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The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in Turkey and its predecessors (numbers may be approximate, as estimates vary greatly):

Ottoman Empire (till 1914)

Name	Date	Location	Deaths	Responsible Party	Victims	Notes
Constantinople Massacre	1821	Constantinople	unknown	Ottoman government	Greeks	Greek Orthodox Patriarch Gregory V and other notables were executed, while local Muslims were encouraged to attack the Greek population.
Massacres of Badr Khan	1840	Hakkari	10,000^[1]	Kurdish Emirs of Buhtan, Hakkari Badr Khan, and Noorallah	Christians	Many who were not killed were sold into slavery
Hamidian massacres	1894–1896	Anatolia, Ottoman Empire	100,000-300,000^[2]	Ottoman Empire/Young Turk government	Christian Armenians and Assyrians	Many women were raped and forced into harems, and many women and children were sold as slaves
Massacres in Erzurum^[3]^[4]	10/30/1895	Erzurum	1,500^[5]-60,000+^{[citation needed]}	Ottoman soldiers and local Muslims	Christian Armenians^[6]	Approximately 90 percent of the Armenians of Erzurum province were killed.^[7]
Massacres of Diyarbakir (1895)^[8]	10/25/1895	Diyarbakir	3,000^[5]-25,000^[9]	Kurdish irregulars, Ottoman governors	Christian Armenians and Assyrians
Adana massacre	April 13, 1909	Adana Vilayet	15,000-30,000^[10]^[11]^[12]	Ottoman Empire/Young Turk government	Armenian Christians

World War I (1914-1918)

Name	Date	Location	Deaths	Responsible Party	Victims	Notes
Greek genocide^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]	1914–1923	Ottoman Empire	500,000 - 900,000	Young Turk government	Greek Christians	Reports detail systematic massacres, deportations, individual killings, rapes, burning of entire Greek villages, destruction of Greek Orthodox churches and monasteries, drafts for "Labor Brigades", looting, terrorism and other atrocities^[17]^[18]
Assyrian genocide^[19]	1914–1925	Ottoman Empire	270,000 - 750,000	Ottoman Empire/Young Turk government	Assyrian Christians	Denied by the Turkish government
Armenian Genocide^[20]	1915–1923	Ottoman Empire	600,000-1,800,000	Young Turk government	Armenian Christians	Denied by the Turkish government; is the second most studied case of genocide after the Holocaust
Massacres in the Chorukh river valley	1914-1916	Artvin Province, Ardahan Province	45,000 civilians^[21]	Russian army, Cossack regiments, Armenian paramilitaries.	Local Muslims	During WWI the Russian army with Armenian paramilitaries launched a scorched earth policy against Muslim settlements in the Chorukh river valley, Muslim villages were destroyed.^[21]

Greco-Turkish War (1919-1923)

Name	Date	Location	Deaths	Responsible Party	Victims	Notes
Greek landing at Smyrna	May 15–16, 1919	Smyrna	300-600 killed	Greeks	Turks	The orderly landing of the Greek army soon turned into a riot against the local Turkish population by local Greeks and Greek soldiers. Stores and houses were looted, many cases of beatings, rape, killing. Estimates for killed Greeks are between 22-32, for Turks between 300-600.
Menemen massacre	June 16–17, 1919	Menemen	100-1,000	Greeks	Turks
Battle of Aydın	June 27- July 4, 1919	Aydın	2,000-3,000	Greeks&Turks	Turks&Greeks	The Greek army occupied the city which was later taken by Turkish irregulars and then again by the Greeks. This resulted in the destruction of most of the city and massacres for both sides. Killed Greeks were estimated as 1,500-2,000, Turks as 1,200-2,000.
Iznik-Izmit region	9 June - 27 August 1920	Ortaköy, Geyve, Akhisar, Iznik	at least hundreds or 1,520-1,620^[22]	Turkish irregulars	Greeks	Justin McCarthy: "The following are the figures of the Armenian and/or Greek patriarchates. The British warned that they contained "exaggerations."It can be assumed that the actual numbers were lower, but that the massacres actually did take place 9 June, Ortaköy, 270, 10 July, Geyve, 500, 15 July, Akhisar, 350, 27 August, Iznik, 400-500....I have not included some fanciful statements, e.g., "Fouladjik," where 400 were supposedly hanged, or the "village" of Foundouklia," where 1,700 men were supposedly shut up in one village church and many killed, etc"^[22]
Gemlik-Yalova Peninsula Massacres	1920-21	Gemlik/Yalova Peninsula	5,500^[23]-6,500^[24]	Greeks troops, local Greeks and Armenians	Turks civilians	The perpetrators were Greek troops and local Greek and Armenian gangs, who burned down Orhangazi, Yenişehir, Armutlu. In total 27 villages were razed and their population fled. In Armutlu women were methodically raped.^[25]
Bilecik	March–April 1921	Bilecik, Sögüt, Bozüyük	208 killed 226 raped.^[26]	Greeks troops, local Greeks	Turks	The town of Bilecik and crops were burned down by the retreating Greek army, local people were massacred.^[27] Bilecik, Sögüt, Bozüyük and dozens of neighboring villages were burned or plundered by the hastily retreating Greek army, there haste limited the destruction.^[26]
Izmit	24 June 1921	Izmit	300^[28]	Greek forces	Turks	Up to 300 people, mostly men, were executed by Greek troops. There bodies were buried in a mass grave outside the town. Arnold J. Toynbee was a reporter who described these events in the Manchester Guardian.^[28]
Salihli	September 5, 1922	Salihli	at least 76^[29]	Greek forces	Turks	The city was burned by the retreating Greek army, 65% of the buildings were destroyed.^[30]
Turgutlu	September 4-6, 1922	Turgutlu	1,000^[30]	Greek forces	Turks	The city was burned by the retreating Greek army, 90% of the buildings were destroyed,.^[30] 1,000 died.^[30]
Turgutlu^[31]	September 1922	Turgutlu (former Kasaba)	4,000^[31]	Turks	Greeks	From 8,000 Greek civilians gathered in the town, half of them remained after the evacuation of the Greek Army. They were killed by the advancing Turkish soldiers.^[31]
Uşak	September 1, 1922	Uşak	200^[32]	Greeks	Turks	The city was burned by the retreating Greek army, 33% of the buildings were destroyed.^[30] ^{[dubious – discuss]}
Akhisar	1922	Akhisar	7,000^[33]	Turkish forces	Greeks	As a result of the capture of the city by the Turkish nationalist army, all remaining local Greeks were murdered. Since then there is no Christian community in the city.^[33]
Alaşehir	September 3-4, 1922	Alaşehir	3,000^[34]	Greeks	Turks	The city was burned by the retreating Greek army.^[30]
Ayvalik	After September 19,1922	Ayvalik	2,977^[35]	Turkish forces	Greeks	As an act of revenge for the killing of a local Muslim judge by some Greek irregulars from Cunda several years earlier, hundreds of civilians were killed on the islet of [[Cunda Island\|Cunda]], only some children were spared. Most of the male Greek population who remained in the town were deported to the interior of Anatolia, only 23 survived. The rest of the population was deported to Greece.^[35]
Catastrophe of Smyrna	September 13–22, 1922	Smyrna	10,000-100,000^[36]^[37]	Unknown	Greek and Armenian Christians	Greeks and Armenians were massacred by Turkish forces in the aftermath of a devastating fire that destroyed their quarters in the city

Republic of Turkey (1923-present)

Name	Date	Location	Deaths	Responsible Party	Victims	Notes
Zilan massacre	July 1930	Van Province	4,500-47,000^[38]	Turkish security forces	Sunni Kurds	5,000 women, children, and the elderly were reportedly killed^[39]
Dersim Massacre	Summer 1937-Spring 1938	Tunceli Province	13,806-70,000^[40]	Turkish security forces	Alevi Zazas	The killings have been condemned by some as an ethnocide or genocide^[41]^[42]
Istanbul Pogrom	6–7 September 1955	Istanbul, Izmir	13-30^[43]	Nationalists	Greek and Armenian Christians, Jews	The killings are identified as genocidal by Alfred-Maurice de Zayas.^[44] Many of the minorities, mostly Greek Christians, forced to leave Turkey. Several churches are demolished by explosives.
Massacre of March 16 (Beyazıt Massacre)	March 16, 1978	Istanbul	7 university students killed, 41 injured [1],	Grey Wolves, Turkish Police, Deep State	Leftist university students	Cemil Sönmez, Baki Ekiz, Hatice Özen, Abdullah Şimşek, Murat Kurt, Hamdi Akıl and Turan Ören were killed and 41 others were injured by a bomb that was followed by gunfire March 16, 1978.
Taksim Square massacre	May 1, 1977	Taksim Square in Istanbul	34^[45]-42^[46]	Unknown	Leftist demonstrators
Bahçelievler massacre	October 9, 1978	Bahçelievler, Ankara	7^[47]	Neo-fascists	Leftist students
Maraş Massacre	December 19–26, 1978	Kahramanmaraş Province	109^[48]	Grey Wolves^[48]	Alevi Kurds
Çorum Massacre	May–July, 1980	Çorum Province	57^[49]	Grey Wolves	Alevi Turks
Sivas massacre^[50]	July 2, 1993	Sivas, Turkey	37	Islamists	Alevi intellectuals
Gazi Quarter massacre	March 15, 1995	Istanbul and Ankara	23^[51]	Turkish government	Alevi Turks	More than 400 injured^[51]
Mardin engagement ceremony massacre	May 4, 2009	Bilge, Mardin	44^[52]	Kurds	Kurds	Reuters said it was "one of the worst attacks involving civilians in Turkey's modern history", declaring that the scale of the attack had shocked the nation.^[53]
Uludere massacre	December 28, 2011	Uludere, Sirnak	34^[54]	Turkish government	Kurds

Gallery

Aftermath of the massacres at Erzurum
An Armenian town left pillaged and destroyed, during the Adana massacre
Photo taken after the Smyrna fire. The text inside indicates that the photo had been taken by representatives of the Red Cross in Smyrna
Armenian woman kneeling beside dead child in field "within sight of help and safety at Aleppo"

References

^ Gaunt & Beṯ-Şawoce 2006, p. 32
^ Akçam, Taner. A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006, p. 42. ISBN 0-8050-7932-7.
^ Erzerum, The Nuttall Encyclopædia, http://www.fromoldbooks.org/Wood-NuttallEncyclopaedia/e/erzerum.html
^ The Parliamentary Debates - Page 39 by Great Britain Parliament, Great Britain ^{[date missing]}
^ ^a ^b British Diplomacy and the Armenian Question, Arman Dzhonovich Kirakosian, page 260, 2003
^ MASSACRE OF CHRISTIANS. - Washington Post (1877-1954) - Washington, D.C. ^{[page needed]}^{[date missing]}
^ Hewsen. "Summit of the Earth", p. 60.
^ de Courtois 2004, p. 105
^ Angold, Michael (2006), O’Mahony, Anthony (ed.), Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 5, Eastern Christianity, Cambridge University Press, p. 512, ISBN 978-0521811132
^ Akcam, Taner. A Shameful Act. 2006, page 69–70: "fifteen to twenty thousand Armenians were killed"
^ "30,000 KILLED IN MASSACRES". The New York Times. April 25, 1909. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ Century of Genocide: Eyewitness Accounts and Critical Views By Samuel. Totten, William S. Parsons, Israel W. Charny
^ IAGS Resolution on Genocides committed by the Ottoman Empire retrieved via the Internet Archive (PDF), International Association of Genocide Scholars, archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-04-28
^ "Genocide Resolution approved by Swedish Parliament — full text containing the IAGS resolution and the Swedish Parliament resolution from". news.am. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
^ Gaunt, David. Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press, 2006.
^ Schaller, Dominik J; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction". Journal of Genocide Research. 10 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1080/14623520801950820.
^ The New York Times Advanced search engine for article and headline archives (subscription necessary for viewing article content).
^ Alexander Westwood and Darren O'Brien, Selected bylines and letters from The New York Times, The Australian Institute for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 2006
^ Travis, Hannibal. "'Native Christians Massacred': The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians During World War I." Genocide Studies and Prevention, Vol. 1, No. 3, December 2006, pp. 327–371. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
^ Armenia: The Survival of A Nation by Christopher J. Walker, Croom Helm (Publisher) London 1980, pp. 200-203
^ ^a ^b Gerwarth, Robert; Horne, John (2012). War in Peace: Paramilitary Violence in Europe After the Great War. Oxford University Press. p. 176. ISBN 9780199654918.
^ ^a ^b Death and exile: the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922, Justin McCarthy, page 323, 1995
^ McNeill, William H. (1989). Arnold J. Toynbee: A Life. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199923397. To protect their flanks from harassment, Greek military authorities then encouraged irregular bands of armed men to attack and destroy Turkish populations of the region they proposed to abandon. By the time the Red Crescent vessel arrived at Yalova from Constantinople in the last week of May, fourteen out of sixteen villages in that town's immediate hinterland had been destroyed, and there were only 1500 survivors from the 7000 Moslems who had been living in these communities.
^ "Oran Arslan". E-dergi.atauni.edu.tr. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
^ Sorrowful Shores, Ryan Gingeras, page 111-112, 2009
^ ^a ^b DERGİ (1917-11-06). "Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi | Bilecik ve Çevresinde Yunan Mezalimi". Atam.gov.tr. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
^ State-Nationalisms in the Ottoman Empire, Greece and Turkey: Benjamin C. Fortna,Stefanos Katsikas,Dimitris Kamouzis,Paraskevas Konortas, page 64, 2012
^ ^a ^b Sorrowful Shores, Ryan Gingeras, page 112, 2009
^ The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 132. Atlantic Monthly Co. 1923. p. 829. Two thirds of Salihli, with a population of 10,000, only a tenth of whom were Greeks, had been burned over, seventy-six people were known to have burned to death, and a hundred young girls were said to have been taken away by Greek
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park to Secretary of State, Smyrna, 11 April 1923. US archives US767.68116/34
^ ^a ^b ^c Μπουμπουγιατζή, Ευαγγελία (2009). "Οι διωγμοί των Ελλήνων της Ιωνίας 1914-1922". University of Western Macedonia: 384. Retrieved 23 June 2013. Από τους 8.000 Έλληνες οι μισοί δεν είχαν διαφύγει με τα ελληνικά στρατεύματα, με αποτέλεσμα να εξοντωθούν από τα κεμαλικά [From the 8,000, half of them remained in town after the evacuation and were annihilated by the Kemalist forces] {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Adıvar, Halide Edib (1928). The Turkish Ordeal: Being the Further Memoirs of Halidé Edib. Century Company, University of Virginia. p. 363.
^ ^a ^b Jonsson, David J. (2005). The clash of ideologies : the making of the Christian and Islamic worlds. [Longwood, Fla.]: Xulon Press. p. 316. ISBN 9781597810395.
^ Mango, Atatürk, p. 343.
^ ^a ^b Clark, Bruce (2006). Twice a stranger : the mass expulsion that forged modern Greece and Turkey. Cambridge (Massachusetts): Harvard University Press. p. 25. ISBN 9780674023680.
^ Rudolph J. Rummel, Irving Louis Horowitz (1994). "Turkey's Genocidal Purges". Death by Government. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56000-927-6. {{cite book}}: Check |first= value (help), p. 233.
^ Naimark. Fires of Hatred, pp. 47-52.
^ M. Kalman, Belge, tanık ve yaşayanlarıyla Ağrı Direnişi 1926-1930, Pêrî Yayınları, İstanbul, 1997, ISBN 978-975-8245-01-7, p. 105. Template:Tr icon
^ Ahmet Kahraman, ibid, pp. 207-208. Template:Tr icon
^ "Dersim massacre monument to open next month". Today's Zaman. 24 October 2012. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
^ The Suppression of the Dersim Rebellion in Turkey (1937-38) Excerpts from: Martin van Bruinessen, "Genocide in Kurdistan? The suppression of the Dersim rebellion in Turkey (1937-38) and the chemical war against the Iraqi Kurds (1988)", in: George J. Andreopoulos (ed), Conceptual and historical dimensions of genocide. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994, pp. 141-170.
^ İsmail Besikçi, Tunceli Kanunu (1935) ve Dersim Jenosidi, Belge Yayınları, 1990.
^ Λιμπιτσιούνη, Ανθή Γ. "Το πλέγμα των ελληνοτουρκικών σχέσεων και η ελληνική μειονότητα στην Τουρκία, οι Έλληνες της Κωνσταντινούπολης της Ίμβρου και της Τενέδου" (PDF). University of Thessaloniki. p. 29.
^ Alfred de Zayas publication about the Istanbul Pogrom http://utpjournals.metapress.com/content/865v4835x83m3757/
^ Özcan, Emine (2006-04-28). "1977 1 Mayıs Katliamı Aydınlatılsın". bianet (in Turkish).
^ Mavioglu, Ertugrul (2007-05-02). "30 yıl sonra kanlı 1 Mayıs (4)". Radikal (in Turkish). {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ Yalçın, Soner (1997). "The Bahcelievler Massacre". Reis: Gladio’nun Türk Tetikçisi. Su Yayinlari. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b A modern history of the Kurds, By David McDowall, page 415, at Google Books
^ Cüneyt Arcayürek: Darbeler ve Gizli Servisler, (Sayfa.221)
^ "Turkey commemorates 15th anniversary of Sivas massacre". Hürriyet. 2008-07-02. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
^ ^a ^b "Ergenekon zanlısı, Gazi mahallesi provokatörü çıktı -". Star Gazete (in Turkish). 2008-07-04. Retrieved 2012-02-18.
^ "Reuters article" Reuters. Retrieved 4 May 2009
^ "Blood feuds, gun violence plague Turkey's southeast". Reuters. 2009-05-05. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
^ "Concerns raised about obscuring evidence in Uludere killings". Todayszaman.com. 2012-01-11. Retrieved 2013-06-24.

[gaunt32-1] Gaunt & Beṯ-Şawoce 2006, p. 32

[2] Akçam, Taner. A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006, p. 42. ISBN 0-8050-7932-7.

[3] Erzerum, The Nuttall Encyclopædia, http://www.fromoldbooks.org/Wood-NuttallEncyclopaedia/e/erzerum.html

[4] The Parliamentary Debates - Page 39 by Great Britain Parliament, Great Britain ^{[date missing]}

[autogenerated260-5] British Diplomacy and the Armenian Question, Arman Dzhonovich Kirakosian, page 260, 2003

[6] MASSACRE OF CHRISTIANS. - Washington Post (1877-1954) - Washington, D.C. ^{[page needed]}^{[date missing]}

[7] Hewsen. "Summit of the Earth", p. 60.

[Courtois105-8] Courtois 2004, p. 105

[9] Angold, Michael (2006), O’Mahony, Anthony (ed.), Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 5, Eastern Christianity, Cambridge University Press, p. 512, ISBN 978-0521811132

[ShamefulAct-10] Akcam, Taner. A Shameful Act. 2006, page 69–70: "fifteen to twenty thousand Armenians were killed"

[30t-11] "30,000 KILLED IN MASSACRES". The New York Times. April 25, 1909. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[12] Century of Genocide: Eyewitness Accounts and Critical Views By Samuel. Totten, William S. Parsons, Israel W. Charny

[13] IAGS Resolution on Genocides committed by the Ottoman Empire retrieved via the Internet Archive (PDF), International Association of Genocide Scholars, archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-04-28

[14] "Genocide Resolution approved by Swedish Parliament — full text containing the IAGS resolution and the Swedish Parliament resolution from". news.am. Retrieved 2013-06-24.

[15] Gaunt, David. Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press, 2006.

[16] Schaller, Dominik J; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction". Journal of Genocide Research. 10 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1080/14623520801950820.

[NYTarchives-17] The New York Times Advanced search engine for article and headline archives (subscription necessary for viewing article content).

[AIHG-NYT-18] Alexander Westwood and Darren O'Brien, Selected bylines and letters from The New York Times, The Australian Institute for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 2006

[19] Travis, Hannibal. "'Native Christians Massacred': The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians During World War I." Genocide Studies and Prevention, Vol. 1, No. 3, December 2006, pp. 327–371. Retrieved 2012-10-28.

[20] Armenia: The Survival of A Nation by Christopher J. Walker, Croom Helm (Publisher) London 1980, pp. 200-203

[google176-21] Gerwarth, Robert; Horne, John (2012). War in Peace: Paramilitary Violence in Europe After the Great War. Oxford University Press. p. 176. ISBN 9780199654918.

