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Coordinates: 43°6′54″N 131°53′7″E / 43.11500°N 131.88528°E / 43.11500; 131.88528
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The naval outpost was founded in 1859 by Count [[Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky]], who named it on the model of [[Vladikavkaz]], a Russian fortress in the [[Caucasus]]. The Russians erected an elaborate system of fortifications between the 1870s and 1890s. A telegraph line from Vladivostok to [[Shanghai]] and [[Nagasaki, Nagasaki|Nagasaki]] was opened in 1871, the year when a commercial port was relocated here from [[Nikolayevsk-on-Amur]]. Town status was granted on April 22, 1880. The municipal coat of arms, representing the [[Siberian tiger]], was adopted in March 1883.
The naval outpost was founded in 1859 by Count [[Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky]], who named it on the model of [[Vladikavkaz]], a Russian fortress in the [[Caucasus]]. The Russians erected an elaborate system of fortifications between the 1870s and 1890s. A telegraph line from Vladivostok to [[Shanghai]] and [[Nagasaki, Nagasaki|Nagasaki]] was opened in 1871, the year when a commercial port was relocated here from [[Nikolayevsk-on-Amur]]. Town status was granted on April 22, 1880. The municipal coat of arms, representing the [[Siberian tiger]], was adopted in March 1883.


The first [[high school]] was opened in 1899. The city's economy was given a boost in 1903, with the completion of the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]], which connected Vladivostok to [[Moscow]] and Europe. In the wake of the [[Bolshevik Revolution]], Vladivostok was of great military importance for the [[Far Eastern Republic]], the [[Provisional Priamurye Government]], and the [[Siberian Intervention|Allied intervention]], consisting of foreign troops from Japan, the [[American Expeditionary Force Siberia|United States]], [[Canadian Siberian Expeditionary Force|Canada]], [[Czechoslovakia]], and other nations.<ref>[http://isitt.wordpress.com/journal-articles/mutiny-from-victoria-to-vladivostok-december-1918-chr-article/ Benjamin Isitt, "Mutiny from Victoria to Vladivostok, December 1918," ''Canadian Historical Review'', 87:2 (June 2006)]</ref> The taking of the city by [[Ieronim Uborevich]]'s [[Red Army]] on 25 October 1922 marked the end of the [[Russian Civil War]].
The first [[high school]] was opened in 1899. The city's economy was given a boost in 1903, with the completion of the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]], which connected Vladivostok to [[Moscow]] and Europe. In the wake of the [[Bolshevik Revolution]], Vladivostok was of great military importance for the [[Far Eastern Republic]], the [[Provisional Priamurye Government]], and the [[Siberian Intervention|Allied intervention]], consisting of foreign troops from Japan, the [[American Expeditionary Force Siberia|United States]], [[Canadian Siberian Expeditionary Force|Canada]], [[Czechoslovakia]], and other nations.<ref>[http://www.isitt.ca/research/books/from-victoria-to-vladivostok Benjamin Isitt, From Victoria to Vladivostok: Canada's Siberian Expedition, 1917-19 (UBC Press, 2010)]</ref><ref>[http://www.isitt.ca/research/journal-articles/mutiny-from-victoria-to-vladivostok-december-1918-chr-article/ Benjamin Isitt, "Mutiny from Victoria to Vladivostok, December 1918," ''Canadian Historical Review'', 87:2 (June 2006)]</ref> The taking of the city by [[Ieronim Uborevich]]'s [[Red Army]] on 25 October 1922 marked the end of the [[Russian Civil War]].


