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* [http://www.devicepal.com/?p=121 Block stolen AT&T phones]
* [http://www.devicepal.com/?p=121 Block stolen AT&T phones]
* [http://www.business.att.com/enterprise/Service/voice-services/voip/sip-trunking/ AT&T Sip Trunking]
* [http://www.business.att.com/enterprise/Service/voice-services/voip/sip-trunking/ AT&T Sip Trunking]
[http://www.booksformyaudience.com The benefit of books]

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* {{cite web|url=http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cjv14n2-6.html|title=Unnatural Monopoly: Critical Moments in the Development of the Bell System Monopoly|first=Adam D.|last=Thierer|publisher=cato.org}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cjv14n2-6.html|title=Unnatural Monopoly: Critical Moments in the Development of the Bell System Monopoly|first=Adam D.|last=Thierer|publisher=cato.org}}

Revision as of 18:11, 13 January 2014

This article is about the company known as AT&T since 2005. For the original AT&T (American Telephone & Telegraph) founded in 1885, see AT&T Corporation. For other uses, see AT&T (disambiguation).

AT&T Inc.
Company typePublic
NYSE: T
Dow Jones Industrial Average Component
S&P 500 Component
IndustryTelecommunications
PredecessorAmerican Telephone and Telegraph Company
FoundedOctober 5, 1983 (1983-10-05)[1]
FounderAlexander Graham Bell
Headquarters
Whitacre Tower, Downtown,
Dallas, Texas
,
United States
Key people
Randall Stephenson
(Chairman & CEO)[2]
ProductsFixed line and mobile telephony, broadband and fixed-line internet services, digital television
RevenueIncrease US$ 127.434 billion (2012)
Increase US$ 12.997 billion (2012)
Increase US$ 7.3 billion (2012)
Total assetsIncrease US$ 272.315 billion (2012)
Total equityDecrease US$ 92.695 billion (2012)
Number of employees
245,350 (2013)[3]
SubsidiariesAT&T Corporation
AT&T Mobility
BellSouth
Southwestern Bell
AT&T Teleholdings
Aio Wireless
WebsiteATT.com
Footnotes / references
for DJIA listing, http://www.marketwatch.com/investing/index/djia

AT&T Inc. (stylized as at&t) is an American multinational telecommunications corporation, headquartered at Whitacre Tower in downtown Dallas, Texas.[4] AT&T is the largest provider both of mobile telephony and of fixed telephony[5] in the United States, and also provides broadband subscription television services. AT&T is the third-largest company in Texas (the largest non-oil company, behind only ExxonMobil and ConocoPhillips, and also the largest Dallas company).[6] As of May 2013, AT&T is the 21st largest company in the world by market value,[7] and the 13th largest non-oil company.[8] As of 2013, it is also the 21st largest mobile telecom operator in the world, with over 107.9 million mobile customers.[9]

The current iteration of AT&T Inc. began its existence as Southwestern Bell Corporation, one of seven Regional Bell Operating Companies created in 1983 in the divestiture of parent company American Telephone and Telegraph Company (founded 1885, later AT&T Corp.) due to the United States v. AT&T antitrust lawsuit. Southwestern Bell changed its name to SBC Communications Inc. in 1995. In 2005, SBC purchased former parent AT&T Corp. and took on its branding, with the merged entity naming itself AT&T Inc. and using the iconic AT&T Corp. logo and stock-trading symbol.

The current AT&T reconstitutes much of the former Bell System and includes ten of the original 22 Bell Operating Companies, along with one it partially owned (Southern New England Telephone), and the original long distance division.[10]

History

Main article: History of AT&T
Whitacre Tower: AT&T's corporate headquarters in Dallas, Texas

AT&T can indirectly trace its origin back to the original Bell Telephone Company founded by Alexander Graham Bell after his invention of the telephone. One of that company's subsidiaries was American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T), established in 1885, which acquired the Bell Company on December 31, 1899 for legal reasons, leaving AT&T as the main company. AT&T established a network of subsidiaries in the United States that held a government-authorized phone service monopoly, formalized with the Kingsbury Commitment, throughout most of the twentieth century. This monopoly was known as the Bell System, and during this period, AT&T was also known by the nickname Ma Bell. For periods of time, the former AT&T was the world's largest phone company.

In 1984, US regulators broke up the AT&T monopoly, requiring AT&T to divest its regional subsidiaries and turning them each into individual companies. These new companies were known as Regional Bell Operating Companies, or more informally, Baby Bells. AT&T continued to operate long distance services, but thanks to the breakup, faced competition from new competitors such as MCI and Sprint.

Southwestern Bell was one of the companies created by the breakup of AT&T. It wasn't long before the company started a series of acquisitions. This includes the 1987 acquisition of Metromedia mobile business, and the acquisition of several cable companies in the early 1990s. In the later half of the 1990s, the company acquired several other telecommunications companies, including some baby bells, while selling its cable business. During this time, the company changed its name to SBC Communications. By 1998, the company was in the top 15 of the Fortune 500, and by 1999 the company was part of the Dow Jones Industrial Average.

In 2005, SBC purchased AT&T for $16 billion. After this purchase, SBC adopted the AT&T name and brand. The original 1885 AT&T still exists as the long-distance phone subsidiary of this company. Today, the current AT&T owns 11 of the original 24 Bell System companies.

In 2013, the Spanish Government would have dampened a friendly takeover attempt of AT&T on Telefónica, valued in 122,000 million euros. Such an impediment would be justified in the strategic nature of the company and AT&T would have taken a step backward.[11]

AT&T today is the seventh-largest company in the United States and the 14th largest in the world. It provides landline phone service, long-distance, mobile phone service and cable television service.

In September 2013, AT&T announced it would expand into Latin America through a collaboration with Carlos Slim’s America Movil.[12]

On December 17, 2013, AT&T announced plans to sell its Connecticut wireline operations to Stamford-based Frontier Communications. Roughly 2,700 wireline employees supporting AT&T’s operations in Connecticut will transfer with the business to Frontier, as well as 900,000 voice connections, 415,000 broadband connections, and 180,000 U-verse video subscribers.[13]

Political contributions and lobbying

According to the Center for Responsive Politics, AT&T is the second largest donor to United States political campaigns,[14] and the top American corporate donor,[15] having contributed more than US$47.7 million since 1990, 56% and 44% of which went to Republican and Democratic recipients, respectively.[16] Also, during the period of 1998 to 2010, the company expended US$130 million on lobbying in the United States.[15] A key political issue for AT&T has been the question of which businesses win the right to profit by providing broadband internet access in the United States.[17]

In 2005, AT&T was among 53 entities that contributed the maximum of $250,000 to the second inauguration of President George W. Bush.[18][19][20]

American Legislative Exchange Council

Bill Leahy, representing AT&T, sits on the Private Enterprise Board of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC).[21]

Landline operating companies

AT&T payphone signage.

Of the twenty-four companies that were part of the Bell System, eleven are a part of the current AT&T:[22]

Former operating companies

The following companies have gone to defunct status under SBC/AT&T ownership:

Future of rural landlines

AT&T has stated that it will declare its intentions for its rural landlines on November 7, 2012.[23] AT&T had previously announced that it was considering a sale of its rural landlines, which are not wired for AT&T's U-verse service; however, it has also stated that it may keep the business after all.

AT&T would not be the first Baby Bell to sell off rural landlines. Ameritech sold some of its Wisconsin lines to CenturyTel in 1998; BellSouth sold some of its lines to MebTel in the 2000s; U S WEST sold many historically Bell landlines to Lynch Communications and Pacific Telecom in the 1990s; Verizon sold many of its New England lines to FairPoint in 2008 and its West Virginia operations to Frontier Communications in 2010.

Corporate structure

AT&T office in San Antonio, Texas with new logo and orange highlight from the former Cingular

AT&T Inc. has retained the holding companies it has acquired over the years resulting in the following corporate structure:

Corporate governance

Stephenson at the 2008 World Economic Forum

AT&T's current board of directors:[24]

Criticism and controversies

Hemisphere database

Main article: Hemisphere Project

The company maintains a database of call detail records of all telephone calls that have passed through its network since 1987. AT&T employees work at High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area offices (operated by the Office of National Drug Control Policy) in Los Angeles, Atlanta, and Houston so data can be quickly turned over to law enforcement agencies. Records are requested via administrative subpoena, without the involvement of a court or grand jury.

Censorship

In August 2007, the band Pearl Jam performed in Chicago at Lollapalooza which was being web-broadcast by AT&T. The band, while playing the song "Daughter", started playing a version of Pink Floyd's "Another Brick in the Wall" but with altered lyrics critical of president George W. Bush. These lyrics included "George Bush, leave this world alone!" and, "George Bush, find yourself another home!". Listeners to AT&T's web broadcast heard only the first line because the rest was censored,[25] although AT&T spokesman Michael Coe said that the silencing was "a mistake."[26]

In September 2007, AT&T changed[27] their legal policy to state that "AT&T may immediately terminate or suspend all or a portion of your Service, any Member ID, electronic mail address, IP address, Universal Resource Locator or domain name used by you, without notice for conduct that AT&T believes"..."(c) tends to damage the name or reputation of AT&T, or its parents, affiliates and subsidiaries."[28] By October 10, 2007 AT&T had altered the terms and conditions for its Internet service to explicitly support freedom of expression by its subscribers, after an outcry claiming the company had given itself the right to censor its subscribers' transmissions.[29] Section 5.1 of AT&T's new terms of service now reads "AT&T respects freedom of expression and believes it is a foundation of our free society to express differing points of view. AT&T will not terminate, disconnect or suspend service because of the views you or we express on public policy matters, political issues or political campaigns."[30]

On July 26, 2009, AT&T customers were unable to access certain sections of the image board 4chan, specifically /b/ (the "random" board) and /r9k/ (the "ROBOT 9000" board, a spin-off of the random board).[31] However, by the morning of Monday, July 27, the block had been lifted and access to the affected boards was restored. AT&T's official reason for the block was that a distributed denial of service attack had originated from the img.4chan.org server, and access was blocked to stop the attack.[32] Major news outlets have reported that the issue may be related to DDoSing of 4chan, and that the suspicions of 4chan users fell on AnonTalk.com (later AnonTalk.se) at that time for doing this.[33]

Privacy controversy

Diagram of how alleged wiretapping worked. From EFF court filings[34]
Further information: NSA call database, Mark Klein, NSA warrantless surveillance controversy, Hepting v. AT&T

In 2006, the Electronic Frontier Foundation lodged a class action lawsuit, Hepting v. AT&T, which alleged that AT&T had allowed agents of the National Security Agency (NSA) to monitor phone and Internet communications of AT&T customers without warrants. If true, this would violate the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 and the First and Fourth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution. AT&T has yet to confirm or deny that monitoring by the NSA is occurring. In April 2006, a retired former AT&T technician, Mark Klein, lodged an affidavit supporting this allegation.[35][36] The Department of Justice has stated they will intervene in this lawsuit by means of State Secrets Privilege.[37] In July 2006, the United States District Court for the Northern District of California – in which the suit was filed – rejected a federal government motion to dismiss the case. The motion to dismiss, which invoked the State Secrets Privilege, had argued that any court review of the alleged partnership between the federal government and AT&T would harm national security. The case was immediately appealed to the Ninth Circuit. It was dismissed on June 3, 2009, citing retroactive legislation in the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act.[citation needed] In May 2006, USA Today reported that all international and domestic calling records had been handed over to the National Security Agency by AT&T, Verizon, SBC, and BellSouth for the purpose of creating a massive calling database.[38] The portions of the new AT&T that had been part of SBC Communications before November 18, 2005 were not mentioned.

On June 21, 2006, the San Francisco Chronicle reported that AT&T had rewritten rules on their privacy policy. The policy, which took effect June 23, 2006, says that "AT&T – not customers – owns customers' confidential info and can use it 'to protect its legitimate business interests, safeguard others, or respond to legal process.' "[39]

On August 22, 2007, National Intelligence Director Mike McConnell confirmed that AT&T was one of the telecommunications companies that assisted with the government's warrantless wire-tapping program on calls between foreign and domestic sources.[40]

On November 8, 2007, Mark Klein, a former AT&T technician, told Keith Olbermann of MSNBC that all Internet traffic passing over AT&T lines was copied into a locked room at the company's San Francisco office – to which only employees with National Security Agency clearance had access.[41]

AT&T keeps for five to seven years a record of who text messages whom and the date and time, but not the content of the messages.[42]

Intellectual property filtering

In January 2008, the company reported plans to begin filtering all Internet traffic which passes through its network for intellectual property violations.[43] Commentators in the media have speculated that if this plan is implemented, it would lead to a mass exodus of subscribers leaving AT&T,[44] although this is misleading as Internet traffic may go through the company's network anyway.[43] Internet freedom proponents used these developments as justification for government-mandated network neutrality.

Discrimination against local Public-access television channels

AT&T is accused by community media groups of discriminating against local Public, educational, and government access (PEG) cable TV channels:, by "impictions that will severely restrict the audience".[45]

According to Barbara Popovic, Executive Director of the Chicago public-access service CAN-TV, the new AT&T U-verse system forces all Public-access television into a special menu system, denying normal functionality such as channel numbers, access to the standard program guide, and DVR recording.[45] The Ratepayer Advocates division of the California Public Utilities Commission reported: "Instead of putting the stations on individual channels, AT&T has bundled community stations into a generic channel that can only be navigated through a complex and lengthy process."[45]

Sue Buske (president of telecommunications consulting firm the Buske Group and a former head of the National Federation of Local Cable Programmers/Alliance for Community Media) argue that this is "an overall attack [...] on public access across the [United States], the place in the dial around cities and communities where people can make their own media in their own communities".[45]

Information security

In June 2010, a hacker group known as Goatse Security discovered a vulnerability within the AT&T that could allow anyone to uncover email addresses belonging to customers of AT&T 3G service for the Apple iPad.[46] These email addresses could be accessed without a protective password.[47] Using a script, Goatse Security collected thousands of email addresses from AT&T.[46] Goatse Security informed AT&T about the security flaw through a third party.[48] Goatse Security then disclosed around 114,000 of these emails to Gawker Media, which published an article about the security flaw and disclosure in Valleywag.[46][48] Praetorian Security Group criticized the web application that Goatse Security exploited as "poorly designed".[46]

Accusations of enabling fraud

In March 2012, the United States federal government announced a lawsuit against AT&T. The specific accusations state that AT&T "violated the False Claims Act by facilitating and seeking federal payment for IP Relay calls by international callers who were ineligible for the service and sought to use it for fraudulent purposes. The complaint alleges that, out of fears that fraudulent call volume would drop after the registration deadline, AT&T knowingly adopted a non-compliant registration system that did not verify whether the user was located within the United States. The complaint further contends that AT&T continued to employ this system even with the knowledge that it facilitated use of IP Relay by fraudulent foreign callers, which accounted for up to 95 percent of AT&T's call volume. The government's complaint alleges that AT&T improperly billed the TRS Fund for reimbursement of these calls and received millions of dollars in federal payments as a result."[49]

Naming rights and sponsorships

Buildings

AT&T Midtown Center in Atlanta, Georgia

Venues

AT&T Center in San Antonio, Texas

Sponsorships

Miscellaneous

Global presence

AT&T offers services in many locations throughout the Asia Pacific; its regional headquarters is located in Hong Kong.[52]

Enterprise SIP Trunking Services

In 2008, Toshiba announced SIP interoperability with the AT&T IP Flexible Reach service, and this partnership would improve Toshiba's IP-PBX offerings.[53] In 2010, AT&T combined its virtual private network (VPN) service with its IP Flexible Reach.[54]

Alliances

On July 9, 2008, former Bell Companies AT&T, Verizon Communications and Qwest Communications partnered in launching a website called Movearoo.com.[55] The website shows which service provider is available in any area of the United States.[56]

On October 29, 2012 AT&T announced its support in the PMA (Power Matters Alliance) and its membership in the PMA board, along with Google and Starbucks, in order to create a real-world ecosystem of wireless power and to ensure mobile devices never run out of power.[57]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to AT&T.

References

  1. ^ "Sec 8-k" (Press release). JB_AT&T. April 28, 2006. Retrieved September 29, 2007. {{cite press release}}: |archive-url= is malformed: path (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ "Randall L. Stephenson, Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President". Retrieved August 14, 2011.
  3. ^ "2Q13 Investor Briefing, AT&T Inc" (PDF). AT&T.
  4. ^ Godinez, Victor and David McLemore. "AT&T moving headquarters to Dallas from San Antonio." The Dallas Morning News. Saturday June 28, 2008. Retrieved on June 18, 2009.
  5. ^ Leichtman Research Group, "Research Notes," First Quarter 2012, pg. 6, AT&T (#1) with 21,232,000 residential phone lines.
  6. ^ "Fortune 500 2010: States: Texas Companies - FORTUNE on CNNMoney.com". Money. May 3, 2010. Retrieved August 14, 2010. {{cite news}}: |archive-url= is malformed: path (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ "AT&T". Forbes. May 2013. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
  8. ^ "The World's Biggest Public Companies". Forbes. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
  9. ^ "AT&T Investor Briefing 2Q13" (PDF). AT&T. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
  10. ^ Kleinfield, Sonny (1981). The biggest company on earth: a profile of AT&T. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. ISBN 978-0-03-045326-7.
  11. ^ El Mundo 06/17/2013. "Spain braked a takeover of AT&T on Telefónica, according to information from the newspaper El Mundo", International Business Times
  12. ^ Sinead Carew (September 18, 2013). "AT&T to expand in Latin America with America Movil deal". Reuters.
  13. ^ AT&T (December 17, 2013). "AT&T Announces Plans to Sell Connecticut Wireline Operations to Frontier Communications for $2.0 Billion". AT&T.
  14. ^ "Top All-Time Donors, 1989–2012", OpenSecrets.org, United States: Center for Responsive Politics, 2011, retrieved December 9, 2011
  15. ^ a b Kang, Cecelia (December 9, 2011), "How AT&T fumbled its $39 billion bid to acquire T-Mobile", The Washington Post, washingtonpost.com, retrieved December 9, 2011 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ "AT&T Inc: Totals", OpenSecrets.org, United States: Center for Responsive Politics, 2011, retrieved December 9, 2011
  17. ^ "AT&T Inc". The Center For Responsive Politics. Retrieved September 29, 2007. {{cite web}}: |archive-url= is malformed: path (help)
  18. ^ Drinkard, Jim (January 17, 2005). "Donors get good seats, great access this week". USA Today. Retrieved May 25, 2008.
  19. ^ "Financing the inauguration". USA Today. January 16, 2005. Retrieved May 25, 2008.
  20. ^ "Some question inaugural's multi-million price tag". USA Today. Associated Press. January 14, 2005. Retrieved May 25, 2008.
  21. ^ "Private Enterprise Board | ALEC – American Legislative Exchange Council". Alec.org. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
  22. ^ "Agreements Between SNET America, Inc. (SAI) DBA AT&T Long Distance East, and AT&T Telephone Companies". AT&T. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved September 29, 2007.
  23. ^ Ausik, Paul (September 19, 2012). "AT&T May Keep Rural Landline Business". 24/7 Wall St. Retrieved July 22, 2013.
  24. ^ "Current board of directors at AT&T.com". Att.com. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
  25. ^ Grossberg, Josh (August 9, 2007). "AT&T's Pearl Jamming?". E Online. Retrieved September 29, 2007. {{cite web}}: |archive-url= is malformed: path (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ Roberts, Michelle (August 10, 2007). "AT&T: Pearl Jam edit a mistake". The Seattle Times. Associated Press. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved September 29, 2007. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  27. ^ Fisher, Ken (October 1, 2007). "AT&T threatens to disconnect subscribers who criticize the company". Arstechnica.com. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
  28. ^ "AT&T Legal Policy". AT&T. Retrieved September 29, 2007. {{cite web}}: |archive-url= is malformed: path (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ Martin H. Bosworth. "AT&T Changes Terms Of Service After Outcry". Consumeraffairs.com. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
  30. ^ "AT&T Legal Policy". Att.net. May 2, 2011. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
  31. ^ JB_Kincaid, Jason (July 26, 2009). "AT&T Reportedly Blocks 4chan. This Is Going To Get Ugly". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on July 30, 2009. Retrieved July 27, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ Cheng, Jacqui (July 27, 2009). "AT&T: 4chan block due to DDoS attack coming from 4chan IPs". Ars Technica. Retrieved July 28, 2009.
