List of massacres in Turkey: Difference between revisions
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Explaining: The responsible party for the Fire of Smyrna is unknown, as the 1977 Taksim Square massacre. Similarly Istanbul Pogrom was organised by ultra nationalist groups, not by the Turkish government. Enough?? |
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|[[Greek genocide]]<ref>{{citation | publisher = International Association of Genocide Scholars | format = PDF | url = http://genocidescholars.org/images/Resolution_on_genocides_committed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire.pdf| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080428051032/http://genocidescholars.org/images/Resolution_on_genocides_committed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire.pdf| archivedate = 2008-04-28| title = IAGS Resolution on Genocides committed by the Ottoman Empire retrieved via the Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.am/eng/news/16644.html |title=Genocide Resolution approved by Swedish Parliament — full text containing the IAGS resolution and the Swedish Parliament resolution from |publisher=news.am |date= |accessdate=2013-06-24}}</ref><ref>Gaunt, David. ''[http://books.google.se/books?id=4mug9LrpLKcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Massacres,+Resistance,+Protectors&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I]''. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press, 2006.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1080/14623520801950820 | last1 = Schaller | first1 = Dominik J | last2 = Zimmerer | first2 = Jürgen | year = 2008 | title = Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction | url = | journal = Journal of Genocide Research | volume = 10 | issue = 1| pages = 7–14 }}</ref> |
|[[Greek genocide]]<ref>{{citation | publisher = International Association of Genocide Scholars | format = PDF | url = http://genocidescholars.org/images/Resolution_on_genocides_committed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire.pdf| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080428051032/http://genocidescholars.org/images/Resolution_on_genocides_committed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire.pdf| archivedate = 2008-04-28| title = IAGS Resolution on Genocides committed by the Ottoman Empire retrieved via the Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.am/eng/news/16644.html |title=Genocide Resolution approved by Swedish Parliament — full text containing the IAGS resolution and the Swedish Parliament resolution from |publisher=news.am |date= |accessdate=2013-06-24}}</ref><ref>Gaunt, David. ''[http://books.google.se/books?id=4mug9LrpLKcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Massacres,+Resistance,+Protectors&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I]''. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press, 2006.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1080/14623520801950820 | last1 = Schaller | first1 = Dominik J | last2 = Zimmerer | first2 = Jürgen | year = 2008 | title = Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction | url = | journal = Journal of Genocide Research | volume = 10 | issue = 1| pages = 7–14 }}</ref> |
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|1914–1923 |
|1914–1923 |
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⚫ | |||
|various |
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|500,000- |
|500,000 - 900,000 |
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|Young Turk government |
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⚫ | |||
|[[Greeks|Greek]] Christians |
|[[Greeks|Greek]] Christians |
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|Reports detail systematic massacres, deportations, individual killings, rapes, burning of entire Greek villages, destruction of Greek Orthodox churches and monasteries, drafts for "Labor Brigades", looting, terrorism and other atrocities<ref name=NYTarchives>[http://query.nytimes.com/search/query?frow=0&n=10&srcht=s&daterange=period&query=&srchst=p&hdlquery=&bylquery=&mon1=09&day1=18&year1=1851&mon2=12&day2=31&year2=1980&submit.x=0&submit.y=0 The New York Times] Advanced search engine for article and headline archives (subscription necessary for viewing article content).</ref><ref name=AIHG-NYT>Alexander Westwood and Darren O'Brien, [http://www.aihgs.com/New%20York%20Times.htm Selected bylines and letters from ''The New York Times''], [http://www.aihgs.com/ The Australian Institute for Holocaust and Genocide Studies], 2006 <!--Retrieved 2008-10-14--></ref> |
|Reports detail systematic massacres, deportations, individual killings, rapes, burning of entire Greek villages, destruction of Greek Orthodox churches and monasteries, drafts for "Labor Brigades", looting, terrorism and other atrocities<ref name=NYTarchives>[http://query.nytimes.com/search/query?frow=0&n=10&srcht=s&daterange=period&query=&srchst=p&hdlquery=&bylquery=&mon1=09&day1=18&year1=1851&mon2=12&day2=31&year2=1980&submit.x=0&submit.y=0 The New York Times] Advanced search engine for article and headline archives (subscription necessary for viewing article content).</ref><ref name=AIHG-NYT>Alexander Westwood and Darren O'Brien, [http://www.aihgs.com/New%20York%20Times.htm Selected bylines and letters from ''The New York Times''], [http://www.aihgs.com/ The Australian Institute for Holocaust and Genocide Studies], 2006 <!--Retrieved 2008-10-14--></ref> |
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|[[Armenian Genocide]]<ref>Armenia: The Survival of A Nation by Christopher J. Walker, Croom Helm (Publisher) London 1980, pp. 200-203</ref> |
|[[Armenian Genocide]]<ref>Armenia: The Survival of A Nation by Christopher J. Walker, Croom Helm (Publisher) London 1980, pp. 200-203</ref> |
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|1915–1923 |
|1915–1923 |
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|Ottoman Empire |
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|various |
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|600,000-1,800,000 |
|600,000-1,800,000 |
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|[[Young Turk]] government |
|[[Young Turk]] government |
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|[[Armenians in the Ottoman Empire|Armenian]] Christians |
|[[Armenians in the Ottoman Empire|Armenian]] Christians |
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|Denied by the Turkish government; is the second most studied case of genocide after the Holocaust |
|Denied by the Turkish government; is the second most studied case of genocide after the Holocaust |
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|- |
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|[[Massacres in the vilayet of Mamuretülaziz]] |
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|1915 |
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|[[Harput]], [[Vilayet of Mamuret-ul-Aziz]] |
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|more than 1,700 families; at least 6,000 men |
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|[[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] government |
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|[[Armenians in the Ottoman Empire|Armenian]] Christians |
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|Part of [[Armenian Genocide]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|Massacres in the [[Çoruh River|Chorukh river]] valley |
|Massacres in the [[Çoruh River|Chorukh river]] valley |
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|[[Izmit]] |
|[[Izmit]] |
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| 300<ref name="Sorrowful Shores page 112">Sorrowful Shores, Ryan Gingeras, page 112, 2009</ref> |
| 300<ref name="Sorrowful Shores page 112">Sorrowful Shores, Ryan Gingeras, page 112, 2009</ref> |
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| Greek troops |
| [[Greek troops|Greek ]]<nowiki/>forces |
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| [[Turkish people|Turks]] |
| [[Turkish people|Turks]] |
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|Up to 300 people, mostly men, were executed by Greek troops. There bodies were buried in a mass grave outside the town. [[Arnold J. Toynbee]] was a reporter who described these events in the Manchester Guardian.<ref name="Sorrowful Shores page 112"/> |
|Up to 300 people, mostly men, were executed by Greek troops. There bodies were buried in a mass grave outside the town. [[Arnold J. Toynbee]] was a reporter who described these events in the Manchester Guardian.<ref name="Sorrowful Shores page 112"/> |
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|[[Salihli]] |
|[[Salihli]] |
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|at least 76<ref>{{cite book|last=|first=|title=The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 132|year=1923|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Co|page=829 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9i0QAAAAIAAJ&q=Two+thirds+of+Salihli,+with+a+population+of+10,000,+only+a+tenth+of+whom+were+Greeks,+had+been+burned+over,+seventy-six+people+were+known+to+have+burned+to+death,+and+a+hundred+young+girls+were+said+to+have+been+taken+away+by+Greek&dq=Two+thirds+of+Salihli,+with+a+population+of+10,000,+only+a+tenth+of+whom+were+Greeks,+had+been+burned+over,+seventy-six+people+were+known+to+have+burned+to+death,+and+a+hundred+young+girls+were+said+to+have+been+taken+away+by+Greek&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=DMW1UeW8OqLC0QXYrIGQAQ&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA|quote=Two thirds of Salihli, with a population of 10,000, only a tenth of whom were Greeks, had been burned over, seventy-six people were known to have burned to death, and a hundred young girls were said to have been taken away by Greek}}</ref> |
|at least 76<ref>{{cite book|last=|first=|title=The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 132|year=1923|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Co|page=829 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9i0QAAAAIAAJ&q=Two+thirds+of+Salihli,+with+a+population+of+10,000,+only+a+tenth+of+whom+were+Greeks,+had+been+burned+over,+seventy-six+people+were+known+to+have+burned+to+death,+and+a+hundred+young+girls+were+said+to+have+been+taken+away+by+Greek&dq=Two+thirds+of+Salihli,+with+a+population+of+10,000,+only+a+tenth+of+whom+were+Greeks,+had+been+burned+over,+seventy-six+people+were+known+to+have+burned+to+death,+and+a+hundred+young+girls+were+said+to+have+been+taken+away+by+Greek&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=DMW1UeW8OqLC0QXYrIGQAQ&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA|quote=Two thirds of Salihli, with a population of 10,000, only a tenth of whom were Greeks, had been burned over, seventy-six people were known to have burned to death, and a hundred young girls were said to have been taken away by Greek}}</ref> |
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|Greeks |
|[[Greeks|Greek]] forces |
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|[[Turkish people|Turks]] |
|[[Turkish people|Turks]] |
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|The city was burned by the retreating Greek army, 65% of the buildings were destroyed.<ref name="U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park 1923" /> |
|The city was burned by the retreating Greek army, 65% of the buildings were destroyed.<ref name="U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park 1923" /> |
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|[[Turgutlu]] |
|[[Turgutlu]] |
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| 1,000<ref name="U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park 1923" /> |
| 1,000<ref name="U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park 1923" /> |
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|Greeks |
|[[Greeks|Greek]] forces |
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|[[Turkish people|Turks]] |
|[[Turkish people|Turks]] |
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|The city was burned by the retreating Greek army, 90% of the buildings were destroyed,.<ref name="U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park 1923">U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park ''to [[Secretary of State]], [[Smyrna]], 11 April 1923.'' US archives US767.68116/34</ref> 1,000 died.<ref name="U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park 1923" /> |
|The city was burned by the retreating Greek army, 90% of the buildings were destroyed,.<ref name="U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park 1923">U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park ''to [[Secretary of State]], [[Smyrna]], 11 April 1923.'' US archives US767.68116/34</ref> 1,000 died.<ref name="U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park 1923" /> |
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|[[Turgutlu]] (former Kasaba) |
|[[Turgutlu]] (former Kasaba) |
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| 4,000<ref name=Boubougiatzi/> |
| 4,000<ref name=Boubougiatzi/> |
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|Turks |
|[[Turks]] |
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|Greeks |
|[[Greeks]] |
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|From 8,000 Greek civilians gathered in the town, half of them remained after the evacuation of the Greek Army. They were killed by the advancing Turkish soldiers.<ref name=Boubougiatzi>{{cite journal|last=Μπουμπουγιατζή|first=Ευαγγελία|title=Οι διωγμοί των Ελλήνων της Ιωνίας 1914-1922|year=2009|page=384|url=http://thesis.ekt.gr/thesisBookReader/id/26660#page/384/mode/2up|accessdate=23 June 2013|publisher=[[University of Western Macedonia]]|quote=Από τους 8.000 Έλληνες οι μισοί δεν είχαν διαφύγει με τα ελληνικά στρατεύματα, με αποτέλεσμα να εξοντωθούν από τα κεμαλικά [From the 8,000, half of them remained in town after the evacuation and were annihilated by the Kemalist forces]}}</ref> |
|From 8,000 Greek civilians gathered in the town, half of them remained after the evacuation of the Greek Army. They were killed by the advancing Turkish soldiers.<ref name=Boubougiatzi>{{cite journal|last=Μπουμπουγιατζή|first=Ευαγγελία|title=Οι διωγμοί των Ελλήνων της Ιωνίας 1914-1922|year=2009|page=384|url=http://thesis.ekt.gr/thesisBookReader/id/26660#page/384/mode/2up|accessdate=23 June 2013|publisher=[[University of Western Macedonia]]|quote=Από τους 8.000 Έλληνες οι μισοί δεν είχαν διαφύγει με τα ελληνικά στρατεύματα, με αποτέλεσμα να εξοντωθούν από τα κεμαλικά [From the 8,000, half of them remained in town after the evacuation and were annihilated by the Kemalist forces]}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|[[Uşak]] |
|[[Uşak]] |
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|200<ref>{{cite book|last=Adıvar|first=Halide Edib|title=The Turkish Ordeal: Being the Further Memoirs of Halidé Edib|year=1928|publisher=Century Company, University of Virginia|page=363|url=http://www.google.com/webhp?hl=nl&tab=ww#hl=nl&tbm=bks&sclient=psy-ab&q=which+was+one+third+of+Ushak.+We+stopped+the+passers-by+and+questioned+them.+The+reports+of+atrocities+were+becoming+grimmer.+Two+hundred+people+had+been+killed%2C+or+burned%2C+including+women&oq=which+was+one+third+of+Ushak.+We+stopped+the+passers-by+and+questioned+them.+The+reports+of+atrocities+were+becoming+grimmer.+Two+hundred+people+had+been+killed%2C+or+burned%2C+including+women&gs_l=serp.12...22559.23710.3.24299.1.1.0.0.0.0.50.50.1.1.0...0.0...1c..16.serp.3VG3QlDibL0&psj=1&bav=on.2,or.r_qf.&fp=1d0d5e2d7d41717&biw=1366&bih=643}}</ref> |
|200<ref>{{cite book|last=Adıvar|first=Halide Edib|title=The Turkish Ordeal: Being the Further Memoirs of Halidé Edib|year=1928|publisher=Century Company, University of Virginia|page=363|url=http://www.google.com/webhp?hl=nl&tab=ww#hl=nl&tbm=bks&sclient=psy-ab&q=which+was+one+third+of+Ushak.+We+stopped+the+passers-by+and+questioned+them.+The+reports+of+atrocities+were+becoming+grimmer.+Two+hundred+people+had+been+killed%2C+or+burned%2C+including+women&oq=which+was+one+third+of+Ushak.+We+stopped+the+passers-by+and+questioned+them.+The+reports+of+atrocities+were+becoming+grimmer.+Two+hundred+people+had+been+killed%2C+or+burned%2C+including+women&gs_l=serp.12...22559.23710.3.24299.1.1.0.0.0.0.50.50.1.1.0...0.0...1c..16.serp.3VG3QlDibL0&psj=1&bav=on.2,or.r_qf.&fp=1d0d5e2d7d41717&biw=1366&bih=643}}</ref> |
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|Greeks |
|[[Greeks]] |
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|[[Turkish people|Turks]] |
|[[Turkish people|Turks]] |
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|The city was burned by the retreating Greek army, 33% of the buildings were destroyed.<ref name="U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park 1923" /> {{dubious|No word that there was something defined as massacre|date=June 2013}} |
|The city was burned by the retreating Greek army, 33% of the buildings were destroyed.<ref name="U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park 1923" /> {{dubious|No word that there was something defined as massacre|date=June 2013}} |
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|[[Akhisar]] |
|[[Akhisar]] |
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| 7,000<ref name=Jonsson/> |
| 7,000<ref name=Jonsson/> |
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|[[Turkish Army]] |
|[[Turkish Army|Turkish ]]<nowiki/>forces |
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|[[Greeks]] |
|[[Greeks]] |
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|As a result of the capture of the city by the Turkish nationalist army, all remaining local Greeks were murdered. Since then there is no Christian community in the city.<ref name=Jonsson>{{cite book|last=Jonsson|first=David J.|title=The clash of ideologies : the making of the Christian and Islamic worlds|year=2005|publisher=Xulon Press|location=[Longwood, Fla.]|isbn=9781597810395|page=316|url=http://books.google.gr/books?id=pXstU5Kt-_kC&pg=PA316&dq=akhisar+turkish+1922&hl=el&sa=X&ei=PexvUcTzBseM7Qb-qICwBA&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=akhisar%20turkish%201922&f=false}}</ref> |
|As a result of the capture of the city by the Turkish nationalist army, all remaining local Greeks were murdered. Since then there is no Christian community in the city.<ref name=Jonsson>{{cite book|last=Jonsson|first=David J.|title=The clash of ideologies : the making of the Christian and Islamic worlds|year=2005|publisher=Xulon Press|location=[Longwood, Fla.]|isbn=9781597810395|page=316|url=http://books.google.gr/books?id=pXstU5Kt-_kC&pg=PA316&dq=akhisar+turkish+1922&hl=el&sa=X&ei=PexvUcTzBseM7Qb-qICwBA&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=akhisar%20turkish%201922&f=false}}</ref> |
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|[[Alaşehir]] |
|[[Alaşehir]] |
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|3,000<ref name="Mango, Atatürk, p. 343">Mango, ''Atatürk'', p. 343.</ref> |
|3,000<ref name="Mango, Atatürk, p. 343">Mango, ''Atatürk'', p. 343.</ref> |
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|Greeks |
|[[Greeks]] |
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|[[Turkish people|Turks]] |
|[[Turkish people|Turks]] |
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|The city was burned by the retreating Greek army.<ref name="U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park 1923" /> |
|The city was burned by the retreating Greek army.<ref name="U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park 1923" /> |
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|[[Ayvalik]] |
|[[Ayvalik]] |
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|2,977<ref name=Clark/> |
|2,977<ref name=Clark/> |
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|Turkish |
|[[Turkish people|Turkish]] forces |
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|Greeks |
|[[Greek people|Greeks]] |
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|<nowiki>As an act of revenge for the killing of a local Muslim judge by some Greek irregulars from Cunda several years earlier, hundreds of civilians were killed on the islet of [[Cunda Island|Cunda]], only some children were spared. Most of the male Greek population who remained in the town were deported to the interior of Anatolia, only 23 survived. The rest of the population was deported to Greece.</nowiki><ref name=Clark>{{cite book|last=Clark|first=Bruce|title=Twice a stranger : the mass expulsion that forged modern Greece and Turkey|year=2006|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge (Massachusetts)|isbn=9780674023680|page=25|url=http://books.google.de/books?id=kVZ3sLBEPEcC&pg=PA25&dq=ayvalik+massacre+turkey+greeks&hl=el&sa=X&ei=YQiUUemaHIOCtAbNmoCIDg&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=%22only%20twenty-three%20of%20the%203000%20men%20from%20Ayvali%20came%20back%20alive.%22&f=false}}</ref> |
|<nowiki>As an act of revenge for the killing of a local Muslim judge by some Greek irregulars from Cunda several years earlier, hundreds of civilians were killed on the islet of [[Cunda Island|Cunda]], only some children were spared. Most of the male Greek population who remained in the town were deported to the interior of Anatolia, only 23 survived. The rest of the population was deported to Greece.</nowiki><ref name=Clark>{{cite book|last=Clark|first=Bruce|title=Twice a stranger : the mass expulsion that forged modern Greece and Turkey|year=2006|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge (Massachusetts)|isbn=9780674023680|page=25|url=http://books.google.de/books?id=kVZ3sLBEPEcC&pg=PA25&dq=ayvalik+massacre+turkey+greeks&hl=el&sa=X&ei=YQiUUemaHIOCtAbNmoCIDg&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=%22only%20twenty-three%20of%20the%203000%20men%20from%20Ayvali%20came%20back%20alive.%22&f=false}}</ref> |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Smyrna]] |
|[[Smyrna]] |
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|10,000-100,000<ref name="transaction233">{{cite book | first = [[Irving Louis Horowitz]] | last = Rudolph J. Rummel | title = Death by Government |publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=1994 |isbn=978-1-56000-927-6 |chapter=Turkey's Genocidal Purges}}, p. 233.</ref><ref name=naimark47>Naimark. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=L-QLXnX16kAC&pg=PA46&dq=atrocities+against+turks+occupation&hl=en&ei=WGvmTebjEsi6hAfWm9TQCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFAQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=atrocities%20against%20turks%20occupation&f=false Fires of Hatred]'', pp. 47-52.</ref> |
|10,000-100,000<ref name="transaction233">{{cite book | first = [[Irving Louis Horowitz]] | last = Rudolph J. Rummel | title = Death by Government |publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=1994 |isbn=978-1-56000-927-6 |chapter=Turkey's Genocidal Purges}}, p. 233.</ref><ref name=naimark47>Naimark. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=L-QLXnX16kAC&pg=PA46&dq=atrocities+against+turks+occupation&hl=en&ei=WGvmTebjEsi6hAfWm9TQCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFAQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=atrocities%20against%20turks%20occupation&f=false Fires of Hatred]'', pp. 47-52.</ref> |
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|Unknown |
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|[[Turkey|Turkish]] forces |
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|[[Greeks|Greek]] and [[Armenians in the Ottoman Empire|Armenian]] Christians |
|[[Greeks|Greek]] and [[Armenians in the Ottoman Empire|Armenian]] Christians |
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|Greeks and Armenians were massacred by Turkish forces in the aftermath of a devastating fire that destroyed their quarters in the city |
|Greeks and Armenians were massacred by Turkish forces in the aftermath of a devastating fire that destroyed their quarters in the city |
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|[[Istanbul]], [[Izmir]] |
|[[Istanbul]], [[Izmir]] |
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|13-30<ref name=Libitsouni29>{{cite web|last=Λιμπιτσιούνη|first=Ανθή Γ.|title=Το πλέγμα των ελληνοτουρκικών σχέσεων και η ελληνική μειονότητα στην Τουρκία, οι Έλληνες της Κωνσταντινούπολης της Ίμβρου και της Τενέδου|url=http://invenio.lib.auth.gr/record/113326/files/LIBITSIOUNI.pdf?version=1|publisher=University of Thessaloniki|page=29}}</ref> |
|13-30<ref name=Libitsouni29>{{cite web|last=Λιμπιτσιούνη|first=Ανθή Γ.|title=Το πλέγμα των ελληνοτουρκικών σχέσεων και η ελληνική μειονότητα στην Τουρκία, οι Έλληνες της Κωνσταντινούπολης της Ίμβρου και της Τενέδου|url=http://invenio.lib.auth.gr/record/113326/files/LIBITSIOUNI.pdf?version=1|publisher=University of Thessaloniki|page=29}}</ref> |
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|[[Turkey| |
|[[Turkey|N]]<nowiki/>ationalists |
||
|[[Greeks|Greek]] and [[Armenians|Armenian]] Christians, [[Jew]]s |
|[[Greeks|Greek]] and [[Armenians|Armenian]] Christians, [[Jew]]s |
||
|The killings are identified as genocidal by [[Alfred-Maurice de Zayas]].<ref name=alfredbkp>Alfred de Zayas publication about the Istanbul Pogrom http://utpjournals.metapress.com/content/865v4835x83m3757/</ref> Many of the minorities, mostly Greek Christians, forced to leave Turkey. Several churches are demolished by explosives. |
|The killings are identified as genocidal by [[Alfred-Maurice de Zayas]].<ref name=alfredbkp>Alfred de Zayas publication about the Istanbul Pogrom http://utpjournals.metapress.com/content/865v4835x83m3757/</ref> Many of the minorities, mostly Greek Christians, forced to leave Turkey. Several churches are demolished by explosives. |
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|[[Taksim Square]] in [[Istanbul]] |
|[[Taksim Square]] in [[Istanbul]] |
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Revision as of 13:09, 2 July 2013
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The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in Turkey and its predecessors (numbers may be approximate, as estimates vary greatly):
Ottoman Empire (till 1914)
Name | Date | Location | Deaths | Responsible Party | Victims | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constantinople Massacre | 1821 | Constantinople | unknown | Ottoman government | Greeks | Greek Orthodox Patriarch Gregory V and other notables were executed, while local Muslims were encouraged to attack the Greek population. |
Massacres of Badr Khan | 1840 | Hakkari | 10,000[1] | Kurdish Emirs of Buhtan, Hakkari Badr Khan, and Noorallah | Christians | Many who were not killed were sold into slavery |
Hamidian massacres | 1894–1896 | Anatolia, Ottoman Empire | 100,000-300,000[2] | Ottoman Empire/Young Turk government | Christian Armenians and Assyrians | Many women were raped and forced into harems, and many women and children were sold as slaves |
Massacres in Erzurum[3][4] | 10/30/1895 | Erzurum | 1,500[5]-60,000+[citation needed] | Ottoman soldiers and local Muslims | Christian Armenians[6] | Approximately 90 percent of the Armenians of Erzurum province were killed.[7] |
Massacres of Diyarbakir (1895)[8] | 10/25/1895 | Diyarbakir | 3,000[5]-25,000[9] | Kurdish irregulars, Ottoman governors | Christian Armenians and Assyrians | |
Adana massacre | April 13, 1909 | Adana Vilayet | 15,000-30,000[10][11][12] | Ottoman Empire/Young Turk government | Armenian Christians |
World War I (1914-1918)
Name | Date | Location | Deaths | Responsible Party | Victims | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Greek genocide[13][14][15][16] | 1914–1923 | Ottoman Empire | 500,000 - 900,000 | Young Turk government | Greek Christians | Reports detail systematic massacres, deportations, individual killings, rapes, burning of entire Greek villages, destruction of Greek Orthodox churches and monasteries, drafts for "Labor Brigades", looting, terrorism and other atrocities[17][18] |
Assyrian genocide[19] | 1914–1925 | Ottoman Empire | 270,000 - 750,000 | Ottoman Empire/Young Turk government | Assyrian Christians | Denied by the Turkish government |
Armenian Genocide[20] | 1915–1923 | Ottoman Empire | 600,000-1,800,000 | Young Turk government | Armenian Christians | Denied by the Turkish government; is the second most studied case of genocide after the Holocaust |
Massacres in the Chorukh river valley | 1914-1916 | Artvin Province, Ardahan Province | 45,000 civilians[21] | Russian army, Cossack regiments, Armenian paramilitaries. | Local Muslims | During WWI the Russian army with Armenian paramilitaries launched a scorched earth policy against Muslim settlements in the Chorukh river valley, Muslim villages were destroyed.[21] |
Greco-Turkish War (1919-1923)
Name | Date | Location | Deaths | Responsible Party | Victims | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Greek landing at Smyrna | May 15–16, 1919 | Smyrna | 300-600 killed | Greeks | Turks | The orderly landing of the Greek army soon turned into a riot against the local Turkish population by local Greeks and Greek soldiers. Stores and houses were looted, many cases of beatings, rape, killing. Estimates for killed Greeks are between 22-32, for Turks between 300-600. |
Menemen massacre | June 16–17, 1919 | Menemen | 100-1,000 | Greeks | Turks | |
Battle of Aydın | June 27- July 4, 1919 | Aydın | 2,000-3,000 | Greeks&Turks | Turks&Greeks | The Greek army occupied the city which was later taken by Turkish irregulars and then again by the Greeks. This resulted in the destruction of most of the city and massacres for both sides. Killed Greeks were estimated as 1,500-2,000, Turks as 1,200-2,000. |
Iznik-Izmit region | 9 June - 27 August 1920 | Ortaköy, Geyve, Akhisar, Iznik | at least hundreds or 1,520-1,620[22] | Turkish irregulars | Greeks | Justin McCarthy: "The following are the figures of the Armenian and/or Greek patriarchates. The British warned that they contained "exaggerations."It can be assumed that the actual numbers were lower, but that the massacres actually did take place 9 June, Ortaköy, 270, 10 July, Geyve, 500, 15 July, Akhisar, 350, 27 August, Iznik, 400-500....I have not included some fanciful statements, e.g., "Fouladjik," where 400 were supposedly hanged, or the "village" of Foundouklia," where 1,700 men were supposedly shut up in one village church and many killed, etc"[22] |
Gemlik-Yalova Peninsula Massacres | 1920-21 | Gemlik/Yalova Peninsula | 5,500[23]-6,500[24] | Greeks troops, local Greeks and Armenians | Turks civilians | The perpetrators were Greek troops and local Greek and Armenian gangs, who burned down Orhangazi, Yenişehir, Armutlu. In total 27 villages were razed and their population fled. In Armutlu women were methodically raped.[25] |
Bilecik | March–April 1921 | Bilecik, Sögüt, Bozüyük | 208 killed 226 raped.[26] | Greeks troops, local Greeks | Turks | The town of Bilecik and crops were burned down by the retreating Greek army, local people were massacred.[27] Bilecik, Sögüt, Bozüyük and dozens of neighboring villages were burned or plundered by the hastily retreating Greek army, there haste limited the destruction.[26] |
Izmit | 24 June 1921 | Izmit | 300[28] | Greek forces | Turks | Up to 300 people, mostly men, were executed by Greek troops. There bodies were buried in a mass grave outside the town. Arnold J. Toynbee was a reporter who described these events in the Manchester Guardian.[28] |
Salihli | September 5, 1922 | Salihli | at least 76[29] | Greek forces | Turks | The city was burned by the retreating Greek army, 65% of the buildings were destroyed.[30] |
Turgutlu | September 4-6, 1922 | Turgutlu | 1,000[30] | Greek forces | Turks | The city was burned by the retreating Greek army, 90% of the buildings were destroyed,.[30] 1,000 died.[30] |
Turgutlu[31] | September 1922 | Turgutlu (former Kasaba) | 4,000[31] | Turks | Greeks | From 8,000 Greek civilians gathered in the town, half of them remained after the evacuation of the Greek Army. They were killed by the advancing Turkish soldiers.[31] |
Uşak | September 1, 1922 | Uşak | 200[32] | Greeks | Turks | The city was burned by the retreating Greek army, 33% of the buildings were destroyed.[30] [dubious – discuss] |
Akhisar | 1922 | Akhisar | 7,000[33] | Turkish forces | Greeks | As a result of the capture of the city by the Turkish nationalist army, all remaining local Greeks were murdered. Since then there is no Christian community in the city.[33] |
Alaşehir | September 3-4, 1922 | Alaşehir | 3,000[34] | Greeks | Turks | The city was burned by the retreating Greek army.[30] |
Ayvalik | After September 19,1922 | Ayvalik | 2,977[35] | Turkish forces | Greeks | As an act of revenge for the killing of a local Muslim judge by some Greek irregulars from Cunda several years earlier, hundreds of civilians were killed on the islet of [[Cunda Island|Cunda]], only some children were spared. Most of the male Greek population who remained in the town were deported to the interior of Anatolia, only 23 survived. The rest of the population was deported to Greece.[35] |
Catastrophe of Smyrna | September 13–22, 1922 | Smyrna | 10,000-100,000[36][37] | Unknown | Greek and Armenian Christians | Greeks and Armenians were massacred by Turkish forces in the aftermath of a devastating fire that destroyed their quarters in the city |
Republic of Turkey (1923-present)
Name | Date | Location | Deaths | Responsible Party | Victims | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zilan massacre | July 1930 | Van Province | 4,500-47,000[38] | Turkish security forces | Sunni Kurds | 5,000 women, children, and the elderly were reportedly killed[39] |