As the main naval base of the [[Soviet Pacific Fleet]], the city was officially closed to foreigners during the Soviet years. It was at Vladivostok that [[Leonid Brezhnev]] and [[Gerald Ford]] conducted the [[Strategic Arms Limitation Talks]] in 1974. At the time, the two countries decided quantitative limits on various [[nuclear weapons]] systems and banned the construction of new land-based [[ICBM]] launchers.
As the main naval base of the [[Soviet Pacific Fleet]], the city was officially closed to foreigners during the Soviet years. It was at Vladivostok that [[Leonid Brezhnev]] and [[Gerald Ford]] conducted the [[Strategic Arms Limitation Talks]] in 1974. At the time, the two countries decided quantitative limits on various [[nuclear weapons]] systems and banned the construction of new land-based [[ICBM]] launchers.
Line 339: Line 339:
===Bibliography===
===Bibliography===
*[[Edith Margaret Faulstich|Faulstich, Edith. M.]] "The Siberian Sojourn" [[Yonkers]], N.Y. (1972–1977)
*[[Edith Margaret Faulstich|Faulstich, Edith. M.]] "The Siberian Sojourn" [[Yonkers]], N.Y. (1972–1977)
*{{cite web|last=Isitt|first=Benjamin|authorlink=Ben_Isitt|title=From Victoria to Vladivostok: Canada's Siberian Expedition, 1917-19|url=http://www.isitt.ca/research/books/from-victoria-to-vladivostok|work=|publisher=University of British Columbia Press|date=2010|isbn=9780774818025}}
*Poznyak, Tatyana Z. 2004. Foreign Citizens in the Cities of the Russian Far East (the second half of the XIX&nbsp;- XX centuries). Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2004. 316 p. (ISBN 5-8044-0461-X).
*Poznyak, Tatyana Z. 2004. Foreign Citizens in the Cities of the Russian Far East (the second half of the XIX&nbsp;- XX centuries). Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2004. 316 p. (ISBN 5-8044-0461-X).
*Stephan, John. 1994. The Far East a History. Stanford: [[Stanford University Press]], 1994. 481 p.
*Stephan, John. 1994. The Far East a History. Stanford: [[Stanford University Press]], 1994. 481 p.

Revision as of 17:34, 20 May 2011

Vladivostok
Владивосток
City
View of Vladivostok and the Golden Horn Bay
View of Vladivostok and the Golden Horn Bay
Flag of Vladivostok
Flag
Coat of arms of Vladivostok
Coat of arms
Location of Vladivostok
Map
Vladivostok is located in Russia
Vladivostok
Vladivostok
Location of Vladivostok
Vladivostok is located in Primorsky Krai
Vladivostok
Vladivostok
Vladivostok (Primorsky Krai)
Coordinates: 43°6′54″N 131°53′7″E / 43.11500°N 131.88528°E / 43.11500; 131.88528
CountryRussia
Federal subjectPrimorsky Krai
FoundedJuly 2, 1860
Government
 • BodyDuma
 • HeadIgor Pushkaryov
Area
 • Total600 km2 (200 sq mi)
Elevation
[1]
8 m (26 ft)
Population
 (2010 Census)[2]
 • Total592,100
 • Estimate 
(2018)[3]
604,901 (+2.2%)
 • Rank22nd in 2010
 • Density990/km2 (2,600/sq mi)
 • Capital ofPrimorsky Krai
 • Urban okrugVladivostok Urban Okrug
Time zoneUTC+10 (MSK+7 Edit this on Wikidata[4])
Postal code(s)[5]
690xxx
Dialing code(s)+7 4232
OKTMO ID05701000001
City DayFirst Sunday of July
Websitewww.vlc.ru

Vladivostok (Russian: Владивосто́к, IPA: [vlədʲɪvɐˈstok] ⓘ) is Russia's largest port city on the Pacific Ocean and the administrative center of Primorsky Krai. It is situated at the head of the Golden Horn Bay, not far from Russia's border with China and North Korea. It is the home port of the Russian Pacific Fleet. The population of the city, according to the preliminary results of the 2010 Census, is 592,100,[2] down from 594,701 recorded in the 2002 Census.[6]

In 2012 Vladivostok will host the 24th Summit of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum. In preparation for the event, the infrastructure of the city is being renovated and improved. Two giant cable-stayed bridges are currently under construction in Vladivostok, namely the Zolotoy Rog bridge over the Zolotoy Rog Bay in the center of the city, and the Russky Island Bridge from the mainland to Russky Island, where the summit will take place. The latter bridge will become the longest cable-stayed bridge in the world upon completion.

Names

The name Vladivostok (Владивосток) loosely translates from Russian as "Overlord of the East", a name similar to Vladikavkaz which means "Overlord of the Caucasus". In mainland China (PRC), it is known by the transliteration Fúlādíwòsītuōkè although its historical Chinese name Hǎishēnwǎi (海參崴), meaning "sea cucumber cliffs", is still sometimes used in mainland China[7] and Taiwan.[8] The Japanese name of the city is Urajiosutoku (ウラジオストク; a rough transliteration of the Russian originally written in Kanji as 浦塩斯徳 and often shortened to Urajio; ウラジオ; 浦塩). In Korean, the name is transliterated as Beulladiboseutokeu (블라디보스토크) in South Korea, Ullajibosŭttokhŭ (울라지보스또크) in North Korea, and Beullajiboseu-ttokeu (블라지보스또크) by Koreans in China.

