry]]' refers to a range of Sri Lankan dishes.
+==Other Asian cuisines==
+===Chinese cuisine===
 {{See also|Chinese Cuisine}}
 Chinese curries (咖哩, gā lǐ) typically consist of chicken, beef, fish, lamb, or other meats, green peppers, onions, large chunks of potatoes, and a variety of other ingredients and spices in a mildly spicy yellow curry sauce, and topped over steamed rice. White pepper, soy sauce, hot sauce, and/or hot chili oil may be applied to the sauce to enhance the flavor of the curry.
@@ Line 93: / Line 91: @@
 There are many different varieties of Chinese curry, depending on each restaurant.  Unlike other Asian curries, which usually have a thicker consistency, Chinese curry is often watery.{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}} "Galimian," (from Malaysian "curry mee" or "curry noodles,") is also a popular Chinese curry dish.
-==Indonesian cuisine==
+===Indonesian cuisine===
 {{See also|Cuisine of Indonesia}}
 In Indonesia, gulai and kari or kare are based on curry.  They are often highly localised and reflect the meat and vegetables available. They can therefore employ a variety of meats (chicken, beef, water buffalo and goat as in the flavoursome "gulai kambing"), seafood (prawn, crab, mussel, clam, squid etc), fish or vegetable dishes in a spiced sauce. They use local ingredients such as [[chili pepper]]s, [[Kaffir lime]] leaves, lemon grass, [[Galangal]], Indonesian [[bay leaves]] or salam leaves, [[candlenut]]s, [[turmeric]], [[shrimp paste]] ([[terasi]]), [[cumin]], [[coriander]] seed and [[coconut milk]].  One popular curry is [[rendang]] from West Sumatran cuisine. Authentic rendang uses water buffalo slow-cooked in thick coconut milk for a number of hours to tenderise and flavour the meat. In Aceh, curries use daun salam koja or daun kari (translated as "curry leaves").  [[:id:Opor ayam|Opor Ayam]] is another kind of curry.
-==Iranian cuisine==
+===Iranian cuisine===
 {{See also|Iranian cuisine}}
 In [[Iran]]ian cuisine, a ground spice mixture called ''[[advieh]]'' is used in many stews and rice dishes. It is similar to some curries. Ingredients vary, but may include cinnamon, cardamom,  cumin, coriander, golpar, turmeric, black pepper, cloves, allspice, dried rose petals, and ground ginger. It is usually mellow and mild, not spicy hot.
-==Japanese cuisine==
+===Japanese cuisine===
 {{Main|Japanese curry}}
 {{nihongo|Japanese curry|カレー|karē}} is one of the most popular dishes in Japan, where people eat it 125 times a year according to a survey made in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sbcurry.com/qa/number_1.html|title=Curry Q&A|author=S&B Foods Inc|language=Japanese|accessdate=2008-04-11}}</ref> It is usually eaten as ''karē raisu'' &mdash; curry, rice and often pickled vegetables, served on the same plate and eaten with a spoon, a common lunchtime canteen dish.
@@ Line 116: / Line 114: @@
 Apart from with rice, ''karē [[udon]]'' (thick [[noodles]] in curry flavoured soup) and [[curry bread|'' karē-pan'']] ("[[curry bread]]" &mdash; deep fried battered [[bread]] with curry in the middle) are also popular.
+===Southeast Asian cuisines===
-==Malaysian cuisine==
+{{See also|Cuisine of Burma|Cuisine of Cambodia|Cuisine of Laos|Cuisine of Singapore}}
+[[South East Asia]], including countries like [[Cambodia]] Laos and Vietnam, also have their own versions of curry.  Note that these countries have had many [[Greater India|influences from Indian culture]] and cuisine, owing to South Asian travellers centuries before. In the [[cuisine of the Philippines]], [[kare-kare]] is made with a peanut sauce.
+====Malaysian cuisine====
 {{See also|Cuisine of Malaysia}}
 Being at the crossroads of ancient trade routes has left a mark on the Malaysian cuisine. While the curry may have initially found its way to Malaysian shores via the Indian population, it has since become a staple among the Malays and Chinese too. Malaysian curries differ from state to state, even within similar ethnic groupings, as they are influenced by the many factors, be it cultural, religious, agricultural or economical.
@@ Line 122: / Line 125: @@
 Malaysian curries typically use curry powders rich in turmeric, coconut milk, shallots, ginger, [[belacan]] (shrimp paste), chilis, and garlic. Tamarind is also often used. [[Rendang]] is another form of curry consumed in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia; although it is drier and contains mostly meat and more coconut milk than a conventional Malaysian curry. Rendang was mentioned in Malay literature [[Hikayat Amir Hamzah]]<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rahQDaE0bD8C&pg=PA10&dq=rendang+hikayat |title=Hikayat Amir Hamzah |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2009-06-08}}</ref> (1550-an) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://mcp.anu.edu.au/N/AHmz_bib.html |title=malay concordance project |publisher=Mcp.anu.edu.au |date= |accessdate=2009-06-08}}</ref> is popular among Indonesians, Singaporeans and Malaysians. All sorts of things are curried in Malaysia, including mutton, chicken, shrimp, cuttlefish, fish, aubergines, eggs, and vegetables.
-==Thai cuisine==
+====Thai cuisine====
 {{See also|Cuisine of Thailand}}
 In Thai cuisine, curries are meat, fish or vegetable dishes in a spiced sauce. They use local ingredients such as chili peppers, [[Kaffir lime]] leaves, [[lemon grass]], [[Galangal]] and coconut milk, and tend to be more aromatic than Indian curries as a result.  Curries are often described by colour; [[red curry|red curries]] use red chilis while [[green curry|green curries]] use green chilis. [[Yellow curry|Yellow curries]] are more similar to Indian curries, with their use of [[turmeric]] and [[cumin]].  Yellow curries in Thailand usually don't contain potatoes except in southern style cooking, however, Thai restaurants abroad usually have them.  Yellow curry is also called ''gaeng curry'' (by various spellings), of which a word-for-word translation would be "soup curry" or "curry curry". Some dishes have curry powder added.
@@ Line 135: / Line 138: @@
 * [[Pink curry]]
-==Vietnamese cuisine==
+====Vietnamese cuisine====
+{{see also|Cuisine of Vietnam}}
 In [[Vietnam]], curry is called ''cà ri'' or sometimes ''ca re''.  Certain Vietnamese curry is more soup-like than Indian curry. Curry is more common in the South, such as in Saigon and the surrounding areas.
 Besides rice, dipping French style bread is also a common practice when eating curry goat or chicken in these regions. Unlike curry from other countries, Vietnamese curry isn't as thick as its Indian counter parts and is a mild yellow spice.
-==Southeast Asian cuisines==
+==Other cuisines==
-{{See also|Cuisine of Burma|Cuisine of Cambodia|Cuisine of Laos|Cuisine of Singapore|Cuisine of Vietnam}}
-[[South East Asia]], including countries like [[Cambodia]] Laos and Vietnam, also have their own versions of curry.  Note that these countries have had many [[Greater India|influences from Indian culture]] and cuisine, owing to South Asian travellers centuries before. In the [[cuisine of the Philippines]], [[kare-kare]] is made with a peanut sauce.
-==Miscellaneous cuisines==
 Other countries have their own varieties of curry, well known examples include: