Bengali Cinema: Difference between revisions
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'''Bengali cinema''' ({{lang-bn|বাংলা চলচ্চিত্র}}) refers to the filmmaking industries in the [[Bengal]] region of [[South Asia]]. There are two major film-making hubs in the region: one in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]] ([[cinema of West Bengal]]) and the other in [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]] ([[cinema of Bangladesh]]). |
'''Bengali cinema''' ({{lang-bn|বাংলা চলচ্চিত্র}}) refers to the filmmaking industries in the [[Bengal]] region of [[South Asia]]. There are two major film-making hubs in the region: one in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]] ([[cinema of West Bengal]]) and the other in [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]] ([[cinema of Bangladesh]]). |
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The history of cinema in [[Bengal]] dates back to 1890, when the first "[[bioscope]]s" were shown in theatres in [[Kolkata]]. Within a decade, the first seeds of the industry was sown by [[Hiralal Sen]], considered a stalwart of [[Victorian era]] cinema<ref name= VF>[http://www.victorian-cinema.net/sen.htm Who's Who of Victorian Cinema. Hiralal Sen]</ref> when he set up the [[Royal Bioscope Company]], producing scenes from the stage productions of a number of popular shows<ref name=VF/> at the [[Star Theatre, Calcutta|Star Theatre]], [[Minerva Theatre, Kolkata|Minerva Theatre]], [[Classic Theatre]]. Following a long gap after Sen's works,<ref name=Banglanet>[http://www.bangladesh.net/cinema/page2.htm Pioneers of Bangladeshi Cinema]</ref> [[Dhirendra Nath Ganguly]] (Known as D.G) established [[Indo British Film Co]], the first Bengali owned production company, in 1918. However, the first Bengali Feature film, [[Billwamangal]], was produced in 1919, under the banner of [[Madan Theatre]]. [[Bilat Ferat(1921)|Bilat Ferat]] was the IBFC's first production in 1921. The [[Madan Theatre]] production of ''[[Jamai Shashthi]]'' (1931), under Amar Chauduri's direction was the first Bengali [[talkie]] <ref>{{cite book |title=Indian popular cinema: a narrative of cultural change|last=Gokulsing |first=K.|authorlink= |coauthors=Wimal Dissanayake |year=2004|publisher=Trentham Books|isbn=1-85856-329-1|page=24 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=_plssuFIar8C&pg=PA24&dq=Ayodhyecha+Raja+1932&cd=10#v=onepage&q=Ayodhyecha%20Raja%201932 |ref= }}</ref><ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0316049/ IMDB page on Jamai Shashthi]</ref> A long history has been traversed since then, with stalwarts such as [[Satyajit Ray]], [[Mrinal Sen]] and [[Ritwik Ghatak]] and others having earned international acclaim and securing their place in the movie history. |
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| ⚫ | There are two Bengali-language film industries. The [[Cinema of West Bengal|one in Kolkata, India]] is sometimes called ''Tollywood'', which is a [[portmanteau]] of the words ''[[Tollygunge]]'' and ''[[Hollywood]]''.<ref>[http://www.indfy.com/kolkata/special-attractions/tollywood-trip.html Tollywood Trip]. Indfy.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-29.</ref><ref>[http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-10-28/kolkata/27231603_1_action-film-bengali-action-time Action time in Tollywood]</ref> It is one of many centres for Indian regional filmmaking.{{fact|date=August 2013}} The [[Cinema of Bangladesh|other is in Dhaka, Bangladesh]] and is sometimes called ''Dhallywood'', a portmanteau of the words ''Dhaka'' and ''[[Hollywood]]''. The mainstream national film industry of [[Bangladesh]] is located there.{{fact|date=August 2013}} |
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On the other side of the border, [[Mukh O Mukhosh]] was released on 3 August 1956, written and directed by [[Abdul Jabbar Khan]], based on his drama scrip [[Dacoit]], produced by Nuruz Zaman and Shahidul Alam, distributed by Iqbal Films and acted by Inam Ahmed and Zahrat Azra. |
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== Early history == |
== Early history == |
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[[Hiralal Sen]] is credited as one of Bengal's, and India's first directors. However, these were all [[silent film]]s. Hiralal Sen is also credited as one of the pioneers of advertisement films in India. The first Bengali-language movie was the silent feature ''[[Billwamangal]]'', produced by the Madan Theatre Company of Calcutta and released on 8 November 1919, only six years after the first full-length Indian feature film, ''[[Raja Harish Chandra]]'', was released.<ref>[http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/F_0076.htm BANGLAPEDIA: Film, Feature], accessed 27-VII-2006</ref> |
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The history of cinema in [[Bengal]] dates back to 1890, when the first [[bioscope]]s were shown in theatres in [[Kolkata]].{{fact}} |
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The early beginnings of the "talking film" industry go back to the early 1930s, when it came to [[British India]], and to [[Calcutta]]. The movies were originally made in [[Urdu]] or [[Persian language|Persian]] as to accommodate a specific elite market. One of the earliest known studios was the [[East India Film Company]]. The first Bengali film to be made as a [[talkie]] was [[Jamai Shashthi]], released in 1931.{{cn|date=August 2013}} It was at this time that the early heroes of the Bengali film industry like [[Pramathesh Barua]] and [[Debaki Bose]] were at the peak of their popularity. Barua also directed a number of movies. Debaki Bose directed Chandidas in 1932; this film is noted for its breakthrough in recording sound.{{cn|date=August 2013}} Sound recordist Mukul Bose found out solution to the problem of spacing out dialogue and frequency modulation. |
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Within a decade, the first seeds of the industry were sown by [[Hiralal Sen]], considered a stalwart of [[Victorian era]] cinema<ref name= VF>[http://www.victorian-cinema.net/sen.htm Who's Who of Victorian Cinema. Hiralal Sen]</ref> when he set up the [[Royal Bioscope Company]]. He produced scenes from the stage productions of a number of popular shows<ref name=VF/> at the [[Star Theatre, Calcutta|Star Theatre]], the [[Minerva Theatre, Kolkata|Minerva Theatre]], and the [[Classic Theatre]] in Kolkata and advertisement films in India. |
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The '[[Parallel Cinema]]' movement of [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]] began in the Bengali film industry during the 1950s, and then gained prominence in the other film industries of India. |
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Following a long gap after Sen's works,<ref name=Banglanet>[http://www.bangladesh.net/cinema/page2.htm Pioneers of Bangladeshi Cinema]</ref> [[Dhirendra Nath Ganguly]] in 1918 established the [[Indo British Film Co]] (IBFC), the first Bengali-owned production company.{{fact|date=August 2013}} ''[[Bilat Ferat(1921)|Bilat Ferat]]'' was the IBFC's first production in 1921.{{fact|date=August 2013}} |
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The first Bengali-language feature film, ''[[Billwamangal]]'', was produced by the [[Madan Theatre|Madan Theatre Company]] (MTC) and released on 8 November 1919.<ref>[http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/F_0076.htm BANGLAPEDIA: Film, Feature], accessed 27-VII-2006</ref> MTC's production of ''[[Jamai Shashthi]]'' in 1931, under Amar Chauduri's direction, was the first Bengali [[talkie]].<ref>{{cite book | title=Indian popular cinema: a narrative of cultural change | last=Gokulsing | first=K. | coauthors=Wimal Dissanayake | year=2004 | publisher=Trentham Books | isbn=1-85856-329-1 | page=24 | url=http://books.google.com/?id=_plssuFIar8C&pg=PA24&dq=Ayodhyecha+Raja+1932&cd=10#v=onepage&q=Ayodhyecha%20Raja%201932}}</ref><ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0316049 ''Jamai Shashthi'', IMDb, accessed 15 August 2013]</ref> |
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==West Bengal film industry== |
==West Bengal film industry== |
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{{Main|Cinema of West Bengal}} |
{{Main|Cinema of West Bengal}} |
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The [[West Bengal]] film industry is based in [[Tollygunge]], an area of south [[Kolkata]].{{cn|date=August 2013}} In the past, this industry enjoyed a large representation in [[Indian cinema]] and produced film directors like [[Satyajit Ray]], who was an [[Academy Honorary Award]] winner, and [[Mrinal Sen]]. The nickname for the Tollygunge film industry, "[[Cinema of West Bengal|Tollywood]]", was also the first [[Hollywood-inspired names|Hollywood-inspired name]], dating back to a 1932 article in the ''[[American Cinematographer]]'' by Wilford E. Deming (due to Tollygunge rhyming with Hollywood) and went on to inspire the name "[[Bollywood]]" and other similar names.<ref name=Sarkar>{{Cite journal | first=Bhaskar | last=Sarkar | title=The Melodramas of Globalization | journal=Cultural Dynamics | year=2008 | volume=20 | pages=31–51 [34] |doi=10.1177/0921374007088054}}</ref> |
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Other prominent film makers in the Bengali film industry are [[Bimal Roy]], [[Ritwik Ghatak]], and [[Aparna Sen]]. The Bengali film industry has produced |