History

Main article: History of Vladivostok

The territory on which modern Vladivostok is located had been part of many nations, such as the Korean kingdoms of Gojoseon and Balhae, Jurchen, the Mongol Empire, and various Chinese dynasties, before Russia acquired the entire Maritime Province and the island of Sakhalin by the Treaty of Beijing (1860). Qing China, which had just lost the Opium War with Britain, was unable to defend the region. The Pacific coast near Vladivostok was settled mainly by the Chinese, Jurchens, Manchus and Koreans during the Imperial Chinese Qing dynasty period. A French whaler visiting the Zolotoy Rog in 1852 discovered Chinese or Manchu village fishermen on the shore of the bay.

The naval outpost was founded in 1859 by Count Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky, who named it on the model of Vladikavkaz, a Russian fortress in the Caucasus. The Russians erected an elaborate system of fortifications between the 1870s and 1890s. A telegraph line from Vladivostok to Shanghai and Nagasaki was opened in 1871, the year when a commercial port was relocated here from Nikolayevsk-on-Amur. Town status was granted on April 22, 1880. The municipal coat of arms, representing the Siberian tiger, was adopted in March 1883.

The first high school was opened in 1899. The city's economy was given a boost in 1903, with the completion of the Trans-Siberian Railway, which connected Vladivostok to Moscow and Europe. In the wake of the Bolshevik Revolution, Vladivostok was of great military importance for the Far Eastern Republic, the Provisional Priamurye Government, and the Allied intervention, consisting of foreign troops from Japan, the United States, Canada, Czechoslovakia, and other nations.[9][10] The taking of the city by Ieronim Uborevich's Red Army on 25 October 1922 marked the end of the Russian Civil War.

As the main naval base of the Soviet Pacific Fleet, the city was officially closed to foreigners during the Soviet years. It was at Vladivostok that Leonid Brezhnev and Gerald Ford conducted the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks in 1974. At the time, the two countries decided quantitative limits on various nuclear weapons systems and banned the construction of new land-based ICBM launchers.

In 2012 Vladivostok will host the 24th APEC summit. Leaders from the APEC member countries will meet on Russky Island, off the coast of Vladivostok.[11] With the planned summit on Russky Island, the government and private businesses are building of resorts, dinner and entertainment facilities, in addition to the renovation and upgrading of Vladivostok International Airport.[12] Two giant cable-stayed bridges are currently under condtruction in preparation for the summit, namely the Zolotoy Rog bridge over the Zolotoy Rog Bay in the center of the city, and the Russky Island Bridge from the mainland to Russky Island (it will become the longest cable-stayed bridge in the world upon completion). The new campus of Far Eastern Federal University will be completed on Russky Island by 2012.

Geography

Vladivostok
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
15
 
 
−9
−17
 
 
19
 
 
−6
−14
 
 
25
 
 
1
−6
 
 
54
 
 
9
1
 
 
61
 
 
14
6
 
 
100
 
 
17
11
 
 
124
 
 
21
16
 
 
153
 
 
23
18
 
 
126
 
 
20
13
 
 
66
 
 
13
6
 
 
38
 
 
3
−4
 
 
18
 
 
−6
−13
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Pogoda [13]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
0.6
 
 
15
1
 
 
0.7
 
 
21
7
 
 
1
 
 
34
21
 
 
2.1
 
 
48
34
 
 
2.4
 
 
58
43
 
 
3.9
 
 
63
51
 
 
4.9
 
 
70
60
 
 
6
 
 
74
64
 
 
5
 
 
67
55
 
 
2.6
 
 
55
42
 
 
1.5
 
 
37
25
 
 
0.7
 
 
21
9
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

The city is located in the southern extremity of Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula, which is about 30 km long and approximately 12 km wide.

The highest point is Mount Kholodilnik, the height of which is 257 m. Eagle's Nest Mount is often called the highest point of the city; however, with the height of only 199 m (214 m according to other sources), it is the highest point of the downtown area, but not of the whole city.