[autogenerated323-22] Death and exile: the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922, Justin McCarthy, page 323, 1995

[23] McNeill, William H. (1989). Arnold J. Toynbee: A Life. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199923397. To protect their flanks from harassment, Greek military authorities then encouraged irregular bands of armed men to attack and destroy Turkish populations of the region they proposed to abandon. By the time the Red Crescent vessel arrived at Yalova from Constantinople in the last week of May, fourteen out of sixteen villages in that town's immediate hinterland had been destroyed, and there were only 1500 survivors from the 7000 Moslems who had been living in these communities.

[24] "Oran Arslan". E-dergi.atauni.edu.tr. Retrieved 2013-06-24.

[25] Sorrowful Shores, Ryan Gingeras, page 111-112, 2009

[autogenerated1-26] DERGİ (1917-11-06). "Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi | Bilecik ve Çevresinde Yunan Mezalimi". Atam.gov.tr. Retrieved 2013-06-24.

[27] State-Nationalisms in the Ottoman Empire, Greece and Turkey: Benjamin C. Fortna,Stefanos Katsikas,Dimitris Kamouzis,Paraskevas Konortas, page 64, 2012

[Sorrowful_Shores_page_112-28] Sorrowful Shores, Ryan Gingeras, page 112, 2009

[29] The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 132. Atlantic Monthly Co. 1923. p. 829. Two thirds of Salihli, with a population of 10,000, only a tenth of whom were Greeks, had been burned over, seventy-six people were known to have burned to death, and a hundred young girls were said to have been taken away by Greek

[U.S._Vice-Consul_James_Loder_Park_1923-30] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park to Secretary of State, Smyrna, 11 April 1923. US archives US767.68116/34

[Boubougiatzi-31] Μπουμπουγιατζή, Ευαγγελία (2009). "Οι διωγμοί των Ελλήνων της Ιωνίας 1914-1922". University of Western Macedonia: 384. Retrieved 23 June 2013. Από τους 8.000 Έλληνες οι μισοί δεν είχαν διαφύγει με τα ελληνικά στρατεύματα, με αποτέλεσμα να εξοντωθούν από τα κεμαλικά [From the 8,000, half of them remained in town after the evacuation and were annihilated by the Kemalist forces] {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[32] Adıvar, Halide Edib (1928). The Turkish Ordeal: Being the Further Memoirs of Halidé Edib. Century Company, University of Virginia. p. 363.

[Jonsson-33] Jonsson, David J. (2005). The clash of ideologies : the making of the Christian and Islamic worlds. [Longwood, Fla.]: Xulon Press. p. 316. ISBN 9781597810395.

[Mango,_Atatürk,_p._343-34] Mango, Atatürk, p. 343.

[Clark-35] Clark, Bruce (2006). Twice a stranger : the mass expulsion that forged modern Greece and Turkey. Cambridge (Massachusetts): Harvard University Press. p. 25. ISBN 9780674023680.

[transaction233-36] Rudolph J. Rummel, Irving Louis Horowitz (1994). "Turkey's Genocidal Purges". Death by Government. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56000-927-6. {{cite book}}: Check |first= value (help), p. 233.

[naimark47-37] Naimark. Fires of Hatred, pp. 47-52.

[38] M. Kalman, Belge, tanık ve yaşayanlarıyla Ağrı Direnişi 1926-1930, Pêrî Yayınları, İstanbul, 1997, ISBN 978-975-8245-01-7, p. 105. Template:Tr icon

[Kahraman207-208-39] Ahmet Kahraman, ibid, pp. 207-208. Template:Tr icon

[40] "Dersim massacre monument to open next month". Today's Zaman. 24 October 2012. Retrieved June 6, 2013.

[41] The Suppression of the Dersim Rebellion in Turkey (1937-38) Excerpts from: Martin van Bruinessen, "Genocide in Kurdistan? The suppression of the Dersim rebellion in Turkey (1937-38) and the chemical war against the Iraqi Kurds (1988)", in: George J. Andreopoulos (ed), Conceptual and historical dimensions of genocide. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994, pp. 141-170.

[42] İsmail Besikçi, Tunceli Kanunu (1935) ve Dersim Jenosidi, Belge Yayınları, 1990.

[Libitsouni29-43] Λιμπιτσιούνη, Ανθή Γ. "Το πλέγμα των ελληνοτουρκικών σχέσεων και η ελληνική μειονότητα στην Τουρκία, οι Έλληνες της Κωνσταντινούπολης της Ίμβρου και της Τενέδου" (PDF). University of Thessaloniki. p. 29.

[alfredbkp-44] Alfred de Zayas publication about the Istanbul Pogrom http://utpjournals.metapress.com/content/865v4835x83m3757/

[45] Özcan, Emine (2006-04-28). "1977 1 Mayıs Katliamı Aydınlatılsın". bianet (in Turkish).

[46] Mavioglu, Ertugrul (2007-05-02). "30 yıl sonra kanlı 1 Mayıs (4)". Radikal (in Turkish). {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[47] Yalçın, Soner (1997). "The Bahcelievler Massacre". Reis: Gladio’nun Türk Tetikçisi. Su Yayinlari. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[david-48] A modern history of the Kurds, By David McDowall, page 415, at Google Books

[49] Cüneyt Arcayürek: Darbeler ve Gizli Servisler, (Sayfa.221)

[50] "Turkey commemorates 15th anniversary of Sivas massacre". Hürriyet. 2008-07-02. Retrieved 2013-06-06.