  33. ^ Feared Hackers Call Off Attack on AT&T. Tuesday, July 28, 2009. Retrieved July 28, 2009
  34. ^ "Klein Exhibit" Document from Hepting vs AT&T lawsuit from 2007. Reported by Ryan Singel in Wired Magazine, article "AT&T 'Spy Room' Documents Unsealed; You've Already Seen Them" June 13, 2007, Documents posted at the Electronic Frontier Foundation website: (File "JB_SER_klein_exhibits.pdf")
  35. ^ Nakashima, Ellen, "A Story of Surveillance", Washington Post, November 7, 2007
  36. ^ Singel, Ryan (April 7, 2006). "Whistle-Blower Outs NSA Spy Room". Wired. Retrieved September 29, 2007.
  37. ^ "Government Moves to Intervene in AT&T Surveillance Case" (Press release). Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF). April 28, 2006. Retrieved September 29, 2007. {{cite press release}}: |archive-url= is malformed: path (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  38. ^ Cauley, Leslie (May 11, 2006). "NSA has massive database of Americans' phone calls". USA Today. Retrieved September 29, 2007.
  39. ^ Lazarus, David (June 21, 2006). "AT&T Rewrites Rules: Your Data Isn't Yours". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on November 12, 2007. Retrieved September 29, 2007. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  40. ^ Shrader, Katherine (August 22, 2007). "Spy Chief Reveals Classified Surveillance Details". Associated Press. Archived from the original on September 13, 2007. Retrieved September 29, 2007. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  41. ^ Olbermann, Keith (November 8, 2007). "Whistleblower Saw AT&T Assist Bush Administration". MSNBC. Archived from the original on November 10, 2007. Retrieved November 10, 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  42. ^ "Document Shows How Phone Cos. Treat Private Data". Associated Press. September 29, 2011. Retrieved September 29, 2011. T-Mobile USA doesn't keep any information on Web browsing activity. Verizon, on the other hand, keeps some information for up to a year that can be used to ascertain if a particular phone visited a particular Web site. According to the sheet, Sprint Nextel Corp.'s Virgin Mobile brand keeps the text content of text messages for three months. Verizon keeps it for three to five days. None of the other carriers keep texts at all, but they keep records of who texted who for more than a year. The document says AT&T keeps for five to seven years a record of who text messages who —and when, but not the content of the messages. Virgin Mobile only keeps that data for two to three months.
  43. ^ a b Wu, Tim (January 16, 2008). "Has AT&T Lost Its Mind? A baffling proposal to filter the Internet". Slate.
  44. ^ "AT&T's Proposed Filtering Policy Is Bad News – Netiquette – MSNBC.com". MSNBC. January 25, 2008. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
  45. ^ a b c d (March 9, 2009) "AT&T Accused of Discriminating Against Local Public Access Channels, Deadline for Public Comment Expires Tonight", Democracy Now!, retrieved on March 13, 2009.
  46. ^ a b c d Keizer, Gregg (June 10, 2010). "'Brute force' script snatched iPad e-mail addresses". Computerworld. Retrieved September 18, 2010.
  47. ^ Keizer, Gregg (June 11, 2010). "iPad e-mail hackers defend attack as 'ethical'". Computerworld. p. 2. Retrieved September 25, 2010.
  48. ^ a b Keizer, Gregg (June 11, 2010). "iPad e-mail hackers defend attack as 'ethical'". Computerworld. p. 1. Retrieved September 25, 2010.
  49. ^ "Welcome to the United States Department of Justice". Justice.gov. March 22, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
  50. ^ "Teamusa.org". Teamusa.org. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
  51. ^ "NCAA.org". NCAA.org. December 14, 2007. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
  52. ^ "Corp.att.com". Corp.att.com. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
  53. ^ Matthew Nickasch, Network World. "Toshiba Announces AT&T SIP Trunking Interoperability." August 19, 2008. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  54. ^ Paul Korzeniowski, Information Week. "AT&T VPN Service Gains Its Voice." August 24, 2010. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  55. ^ Movearoo.com
  56. ^ O'Shea, Dan (July 9, 2012). "Telcos move in unison with Movearoo.com". fiercetelecom.com.
  57. ^ Gilbert, Ben (October 29, 2012). "Starbucks, Google and AT&T back PMA standard". engadget.com.
Corporate information

The benefit of books

Articles
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