Vladivostok shares the same or approximate latitude with Sapporo, Sukhumi, Almaty, Florence, Marseille, La Coruña, Boston, and Toronto.

Railroad distance to Moscow is 9,302 km. The direct distance to Moscow is 6,430 km. Direct distance to Bangkok is 5,600 km, to Darwin—6,180 km, San Francisco—8,400 km, Lisbon—10,100 km, London—8,500 km, to Seoul—750 km, to Tokyo—1,050 km, to Beijing—1,331 km.

Climate

Mean annual temperature: Template:C to F
Average temperature in January: Template:C to F
Average temperature in August: Template:C to F
Average annual precipitation: 799 mm (31.5 in) (strong summer maximum)
Köppen climate classification: Dwb (monsoon-influenced humid continental climate, warm summers)


Climate data for Vladivostok
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 5.0
(41.0) 		9.9
(49.8) 		15.2
(59.4) 		22.7
(72.9) 		29.5
(85.1) 		31.8
(89.2) 		33.6
(92.5) 		33.0
(91.4) 		30.0
(86.0) 		23.4
(74.1) 		17.5
(63.5) 		9.4
(48.9) 		33.6
(92.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −9.3
(15.3) 		−5.9
(21.4) 		1.2
(34.2) 		8.8
(47.8) 		14.2
(57.6) 		17.0
(62.6) 		21.1
(70.0) 		23.3
(73.9) 		19.6
(67.3) 		12.9
(55.2) 		2.9
(37.2) 		−5.9
(21.4) 		8.3
(46.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −17.1
(1.2) 		−14
(7) 		−6.1
(21.0) 		1.2
(34.2) 		6.2
(43.2) 		10.6
(51.1) 		15.6
(60.1) 		17.8
(64.0) 		13.0
(55.4) 		5.7
(42.3) 		−4.1
(24.6) 		−13
(9) 		1.3
(34.3)
Record low °C (°F) −31.4
(−24.5) 		−28.9
(−20.0) 		−22
(−8) 		−8.1
(17.4) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		3.7
(38.7) 		8.8
(47.8) 		10.1
(50.2) 		2.2
(36.0) 		−9.7
(14.5) 		−23
(−9) 		−28.1
(−18.6) 		−31.4
(−24.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 15
(0.6) 		19
(0.7) 		25
(1.0) 		54
(2.1) 		61
(2.4) 		100
(3.9) 		124
(4.9) 		153
(6.0) 		126
(5.0) 		66
(2.6) 		38
(1.5) 		18
(0.7) 		799
(31.5)
Source: Pogoda.ru.net [13]

Demographics

A photograph of Vladivostok from circa 1898.
A 1919 Japanese propaganda poster depicting the occupation of Vladivostok by Japan. Note the Russian flag is in a French pattern
American troops in Vladivostok, August 1918, during the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
Fokin Street in the central part of Vladivostok in March 2004
The Port of Vladivostok (Владивостокский морской торговый порт)

The population of the city, according to the preliminary results of the 2010 Census, is 592,100,[2] down from 594,701 recorded in the 2002 Census.[6] This is further down from 633,838 recorded in the 1989 Census.[14] Ethnic Russians and Ukrainians make up the majority of the population.

From 1958 to 1991, only Soviet citizens were allowed to live in Vladivostok or visit it (and even then had to obtain an official permission)[citation needed]. Before this closure, the city had large Korean[15] and Chinese populations.[16] Some Koreans who were deported during Stalin's rule from the Russian Far East have since returned, particularly to Vladivostok.[17]

Vladivostok has one of the largest Armenian communities in eastern Russia. There are a number of Armenian bakeries and restaurants in the city. There are also sizable communities of Chechens, Azeris and Tajiks in the city.[18] Immigrants from China began arriving in large numbers in the 1990s.[19]

Economy

The city's main industries are shipping, commercial fishing, and the naval base. Fishing accounts for almost four-fifths of Vladivostok's commercial production. Other food production totals 11%.