[sg-51] "Ergenekon zanlısı, Gazi mahallesi provokatörü çıktı -". Star Gazete (in Turkish). 2008-07-04. Retrieved 2012-02-18.

[reuters-52] "Reuters article" Reuters. Retrieved 4 May 2009

[Blood_feuds,_gun_violence_plague_Turkey's_southeast-53] "Blood feuds, gun violence plague Turkey's southeast". Reuters. 2009-05-05. Retrieved 2009-05-05.

[zaman1-54] "Concerns raised about obscuring evidence in Uludere killings". Todayszaman.com. 2012-01-11. Retrieved 2013-06-24.

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@@ Line 76: / Line 76: @@
 |[[Greek genocide]]<ref>{{citation | publisher = International Association of Genocide Scholars | format = PDF | url = http://genocidescholars.org/images/Resolution_on_genocides_committed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire.pdf| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080428051032/http://genocidescholars.org/images/Resolution_on_genocides_committed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire.pdf| archivedate = 2008-04-28| title = IAGS Resolution on Genocides committed by the Ottoman Empire retrieved via the Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.am/eng/news/16644.html |title=Genocide Resolution approved by Swedish Parliament — full text containing the IAGS resolution and the Swedish Parliament resolution from |publisher=news.am |date= |accessdate=2013-06-24}}</ref><ref>Gaunt, David. ''[http://books.google.se/books?id=4mug9LrpLKcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Massacres,+Resistance,+Protectors&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I]''. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press, 2006.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1080/14623520801950820 | last1 = Schaller | first1 = Dominik J | last2 = Zimmerer | first2 = Jürgen | year = 2008 | title = Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies&nbsp;– introduction | url = | journal = Journal of Genocide Research | volume = 10 | issue = 1| pages = 7–14 }}</ref>
 |1914–1923
+|Ottoman Empire
-|various
-|500,000-2,000,000
+|500,000 - 900,000
+|Young Turk government
-|[[Ottoman Empire]]
 |[[Greeks|Greek]] Christians
 |Reports detail systematic massacres, deportations, individual killings, rapes, burning of entire Greek villages, destruction of Greek Orthodox churches and monasteries, drafts for "Labor Brigades", looting, terrorism and other atrocities<ref name=NYTarchives>[http://query.nytimes.com/search/query?frow=0&n=10&srcht=s&daterange=period&query=&srchst=p&hdlquery=&bylquery=&mon1=09&day1=18&year1=1851&mon2=12&day2=31&year2=1980&submit.x=0&submit.y=0 The New York Times] Advanced search engine for article and headline archives (subscription necessary for viewing article content).</ref><ref name=AIHG-NYT>Alexander Westwood and Darren O'Brien, [http://www.aihgs.com/New%20York%20Times.htm Selected bylines and letters from ''The New York Times''], [http://www.aihgs.com/ The Australian Institute for Holocaust and Genocide Studies], 2006 <!--Retrieved 2008-10-14--></ref>
@@ Line 92: / Line 92: @@
 |[[Armenian Genocide]]<ref>Armenia: The Survival of A Nation by Christopher J. Walker, Croom Helm (Publisher) London 1980, pp. 200-203</ref>
 |1915–1923
+|Ottoman Empire
-|various
 |600,000-1,800,000
 |[[Young Turk]] government
 |[[Armenians in the Ottoman Empire|Armenian]] Christians
 |Denied by the Turkish government; is the second most studied case of genocide after the Holocaust
-|-
-|[[Massacres in the vilayet of Mamuretülaziz]]
-|1915
-|[[Harput]], [[Vilayet of Mamuret-ul-Aziz]]
-|more than 1,700 families; at least 6,000 men
-|[[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] government
-|[[Armenians in the Ottoman Empire|Armenian]] Christians
-|Part of [[Armenian Genocide]]
 |-
 |Massacres in the [[Çoruh River|Chorukh river]] valley
@@ Line 177: / Line 169: @@
 |[[Izmit]]
 | 300<ref name="Sorrowful Shores page 112">Sorrowful Shores, Ryan Gingeras, page 112, 2009</ref>
-| Greek troops
+| [[Greek troops|Greek ]]<nowiki/>forces
 | [[Turkish people|Turks]]
 |Up to 300 people, mostly men, were executed by Greek troops. There bodies were buried in a mass grave outside the town. [[Arnold J. Toynbee]] was a reporter who described these events in the Manchester Guardian.<ref name="Sorrowful Shores page 112"/>
@@ Line 185: / Line 177: @@
 |[[Salihli]]
 |at least 76<ref>{{cite book|last=|first=|title=The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 132|year=1923|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Co|page=829 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9i0QAAAAIAAJ&q=Two+thirds+of+Salihli,+with+a+population+of+10,000,+only+a+tenth+of+whom+were+Greeks,+had+been+burned+over,+seventy-six+people+were+known+to+have+burned+to+death,+and+a+hundred+young+girls+were+said+to+have+been+taken+away+by+Greek&dq=Two+thirds+of+Salihli,+with+a+population+of+10,000,+only+a+tenth+of+whom+were+Greeks,+had+been+burned+over,+seventy-six+people+were+known+to+have+burned+to+death,+and+a+hundred+young+girls+were+said+to+have+been+taken+away+by+Greek&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=DMW1UeW8OqLC0QXYrIGQAQ&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA|quote=Two thirds of Salihli, with a population of 10,000, only a tenth of whom were Greeks, had been burned over, seventy-six people were known to have burned to death, and a hundred young girls were said to have been taken away by Greek}}</ref>
-|Greeks
+|[[Greeks|Greek]] forces
 |[[Turkish people|Turks]]
 |The city was burned by the retreating Greek army, 65% of the buildings were destroyed.<ref name="U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park 1923" />
@@ Line 193: / Line 185: @@
 |[[Turgutlu]]
 | 1,000<ref name="U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park 1923" />
-|Greeks
+|[[Greeks|Greek]] forces
 |[[Turkish people|Turks]]
 |The city was burned by the retreating Greek army, 90% of the buildings were destroyed,.<ref name="U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park 1923">U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park ''to [[Secretary of State]], [[Smyrna]], 11 April 1923.'' US archives US767.68116/34</ref>  1,000 died.<ref name="U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park 1923" />
@@ Line 201: / Line 193: @@
 |[[Turgutlu]] (former Kasaba)
 | 4,000<ref name=Boubougiatzi/>
-|Turks
+|[[Turks]]
-|Greeks
+|[[Greeks]]