Dersim Massacre | Summer 1937-Spring 1938 | Tunceli Province | 13,806-70,000[40] | Turkish security forces | Alevi Zazas | The killings have been condemned by some as an ethnocide or genocide[41][42] |
Istanbul Pogrom | 6–7 September 1955 | Istanbul, Izmir | 13-30[43] | Nationalists | Greek and Armenian Christians, Jews | The killings are identified as genocidal by Alfred-Maurice de Zayas.[44] Many of the minorities, mostly Greek Christians, forced to leave Turkey. Several churches are demolished by explosives. |
Massacre of March 16 (Beyazıt Massacre) | March 16, 1978 | Istanbul | 7 university students killed, 41 injured [1], | Grey Wolves, Turkish Police, Deep State | Leftist university students | Cemil Sönmez, Baki Ekiz, Hatice Özen, Abdullah Şimşek, Murat Kurt, Hamdi Akıl and Turan Ören were killed and 41 others were injured by a bomb that was followed by gunfire March 16, 1978. |
Taksim Square massacre | May 1, 1977 | Taksim Square in Istanbul | 34[45]-42[46] | Unknown | Leftist demonstrators | |
Bahçelievler massacre | October 9, 1978 | Bahçelievler, Ankara | 7[47] | Neo-fascists | Leftist students | |
Maraş Massacre | December 19–26, 1978 | Kahramanmaraş Province | 109[48] | Grey Wolves[48] | Alevi Kurds | |
Çorum Massacre | May–July, 1980 | Çorum Province | 57[49] | Grey Wolves | Alevi Turks | |
Sivas massacre[50] | July 2, 1993 | Sivas, Turkey | 37 | Islamists | Alevi intellectuals | |
Gazi Quarter massacre | March 15, 1995 | Istanbul and Ankara | 23[51] | Turkish government | Alevi Turks | More than 400 injured[51] |
Mardin engagement ceremony massacre | May 4, 2009 | Bilge, Mardin | 44[52] | Kurds | Kurds | Reuters said it was "one of the worst attacks involving civilians in Turkey's modern history", declaring that the scale of the attack had shocked the nation.[53] |
Uludere massacre | December 28, 2011 | Uludere, Sirnak | 34[54] | Turkish government | Kurds |
Gallery
-
Aftermath of the massacres at Erzurum
-
An Armenian town left pillaged and destroyed, during the Adana massacre
-
Photo taken after the Smyrna fire. The text inside indicates that the photo had been taken by representatives of the Red Cross in Smyrna
-
Armenian woman kneeling beside dead child in field "within sight of help and safety at Aleppo"
References
- ^ Gaunt & Beṯ-Şawoce 2006, p. 32
- ^ Akçam, Taner. A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006, p. 42. ISBN 0-8050-7932-7.
- ^ Erzerum, The Nuttall Encyclopædia, http://www.fromoldbooks.org/Wood-NuttallEncyclopaedia/e/erzerum.html
- ^ The Parliamentary Debates - Page 39 by Great Britain Parliament, Great Britain [date missing]
- ^ a b British Diplomacy and the Armenian Question, Arman Dzhonovich Kirakosian, page 260, 2003
- ^ MASSACRE OF CHRISTIANS. - Washington Post (1877-1954) - Washington, D.C. [page needed][date missing]
- ^ Hewsen. "Summit of the Earth", p. 60.
- ^ de Courtois 2004, p. 105
- ^ Angold, Michael (2006), O’Mahony, Anthony (ed.), Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 5, Eastern Christianity, Cambridge University Press, p. 512, ISBN 978-0521811132
- ^ Akcam, Taner. A Shameful Act. 2006, page 69–70: "fifteen to twenty thousand Armenians were killed"
- ^ "30,000 KILLED IN MASSACRES". The New York Times. April 25, 1909.
{{cite news}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ Century of Genocide: Eyewitness Accounts and Critical Views By Samuel. Totten, William S. Parsons, Israel W. Charny
- ^ IAGS Resolution on Genocides committed by the Ottoman Empire retrieved via the Internet Archive (PDF), International Association of Genocide Scholars, archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-04-28
- ^ "Genocide Resolution approved by Swedish Parliament — full text containing the IAGS resolution and the Swedish Parliament resolution from". news.am. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
- ^ Gaunt, David. Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press, 2006.
- ^ Schaller, Dominik J; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction". Journal of Genocide Research. 10 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1080/14623520801950820.
- ^ The New York Times Advanced search engine for article and headline archives (subscription necessary for viewing article content).
- ^ Alexander Westwood and Darren O'Brien, Selected bylines and letters from The New York Times, The Australian Institute for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 2006
- ^ Travis, Hannibal. "'Native Christians Massacred': The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians During World War I." Genocide Studies and Prevention, Vol. 1, No. 3, December 2006, pp. 327–371. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
- ^ Armenia: The Survival of A Nation by Christopher J. Walker, Croom Helm (Publisher) London 1980, pp. 200-203
- ^ a b Gerwarth, Robert; Horne, John (2012). War in Peace: Paramilitary Violence in Europe After the Great War. Oxford University Press. p. 176. ISBN 9780199654918.
- ^ a b Death and exile: the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922, Justin McCarthy, page 323, 1995
- ^ McNeill, William H. (1989). Arnold J. Toynbee: A Life. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199923397.
To protect their flanks from harassment, Greek military authorities then encouraged irregular bands of armed men to attack and destroy Turkish populations of the region they proposed to abandon. By the time the Red Crescent vessel arrived at Yalova from Constantinople in the last week of May, fourteen out of sixteen villages in that town's immediate hinterland had been destroyed, and there were only 1500 survivors from the 7000 Moslems who had been living in these communities.