A very important employer and a major source of revenue for the city's inhabitants is the import of Japanese cars.[20] Besides salesmen, the industry employs repairmen, fitters, import clerks as well as shipping and railway companies.[21] The Vladivostok dealers sell 250,000 cars a year, with 200,000 going to other parts of Russia.[21] Every third worker in the Primorsky Krai has some relation to the automobile import business. In recent years, the Russian government has made attempts to improve the country's own car industry. This has included raising tariffs for imported cars, which has put the car import business in Vladivostok in difficulties. To compensate, Prime Minister Vladimir Putin ordered the car manufacturing company Sollers to move one of its factories from Moscow to Vladivostok. The move was completed in 2009, and the factory now employs about 700 locals. It is planned to produce 13,200 cars in Vladivostok in 2010.[20]

Transportation

Zolotoy Rog Bay in central Vladivostok, with the bridge construction seen

Vladivostok is the starting point of Ussuri Highway (M60) to Khabarovsk, the eastern most part of Trans-Siberian Highway that goes all the way to Moscow and Saint Petersburg via Novosibirsk. The other main highways go east to Nakhodka and south to Khasan.

The Trans-Siberian Railway was built to connect European Russia with Vladivostok, Russia's most important Pacific Ocean port. Finished in 1905, the rail line ran from Moscow to Vladivostok via several of Russia's main cities. Part of the railroad, known as the Chinese Eastern Line, crossed over into Manchuria, China, passing through Harbin, a major city in Manchuria. During the Soviet era, Vladivostok's status as a closed city meant that ferry-passenger tourists arriving from Japan to travel the Trans-Siberian railway westbound had to embark in Nakhodka. Today, Vladivostok serves as the main starting point for the Trans-Siberian portion of the Eurasian Land Bridge.

Air routes connect Vladivostok International Airport with Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Vietnam. It is possible to get to Vladivostok from several of the larger cities in Russia. Regular flights to Seattle, Washington were available in the 1990s but have been canceled since. Vladivostok Air resumed flying to Anchorage, Alaska in July 2008.

Urban transportation

Vladivostok tram

On June 28, 1908, Vladivostok's first tram line was started along Svetlanskaya Street from the railway station in Lugovaya Street. On October 9, 1912, the first wooden cars manufactured in Belgium entered service. Today, Vladivostok's means of public transportation include trolleybus, bus, tram, train, funicular, ferryboat and cutter. The main urban traffic lines are City Center—Vtoraya Rechka, City Center—Pervaya Rechka—3ya Rabochaya—Balyayeva, and City Center—Lugovaya Street.

Education

Vladivostok is home to numerous educational institutions, including seven universities:

The Presidium of the Far Eastern Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ДВО РАН) as well as ten of its research institutes are also located in Vladivostok, as is the Pacific Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography (Тихоокеанский научно-исследовательский рыбохозяйственный центр or ТИНРО).

Media

Over fifty newspapers and regional editions to Moscow publications are issued in Vladivostok. The largest newspaper of the Primorsky Krai and the whole Russian Far East is Vladivostok with a circulation of 124,000 copies at the beginning of 1996. Its founder, joint-stock company Vladivostok-News, also issues a weekly English-language newspaper Vladivostok News. Another source of information on the city is the online daily Vladivostok Times. The subjects of the publications issued in these newspapers vary from information around Vladivostok and Primorye to major international events. Newspaper Zolotoy Rog (Golden Horn) gives every detail of economic news. Entertainment materials and cultural news constitute a larger part of Novosti (News) newspaper which is the most popular among Primorye's young people. Also, new online mass media about Russian Far East for foreigners Far East Times. This source invites everyone to take part in informational support of RFE for visitors, travellers and businessmen.

As of 2006, there are fourteen channels broadcasting. They are Channel One, RTR, OTV-Prim, Rambler, STS, TNT, MTV Russia, Muz-TV, Kultura, Ren-TV, NTV, DTV Viasat.

As of 1999, there are also seven radio stations, the most popular being 24-hour VBC (612 kHz, 101.7 MHz) and Europa+ (738 kHz, 104.2 MHz). Europa+ normally broadcasts popular modern British-American music, while the ratio of Russian and foreign songs over VBC is fifty-fifty. Every hour one can hear local news over these radio stations. Radio Vladivostok (1098 kHz) operates from 06:00 till 01:00. It broadcasts several special programs which are devoted to the music of the 1950s-1980s as well as New Age.

The Russian rock band, Mumiy Troll (Мумий Тролль), hails from Vladivostok and frequently puts on shows there. In addition, the city played host to the now-legendary "VladiROCKstok" International Music Festival in September 1996. Hosted by the Mayor and Governor, and organized by two young American expatriates, the festival drew nearly 10,000 people and top-tier musical acts from St. Petersburg (Akvarium and DDT (band)) and Seattle (Supersuckers, Goodness (band)), as well as several leading local bands. [citation needed]

It is the nearest city to the massive Sikhote-Alin Meteorite, which fell on February 12, 1947, in the Sikhote-Alin Mountains, approximately 440 km northeast of Vladivostok.