 |From 8,000 Greek civilians gathered in the town, half of them remained after the evacuation of the Greek Army. They were killed by the advancing Turkish soldiers.<ref name=Boubougiatzi>{{cite journal|last=Μπουμπουγιατζή|first=Ευαγγελία|title=Οι διωγμοί των Ελλήνων της Ιωνίας 1914-1922|year=2009|page=384|url=http://thesis.ekt.gr/thesisBookReader/id/26660#page/384/mode/2up|accessdate=23 June 2013|publisher=[[University of Western Macedonia]]|quote=Από τους 8.000 Έλληνες οι μισοί δεν είχαν διαφύγει με τα ελληνικά στρατεύματα, με αποτέλεσμα να εξοντωθούν από τα κεμαλικά [From the 8,000, half of them remained in town after the evacuation and were annihilated by the Kemalist forces]}}</ref>
 |-
@@ Line 209: / Line 201: @@
 |[[Uşak]]
 |200<ref>{{cite book|last=Adıvar|first=Halide Edib|title=The Turkish Ordeal: Being the Further Memoirs of Halidé Edib|year=1928|publisher=Century Company, University of Virginia|page=363|url=http://www.google.com/webhp?hl=nl&tab=ww#hl=nl&tbm=bks&sclient=psy-ab&q=which+was+one+third+of+Ushak.+We+stopped+the+passers-by+and+questioned+them.+The+reports+of+atrocities+were+becoming+grimmer.+Two+hundred+people+had+been+killed%2C+or+burned%2C+including+women&oq=which+was+one+third+of+Ushak.+We+stopped+the+passers-by+and+questioned+them.+The+reports+of+atrocities+were+becoming+grimmer.+Two+hundred+people+had+been+killed%2C+or+burned%2C+including+women&gs_l=serp.12...22559.23710.3.24299.1.1.0.0.0.0.50.50.1.1.0...0.0...1c..16.serp.3VG3QlDibL0&psj=1&bav=on.2,or.r_qf.&fp=1d0d5e2d7d41717&biw=1366&bih=643}}</ref>
-|Greeks
+|[[Greeks]]
 |[[Turkish people|Turks]]
 |The city was burned by the retreating Greek army, 33% of the buildings were destroyed.<ref name="U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park 1923" /> {{dubious|No word that there was something defined as massacre|date=June 2013}}
@@ Line 217: / Line 209: @@
 |[[Akhisar]]
 | 7,000<ref name=Jonsson/>
-|[[Turkish Army]]
+|[[Turkish Army|Turkish ]]<nowiki/>forces
 |[[Greeks]]
 |As a result of the capture of the city by the Turkish nationalist army, all remaining local Greeks were murdered. Since then there is no Christian community in the city.<ref name=Jonsson>{{cite book|last=Jonsson|first=David J.|title=The clash of ideologies : the making of the Christian and Islamic worlds|year=2005|publisher=Xulon Press|location=[Longwood, Fla.]|isbn=9781597810395|page=316|url=http://books.google.gr/books?id=pXstU5Kt-_kC&pg=PA316&dq=akhisar+turkish+1922&hl=el&sa=X&ei=PexvUcTzBseM7Qb-qICwBA&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=akhisar%20turkish%201922&f=false}}</ref>
@@ Line 225: / Line 217: @@
 |[[Alaşehir]]
 |3,000<ref name="Mango, Atatürk, p. 343">Mango, ''Atatürk'', p. 343.</ref>
-|Greeks
+|[[Greeks]]
 |[[Turkish people|Turks]]
 |The city was burned by the retreating Greek army.<ref name="U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park 1923" />
@@ Line 233: / Line 225: @@
 |[[Ayvalik]]
 |2,977<ref name=Clark/>
-|Turkish Army and paramilitaries
+|[[Turkish people|Turkish]] forces
-|Greeks
+|[[Greek people|Greeks]]
 |<nowiki>As an act of revenge for the killing of a local Muslim judge by some Greek irregulars from Cunda several years earlier, hundreds of civilians were killed on the islet of [[Cunda Island|Cunda]], only some children were spared. Most of the male Greek population who remained in the town were deported to the interior of Anatolia, only 23 survived. The rest of the population was deported to Greece.</nowiki><ref name=Clark>{{cite book|last=Clark|first=Bruce|title=Twice a stranger : the mass expulsion that forged modern Greece and Turkey|year=2006|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge (Massachusetts)|isbn=9780674023680|page=25|url=http://books.google.de/books?id=kVZ3sLBEPEcC&pg=PA25&dq=ayvalik+massacre+turkey+greeks&hl=el&sa=X&ei=YQiUUemaHIOCtAbNmoCIDg&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=%22only%20twenty-three%20of%20the%203000%20men%20from%20Ayvali%20came%20back%20alive.%22&f=false}}</ref>
 |-
@@ Line 241: / Line 233: @@
 |[[Smyrna]]
 |10,000-100,000<ref name="transaction233">{{cite book | first = [[Irving Louis Horowitz]] | last = Rudolph J. Rummel | title = Death by Government |publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=1994 |isbn=978-1-56000-927-6 |chapter=Turkey's Genocidal Purges}}, p. 233.</ref><ref name=naimark47>Naimark. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=L-QLXnX16kAC&pg=PA46&dq=atrocities+against+turks+occupation&hl=en&ei=WGvmTebjEsi6hAfWm9TQCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFAQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=atrocities%20against%20turks%20occupation&f=false Fires of Hatred]'', pp. 47-52.</ref>
+|Unknown
-|[[Turkey|Turkish]] forces
 |[[Greeks|Greek]] and [[Armenians in the Ottoman Empire|Armenian]] Christians
 |Greeks and Armenians were massacred by Turkish forces in the aftermath of a devastating fire that destroyed their quarters in the city
@@ Line 277: / Line 269: @@
 |[[Istanbul]], [[Izmir]]
 |13-30<ref name=Libitsouni29>{{cite web|last=Λιμπιτσιούνη|first=Ανθή Γ.|title=Το πλέγμα των ελληνοτουρκικών σχέσεων και η ελληνική μειονότητα στην Τουρκία, οι Έλληνες της Κωνσταντινούπολης της Ίμβρου και της Τενέδου|url=http://invenio.lib.auth.gr/record/113326/files/LIBITSIOUNI.pdf?version=1|publisher=University of Thessaloniki|page=29}}</ref>
-|[[Turkey|Turkish]] government
+|[[Turkey|N]]<nowiki/>ationalists
 |[[Greeks|Greek]] and [[Armenians|Armenian]] Christians, [[Jew]]s
 |The killings are identified as genocidal by [[Alfred-Maurice de Zayas]].<ref name=alfredbkp>Alfred de Zayas publication about the Istanbul Pogrom http://utpjournals.metapress.com/content/865v4835x83m3757/</ref> Many of the minorities, mostly Greek Christians, forced to leave Turkey. Several churches are demolished by explosives.
@@ Line 293: / Line 285: @@
 |[[Taksim Square]] in [[Istanbul]]
 |34<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bianet.org/bianet/kategori/bianet/78385/1977-1-mayis-katliami-aydinlatilsin <!-- used to be http://www.bianet.org/2006/04/28/78385.htm -->|work=bianet|first=Emine|last=Özcan|date=2006-04-28|title=1977 1 Mayıs Katliamı Aydınlatılsın|language=Turkish}}</ref>-42<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=220085|author=Mavioglu, Ertugrul|coauthors=Sanyer, Ruhi|title=30 yıl sonra kanlı 1 Mayıs (4)|date=2007-05-02|language=Turkish|work=[[Radikal]]}}</ref>
-|[[Turkey|Turkish]] government
+|[[Turkey|U]]<nowiki/>nknown
 |[[Leftist]] demonstrators
 |