Other prominent film makers in the Bengali film industry are [[Bimal Roy]], [[Ritwik Ghatak]], and [[Aparna Sen]].{{fact}} The Bengali film industry has produced films such as ''[[Nagarik]]'' (1952), ''[[The Apu Trilogy]]'' (1955–1959), ''[[Jalsaghar]]'' (1958), ''[[Ajantrik]]'' (1958), ''[[Neel Akasher Neechey]]'' (1959), ''[[Devdas]]'', ''[[Devi (1960 film)|Devi]]'' (1960), ''[[Meghe Dhaka Tara]]'' (1960), and the [[Calcutta trilogy|Calcutta trilogies]] (1971–1976). ''The Apu Trilogy'' is listed among the [[Films considered the greatest ever|greatest films of all time]].<ref name=bfipoll>{{cite web | url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/history/1992.html | title=The Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll: 1992 | work=[[Sight & Sound]] | publisher=[[British Film Institute]] | accessdate=2008-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.villagevoice.com/specials/take/one/full_list.php3?category=10 | title=Take One: The First Annual Village Voice Film Critics' Poll | accessdate=2006-07-27 | year=1999 | publisher=''[[The Village Voice]]''| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070826201343/http://www.villagevoice.com/specials/take/one/full_list.php3?category=10 | archivedate= 2007-08-26}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/ref/movies/1000best.html The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made] By THE FILM CRITICS OF THE NEW YORK TIMES, [[New York Times]], 2002.</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/2005/100movies/the_complete_list.html | title=All-time 100 Movies | accessdate=2008-05-19 | work=Time | publisher=Time Inc. | date=2005-02-12}}</ref> |
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A matinee idol of Bengali films has been [[Uttam Kumar]]; he and co-star [[Suchitra Sen]] were known as ''The Eternal Pair'' in the early 1950s.{{cn|date=August 2013}} [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] is a notable actor, having acted in several [[Satyajit Ray]] films, and considered as a rival to [[Uttam Kumar]] in the 1960s. He played [[Feluda]] in ''[[Sonar Kella]]'' (1974) and ''[[Joy Baba Felunath]]'' (1978), written and directed by Ray. He also played the adult version of Apu in ''[[The World of Apu]]'' (1959), also directed by Ray. |
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In the 1980s, however, the West Bengal film industry experienced turmoil. It shifted from its traditional artistic and emotional inclinations to immitating the increasingly popular [[Bollywood|Hindi film]]s. The industry also experienced a decline in its audience and critical appreciation, with the exception of works from directors like [[Gautam Ghose]].{{cn|date=August 2013}} |
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| ⚫ | The pioneers in Bengali film music include [[Raichand Boral]], [[Pankaj Mullick]] and [[K. C. Dey]], all associated with [[New Theatres Calcutta]].<ref name=tripod>[http://members.tripod.com/oldies_club/new_theatres_calcutta.htm New Theatres Calcutta |
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In the 1980s, however, the Bengal film industry went through a period of turmoil, with a shift from its traditional artistic and emotional inclinations to an approach more imitating the increasingly more popular [[Bollywood|Hindi film]]s, along with a decline in the audience and critical appreciation, with notable exceptions of the works of directors like [[Gautam Ghose]].{{cn|date=August 2013}} However, even at this time, a number of actors and actresses enjoyed popularity, including [[Tapas Paul]], [[Prasenjit Chatterjee|Prosenjit]], [[Chiranjit]], [[Rituparna Sengupta]] and others. However, toward the end of the 90s, with the a number of directors coming increasingly into prominence, including [[Buddhadeb Dasgupta]], [[Rituparno Ghosh]], [[Gautam Ghose]], [[Aparna Sen]], [[Sandip Ray]] among others, a number of popular and critically acclaimed movies have come out of the Bengali film industry in recent years. These include, [[Unishe April]], [[Titli]], [[Mr. and Mrs. Iyer]], [[Bombaiyer Bombete]], [[Antaheen]], etc. and signal a resurgence of the Bengali film industry. Other notable directors of 1990s and 2000s include Anjan Dutt, [[Sekhar Das]], Aniruddha Roychodhury, Kaushik Ganguly, [[Atanu Ghosh]], [[Srijit Mukherji]], Raj Chakrobarty. |
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| ⚫ | The market for West Bengali films has expanded to a 340-million-strong Bengali audience in [[Bangladesh]], [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]], and [[Assam]]. While around 50 films are produced in West Bengal every year, only 30 make it to the theatres.<ref>[http://www.screenindia.com/news/Bengali-cinema-in-independent-India/347909 Bengali cinema in independent India]</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Eminent |
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| ⚫ | The market for Bengali films has expanded to a 340-million-strong Bengali audience in [[Bangladesh]], [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]] and [[Assam]] |
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== Bangladeshi film industry == |
== Bangladeshi film industry == |
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[[File:BFDC Gate.jpg|thumb|220px|BFDC Main Gate 2011]] |
[[File:BFDC Gate.jpg|thumb|220px|BFDC Main Gate 2011]] |
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The [[Bangladeshi film industry]] is based in [[Dhaka]]. In 2009, Bangladesh produced 64 films, which was the 19th most in the world.<ref>[http://www.uis.unesco.org/culture/Documents/average-film-production-2009.xls Average national film production, Cinema Statistics, Institute for Statistics, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2009]</ref> According to a 2004 news report, the average movie budget was about 6.5 million Bangladeshi [[taka]].<ref name="smut">[http://www.thingsasian.com/goto_article/article.2790.html "Bangladeshis reject 'smutty' Bengali films", ''Things Asian'', AFP, 20 April 2004, accessed 23 July 2013]</ref |
The [[Bangladeshi film industry]] is based in [[Dhaka]]. In 2009, Bangladesh produced 64 films, which was the 19th most in the world.<ref>[http://www.uis.unesco.org/culture/Documents/average-film-production-2009.xls Average national film production, Cinema Statistics, Institute for Statistics, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2009]</ref> According to a 2004 news report, the average movie budget was about 6.5 million Bangladeshi [[taka]].<ref name="smut">[http://www.thingsasian.com/goto_article/article.2790.html "Bangladeshis reject 'smutty' Bengali films", ''Things Asian'', AFP, 20 April 2004, accessed 23 July 2013]</ref> |
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The first full-length feature film with sound made in East Pakistan was [[Mukh O Mukhosh]], which was produced by Abdul Jabbar Khan and released on August |
The first full-length feature film with sound made in East Pakistan was [[Mukh O Mukhosh]], which was produced by Abdul Jabbar Khan and released on 3 August 1956.{{fact|date=July 2013}} During the late 1960s, between 20 and 35 films were produced each year.{{fact|date=July 2013}} Production quantity continued to increase after Bangladesh gained its independence on 16 December 1971; in 1979, for example, 51 films were released, and in the 1990s over 90 films per year were released.{{fact|date=July 2013}} |
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Bangladesh has been officially submitting nominations for the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]] since 2003. Masud's ''[[Matir Moina]]'' (''The Clay Bird'') was the first film to be submitted and won a number of international awards from the [[Cannes Film Festival|Cannes]],<ref>{{cite web | title=Tareque Masud obituary | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2011/aug/15/tareque-masud-obituary | publisher=The Guardian | accessdate=28 July 2013}}</ref> [[Edinburgh International Film Festival|Edinburgh]], [[Palm Springs International Film Festival|Palm Springs]], [[Festival International de Films de Montréal|Montreal]], [[International Film Festival of Marrakech|Marrakech]], and [[Cairo International Film Festival|Cairo]] film festivals.{{fact|date=July 2013}} Another internationally acclaimed filmmaker from Bangladesh is [[Morshedul Islam]], who won major awards at the [[International Filmfestival Mannheim-Heidelberg]] and other international [[film festival]]s.{{fact|date=July 2013}} |
Bangladesh has been officially submitting nominations for the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]] since 2003. Masud's ''[[Matir Moina]]'' (''The Clay Bird'') was the first film to be submitted and won a number of international awards from the [[Cannes Film Festival|Cannes]],<ref>{{cite web | title=Tareque Masud obituary | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2011/aug/15/tareque-masud-obituary | publisher=The Guardian | accessdate=28 July 2013}}</ref> [[Edinburgh International Film Festival|Edinburgh]], [[Palm Springs International Film Festival|Palm Springs]], [[Festival International de Films de Montréal|Montreal]], [[International Film Festival of Marrakech|Marrakech]], and [[Cairo International Film Festival|Cairo]] film festivals.{{fact|date=July 2013}} Another internationally acclaimed filmmaker from Bangladesh is [[Morshedul Islam]], who won major awards at the [[International Filmfestival Mannheim-Heidelberg]] and other international [[film festival]]s.{{fact|date=July 2013}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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* [http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/porobashini-first-sci-fi-film-in-the-country] |
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* [http://www.calcuttaweb.com Bengali Cinema] |
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* [http://www.tollynewz.com/ TollyNewZ.com..A Portal on Bengali Cinema] |
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* [http://www.calcuttaweb.com/cinema/cinema.shtml Bengali cinema at Calcuttaweb] |
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* [http://www.binodontv.com BinodonTV.Com] |
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* [http://www.dallywood.com/ Dallywood site] |
* [http://www.dallywood.com/ Dallywood site] |
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* [http://mail.sarai.net/pipermail/reader-list/2003-September/008496.html History] |
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* [http://www.banglacinema.net/ A Portal on Bengali Cinema] |
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* [http://www.banglanatokmovie.com/ bangla movie] |
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* [http://music.bangaliaana.com/ bangla Songs and Music] |
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* [http://www.banglamovieonline.me/ Bangla Movies] A database of all movies released in Bangla. |
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* [http://www.banglafilmsonline.com/ banglafilmsonline.com ] A collection of Bangla films and telefilms from Channel 8 |
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{{Tollywood(Bangla)}} |
{{Tollywood(Bangla)}} |
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Revision as of 10:29, 16 August 2013
- For specific Bengali-language film industries, see Cinema of Bangladesh and Cinema of West Bengal.
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Bengali cinema (Bengali: বাংলা চলচ্চিত্র) refers to the filmmaking industries in the Bengal region of South Asia. There are two major film-making hubs in the region: one in Kolkata, West Bengal, India (cinema of West Bengal) and the other in Dhaka, Bangladesh (cinema of Bangladesh).
Two film industries
There are two Bengali-language film industries. The one in Kolkata, India is sometimes called Tollywood, which is a portmanteau of the words Tollygunge and Hollywood.[1][2] It is one of many centres for Indian regional filmmaking.[citation needed] The other is in Dhaka, Bangladesh and is sometimes called Dhallywood, a portmanteau of the words Dhaka and Hollywood. The mainstream national film industry of Bangladesh is located there.[citation needed]
Early history
The history of cinema in Bengal dates back to 1890, when the first bioscopes were shown in theatres in Kolkata.[citation needed]
Within a decade, the first seeds of the industry were sown by Hiralal Sen, considered a stalwart of Victorian era cinema[3] when he set up the Royal Bioscope Company. He produced scenes from the stage productions of a number of popular shows[3] at the Star Theatre, the Minerva Theatre, and the Classic Theatre in Kolkata and advertisement films in India.
Following a long gap after Sen's works,[4] Dhirendra Nath Ganguly in 1918 established the Indo British Film Co (IBFC), the first Bengali-owned production company.[citation needed] Bilat Ferat was the IBFC's first production in 1921.[citation needed]
The first Bengali-language feature film, Billwamangal, was produced by the Madan Theatre Company (MTC) and released on 8 November 1919.[5] MTC's production of Jamai Shashthi in 1931, under Amar Chauduri's direction, was the first Bengali talkie.[6][7]
West Bengal film industry
The West Bengal film industry is based in Tollygunge, an area of south Kolkata.[citation needed] In the past, this industry enjoyed a large representation in Indian cinema and produced film directors like Satyajit Ray, who was an Academy Honorary Award winner, and Mrinal Sen. The nickname for the Tollygunge film industry, "Tollywood", was also the first Hollywood-inspired name, dating back to a 1932 article in the American Cinematographer by Wilford E. Deming (due to Tollygunge rhyming with Hollywood) and went on to inspire the name "Bollywood" and other similar names.[8]
Other prominent film makers in the Bengali film industry are Bimal Roy, Ritwik Ghatak, and Aparna Sen.[citation needed] The Bengali film industry has produced films such as Nagarik (1952), The Apu Trilogy (1955–1959), Jalsaghar (1958), Ajantrik (1958), Neel Akasher Neechey (1959), Devdas, Devi (1960), Meghe Dhaka Tara (1960), and the Calcutta trilogies (1971–1976). The Apu Trilogy is listed among the greatest films of all time.[9][10][11][12]