Theater

Maxim Gorky Theater

Maxim Gorky Academic Theater was founded in 1931. It is named in honor of the Russian author, Maxim Gorky and is used for drama, musical and children's theater performances.

Pollution

Local ecologists from the Ecocenter organization have claimed that much of Vladivostok's suburbs are polluted and that living in them can be classified as a health hazard[citation needed]. The pollution has a number of causes, according to Ecocenter geo-chemical expert Sergey Shlykov. Vladivostok has about 80 industrial sites, which may not be many compared to Russia's most industrialized areas, but those around the city are particularly environmentally unfriendly, such as shipbuilding and repairing, power stations, printing, fur farming and mining. In addition, Vladivostok has a particularly vulnerable geography which compounds the effect of the pollution. Winds cannot clear pollution from some of the most densely populated areas around the Pervaya and Vtoraya Rechka as they sit in basins which the winds blow over. In addition, there is little snow in winter and no leaves or grass to catch the dust to make it settle down.[22]

Sports

Vladivostok is home to the football club FC Luch-Energiya Vladivostok, who play in the Russian First Division, and basketball club Spartak Primorye, who play in the Russian Basketball Super League.

International relations

Twin towns — sister cities

Vladivostok is a sister city of:

Notable people

See also

References

Bibliography

  • Faulstich, Edith. M. "The Siberian Sojourn" Yonkers, N.Y. (1972–1977)
  • Isitt, Benjamin (2010). "From Victoria to Vladivostok: Canada's Siberian Expedition, 1917-19". University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 9780774818025.
  • Poznyak, Tatyana Z. 2004. Foreign Citizens in the Cities of the Russian Far East (the second half of the XIX - XX centuries). Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2004. 316 p. (ISBN 5-8044-0461-X).
  • Stephan, John. 1994. The Far East a History. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994. 481 p.
  • Trofimov, Vladimir et al., 1992, Old Vladivostok. Utro Rossii Vladivostok, ISBN 5-87080-004-8

Notes

  1. ^ https://it-ch.topographic-map.com/map-fjm14s/Vladivostok/?zoom=18&center=43.11532%2C131.88304&popup=43.11557%2C131.88321. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  2. ^ a b c Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  3. ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  4. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  5. ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
  6. ^ a b c Federal State Statistics Service (21 May 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
  7. ^ Example at [http://ru.china-embassy.org/chn/xwdt/t185339.htm Template:Zh icon
  8. ^ National Institute for Compilation and Translation Academic Noun Search Template:Zh icon
  9. ^ Benjamin Isitt, From Victoria to Vladivostok: Canada's Siberian Expedition, 1917-19 (UBC Press, 2010)
  10. ^ Benjamin Isitt, "Mutiny from Victoria to Vladivostok, December 1918," Canadian Historical Review, 87:2 (June 2006)
  11. ^ Levy, Clifford J. "Crisis or Not, Russia Will Build a Bridge in the East," New York Times. April 20, 2009.
  12. ^ "Putin proposes Russky Island venue for APEC-2012". Vladivostok: Vladivostok News. 31 January 2007. Retrieved 2009-02-11.
  13. ^ a b "Pogoda.ru.net" (in Russian). Retrieved September 8, 2007.
  14. ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
  15. ^ Most Holy Mother of God, Vladivostok
  16. ^ Vladivostok
  17. ^ Coming home
  18. ^ Russian Far East: Crime Central
  19. ^ "Chinese immigrants flood Russian Far East". The Washington Times. November 7, 2004.
  20. ^ a b "Putin Is Turning Vladivostok into Russia's Pacific Capital" (PDF). Russia Analytical Digest (82). Institute of History, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland: 9–12. 2010-07-12.
  21. ^ a b Oliphant, Roland (2010). "Ruler of the East: The City of Vladivostok Is a Mixture of Promise and Neglect". Russia Profile.
  22. ^ B. V. Preobrazhensky, A. I. Burago, S. A. Shlykov. Primorye Ecology. Ecological Situation. Contamination of Sea and Water
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