v t e Lists of massacres
List of massacres at sea
By past country or territory	Mandatory Palestine Ottoman Syria Ottoman Bulgaria Roman Judea Soviet Union Yugoslavia
By country or territory	Afghanistan Albania Algeria Argentina Australia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Belarus Belgium Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Burundi Canada Chile China Colombia Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo Dominican Republic East Timor Egypt El Salvador Ethiopia Finland France Germany Greece Great Britain Guatemala Guinea Guyana Haiti Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Jerusalem Italy Jamaica Japan Kenya Latvia Lebanon Libya Lithuania Mali Malaysia Mexico Myanmar Nepal New Zealand Nigeria North Korea North Macedonia Pakistan Palestinian territories List of Palestine lists Peru Philippines Poland Puerto Rico Romania Russia Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Serbia Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands South Africa South Korea South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Syria Taiwan Thailand Turkey Uganda Ukraine United States Venezuela Vietnam Yemen
By war	1948 Palestine war Algerian Civil War Bosnian War Croatian War of Independence Eritrean War of Independence Finnish Civil War Kosovo War Nagorno-Karabakh conflict Sudanese civil war Syrian civil war Greco-Turkish War World War I World War II WWII in Yugoslavia
By group	Armenians Azerbaijanis Hazara people Indigenous Australians Nizari Ismailis Palestinians Turkish people
See also	List of genocides
Massacres Massacres by country Massacres by year