The pioneers in Bengali film music include Raichand Boral, Pankaj Mullick, and K. C. Dey, all associated with New Theatres Calcutta.[13]
In the 1980s, however, the West Bengal film industry experienced turmoil. It shifted from its traditional artistic and emotional inclinations to immitating the increasingly popular Hindi films. The industry also experienced a decline in its audience and critical appreciation, with the exception of works from directors like Gautam Ghose.[citation needed]
Eminent sound engineers like Anup Mukherjee, Dipankar Jojo Chaki, and Bishwadeep Chatterjee have brought a completely different approach to sound design of West Bengali films.[citation needed]
The market for West Bengali films has expanded to a 340-million-strong Bengali audience in Bangladesh, West Bengal, Tripura, and Assam. While around 50 films are produced in West Bengal every year, only 30 make it to the theatres.[14]
Bangladeshi film industry
The Bangladeshi film industry is based in Dhaka. In 2009, Bangladesh produced 64 films, which was the 19th most in the world.[15] According to a 2004 news report, the average movie budget was about 6.5 million Bangladeshi taka.[16]
The first full-length feature film with sound made in East Pakistan was Mukh O Mukhosh, which was produced by Abdul Jabbar Khan and released on 3 August 1956.[citation needed] During the late 1960s, between 20 and 35 films were produced each year.[citation needed] Production quantity continued to increase after Bangladesh gained its independence on 16 December 1971; in 1979, for example, 51 films were released, and in the 1990s over 90 films per year were released.[citation needed]
Bangladesh has been officially submitting nominations for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film since 2003. Masud's Matir Moina (The Clay Bird) was the first film to be submitted and won a number of international awards from the Cannes,[17] Edinburgh, Palm Springs, Montreal, Marrakech, and Cairo film festivals.[citation needed] Another internationally acclaimed filmmaker from Bangladesh is Morshedul Islam, who won major awards at the International Filmfestival Mannheim-Heidelberg and other international film festivals.[citation needed]
The market for Bengali films has 350-million-strong Bengali audience in Bangladesh, West Bengal, Tripura, and Assam.[citation needed] In 2012, big budget films like Most Welcome, Lal Tip: The Red Point was released.[citation needed] Many big budget films are being released in 2013.[citation needed] First Bengali science fiction film Porobashinee is in production and slated to release in 2014[citation needed] also Most Expensive Bangladeshi film Most Welcome 2 with budget of ৳25 Crore will release in 2014.[18]
See also
- Asian cinema
- World cinema
- actor cinema
References
- ^ Tollywood Trip. Indfy.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-29.
- ^ Action time in Tollywood
- ^ a b Who's Who of Victorian Cinema. Hiralal Sen
- ^ Pioneers of Bangladeshi Cinema
- ^ BANGLAPEDIA: Film, Feature, accessed 27-VII-2006
- ^ Gokulsing, K. (2004). Indian popular cinema: a narrative of cultural change. Trentham Books. p. 24. ISBN 1-85856-329-1.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Jamai Shashthi, IMDb, accessed 15 August 2013
- ^ Sarkar, Bhaskar (2008). "The Melodramas of Globalization". Cultural Dynamics. 20: 31–51 [34]. doi:10.1177/0921374007088054.
- ^ "The Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll: 1992". Sight & Sound. British Film Institute. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
- ^ "Take One: The First Annual Village Voice Film Critics' Poll". The Village Voice. 1999. Archived from the original on 2007-08-26. Retrieved 2006-07-27.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made By THE FILM CRITICS OF THE NEW YORK TIMES, New York Times, 2002.
- ^ "All-time 100 Movies". Time. Time Inc. 2005-02-12. Retrieved 2008-05-19.
- ^ New Theatres Calcutta
- ^ Bengali cinema in independent India
- ^ Average national film production, Cinema Statistics, Institute for Statistics, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2009
- ^ "Bangladeshis reject 'smutty' Bengali films", Things Asian, AFP, 20 April 2004, accessed 23 July 2013
- ^ "Tareque Masud obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
- ^ "Most Welcome-2 Starring Ananta Subashree Ganguly". starbdnews. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
External links
| Awards | |
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| Festivals | |
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| Production houses | |
| Films by year (Films (A–Z) · Highest grossing) | |