- ^ "Oran Arslan". E-dergi.atauni.edu.tr. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
- ^ Sorrowful Shores, Ryan Gingeras, page 111-112, 2009
- ^ a b DERGİ (1917-11-06). "Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi | Bilecik ve Çevresinde Yunan Mezalimi". Atam.gov.tr. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
- ^ State-Nationalisms in the Ottoman Empire, Greece and Turkey: Benjamin C. Fortna,Stefanos Katsikas,Dimitris Kamouzis,Paraskevas Konortas, page 64, 2012
- ^ a b Sorrowful Shores, Ryan Gingeras, page 112, 2009
- ^ The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 132. Atlantic Monthly Co. 1923. p. 829.
Two thirds of Salihli, with a population of 10,000, only a tenth of whom were Greeks, had been burned over, seventy-six people were known to have burned to death, and a hundred young girls were said to have been taken away by Greek
- ^ a b c d e f U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park to Secretary of State, Smyrna, 11 April 1923. US archives US767.68116/34
- ^ a b c Μπουμπουγιατζή, Ευαγγελία (2009). "Οι διωγμοί των Ελλήνων της Ιωνίας 1914-1922". University of Western Macedonia: 384. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
Από τους 8.000 Έλληνες οι μισοί δεν είχαν διαφύγει με τα ελληνικά στρατεύματα, με αποτέλεσμα να εξοντωθούν από τα κεμαλικά [From the 8,000, half of them remained in town after the evacuation and were annihilated by the Kemalist forces]
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - ^ Adıvar, Halide Edib (1928). The Turkish Ordeal: Being the Further Memoirs of Halidé Edib. Century Company, University of Virginia. p. 363.
- ^ a b Jonsson, David J. (2005). The clash of ideologies : the making of the Christian and Islamic worlds. [Longwood, Fla.]: Xulon Press. p. 316. ISBN 9781597810395.
- ^ Mango, Atatürk, p. 343.
- ^ a b Clark, Bruce (2006). Twice a stranger : the mass expulsion that forged modern Greece and Turkey. Cambridge (Massachusetts): Harvard University Press. p. 25. ISBN 9780674023680.
- ^ Rudolph J. Rummel, Irving Louis Horowitz (1994). "Turkey's Genocidal Purges". Death by Government. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56000-927-6.
{{cite book}}
: Check|first=
value (help), p. 233. - ^ Naimark. Fires of Hatred, pp. 47-52.
- ^ M. Kalman, Belge, tanık ve yaşayanlarıyla Ağrı Direnişi 1926-1930, Pêrî Yayınları, İstanbul, 1997, ISBN 978-975-8245-01-7, p. 105. Template:Tr icon
- ^ Ahmet Kahraman, ibid, pp. 207-208. Template:Tr icon
- ^ "Dersim massacre monument to open next month". Today's Zaman. 24 October 2012. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
- ^ The Suppression of the Dersim Rebellion in Turkey (1937-38) Excerpts from: Martin van Bruinessen, "Genocide in Kurdistan? The suppression of the Dersim rebellion in Turkey (1937-38) and the chemical war against the Iraqi Kurds (1988)", in: George J. Andreopoulos (ed), Conceptual and historical dimensions of genocide. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994, pp. 141-170.
- ^ İsmail Besikçi, Tunceli Kanunu (1935) ve Dersim Jenosidi, Belge Yayınları, 1990.
- ^ Λιμπιτσιούνη, Ανθή Γ. "Το πλέγμα των ελληνοτουρκικών σχέσεων και η ελληνική μειονότητα στην Τουρκία, οι Έλληνες της Κωνσταντινούπολης της Ίμβρου και της Τενέδου" (PDF). University of Thessaloniki. p. 29.
- ^ Alfred de Zayas publication about the Istanbul Pogrom http://utpjournals.metapress.com/content/865v4835x83m3757/
- ^ Özcan, Emine (2006-04-28). "1977 1 Mayıs Katliamı Aydınlatılsın". bianet (in Turkish).
- ^ Mavioglu, Ertugrul (2007-05-02). "30 yıl sonra kanlı 1 Mayıs (4)". Radikal (in Turkish).
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suggested) (help) - ^ Yalçın, Soner (1997). "The Bahcelievler Massacre". Reis: Gladio’nun Türk Tetikçisi. Su Yayinlari.
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suggested) (help) - ^ a b A modern history of the Kurds, By David McDowall, page 415, at Google Books
- ^ Cüneyt Arcayürek: Darbeler ve Gizli Servisler, (Sayfa.221)
- ^ "Turkey commemorates 15th anniversary of Sivas massacre". Hürriyet. 2008-07-02. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
- ^ a b "Ergenekon zanlısı, Gazi mahallesi provokatörü çıktı -". Star Gazete (in Turkish). 2008-07-04. Retrieved 2012-02-18.
- ^ "Reuters article" Reuters. Retrieved 4 May 2009
- ^ "Blood feuds, gun violence plague Turkey's southeast". Reuters. 2009-05-05. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
- ^ "Concerns raised about obscuring evidence in Uludere killings". Todayszaman.com. 2012-01-11. Retrieved 2013-06-24.