Legalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States: Difference between revisions

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Attempts to decriminalize cannabis (marijuana) in the United States began in the 1970s. As views on cannabis have liberalized (peaking^{[clarification needed]} in 1978),^[1] approximately a quarter of the states have either approved it for medical use, decriminalized it for recreational use, or completely legalized it and approved it for retail sale.^[2]

Proponents of decriminalization argue that legalizing cannabis would free billions of dollars now used to prosecute users, provide several billions in tax revenue, free a substantial amount of law-enforcement resources which could be used to prevent more serious crimes, free a substantial amount of prison resources, and reduce the income of street gangs and organized crime who grow, import, process, and sell cannabis. Opponents argue that cannabis on the street today has a much higher percent of THC with a stronger drug effect, and that decriminalization will lead to usage, increased crime, and abuse of actual dangerous illicit drugs.

Cannabis remains on the Schedule I list of controlled substances under U.S. federal law. In 2005, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 6-3 in Gonzales v. Raich that the Commerce Clause and Supremacy Clause of the U.S. Constitution allowed the federal government to ban the use of cannabis (including medical use) because federal law is "supreme" and trumps state law to the contrary.

History

Multiple states, counties, and cities have decriminalized cannabis. They may require drug education, or drug treatment in place of incarceration, and/or criminal charges for possession of small amounts of cannabis, or have made various cannabis offenses the lowest priority for law enforcement.

After the 1960s, an era characterized by widespread use of cannabis as a recreational drug, a wave of legislation in United States sought to reduce the penalties for the simple possession of cannabis, making it punishable by confiscation and a fine rather than imprisonment or more severe charges.

In 1972, President Richard Nixon commissioned a study on cannabis use from the National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse.^[3] The Commission found that the constitutionality of cannabis prohibition was suspect, and that the executive and legislative branches had a responsibility to obey the Constitution, even in the absence of a court ruling to do so. The Nixon administration did not implement the study's recommendations. However, the report has frequently been cited by individuals supporting removal of cannabis from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act.^{[citation needed]}

In 1973, Oregon became the first state to decriminalize cannabis possession.^[4] By 1978 Alaska, California, Colorado, Mississippi, New York, Nebraska, North Carolina, and Ohio had some form of cannabis decriminalization.^[5] Certain cities and counties, particularly in California, have adopted laws to further decriminalize cannabis.

In 1974, A Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, chaired by Sen. James O. Eastland on The Marijuana-hashish epidemic and its impact on United States security state that evidence accumulated by scientific researchers on cannabis had turned dramatically against this drug.^[6]^[7]

Further legalization came in 2012 as two of three measures on the November 6 general ballot succeeded by wide margins. Washington Initiative 502 (2011) and Colorado Amendment 64 (2012) passed in the general election, as Oregon Ballot Measure 80 (2012) failed. Both of the successful measures restricted cannabis possession to adults aged 21 or over, restricted the total amount allowed and included a "DUID" provision against driving under the influence of marijuana. Both explicitly regulated cannabis much like hard liquor has been regulated since the end of prohibition in the United States, and explicitly avoided any changes to medical cannabis law. Initiative 502 defined marijuana based on its THC content and regulated all growth, processing and sale of marijuana under the Washington State Liquor Control Board, with strict restrictions against public consumption of marijuana. The Colorado measure, by contrast allowed private "home grows" in addition to commercial regulation. The failed Oregon law, by contrast, established a new state agency to regulate and tax cannabis, but was less specific and allowed possession for all adults, aged 18 or older.

Attempts to decriminalize cannabis

In recent history, there have been multiple unsuccessful attempts to decriminalize cannabis:

In 1974 Dr Robert DuPont began to publicly support decriminalization of cannabis, seeing cannabis as a health problem. But when DuPont left government he changed his mind and declared that "decriminalization is a bad idea".^[8] Robert DuPont is still an active opponent of decriminalization of cannabis.^[9]

In 2005, Gonzales v. Raich, ruled in a 6-3 decision that the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution allowed the federal government to ban the use of cannabis, including medical use, federal law strike state law.

Alaska

On November 7, 2000, voters in Alaska rejected Measure 5 by 60–40 percent. Measure 5 would have removed civil and criminal penalties for use of cannabis or other hemp products by adults age 18 and older and would have regulated the sale of cannabis similar to the sale of alcoholic beverages.^[10]

On November 2, 2004, voters in Alaska rejected Measure 2 by 56–44 percent. Measure 2 would have prompted the state legislature to tax and regulate cannabis, and would have removed criminal penalties for cannabis use by adults aged 21 and older.^[11]

Arizona

In January 2011, Republican first-year Arizona legislator John Fillmore introduced House Bill 2228. This bill would decriminalize cannabis possession of 2 ounces or less to a petty offense with a penalty of no more than a $100 fine, similar to the laws in Colorado, California, etc.

California

In 1972, Proposition 19 was introduced, which would have legalized cannabis statewide; it was rejected by 66% of the voters.^[12] The initiative read as follows:^[13]

(1) No person in the State of California 18 years of age or older shall be punished criminally, or be denied any right or privilege, by reason or such person's planting, cultivating, harvesting, drying, processing, otherwise preparing, transporting, or possessing marijuana for personal use, or by reason of that use. (2) This provision shall in no way be construed to repeal existing legislation, or limit the enactment of future legislation, prohibiting persons under the influence of marijuana from engaging in conduct that endangers others.

On January 1, 1975, Senate Bill 95^[14] made possession under one ounce of cannabis for non-medical use punishable by a $100 fine; stricter punishments exist for amounts exceeding an ounce, possession on school grounds, or subsequent violations or for sale or cultivation. If the offender is under the age of 21, his or her driver license may be suspended for up to one year.^[15]

In Mendocino County, voters in 2000 approved Measure G, which called for the decriminalization of cannabis when used and cultivated for personal use.^[16] Measure G passed with a 58 percent majority vote, making it the first county in the United States to declare prosecution of small-scale cannabis offenses the "lowest priority" for local law enforcement. Measure G does not protect individuals who cultivate, transport or possess cannabis for sale. However, Measure G was passed at the local government level affecting only Mendocino County, and therefore does not affect existing state or federal laws. The city of Berkeley has had a similar law since 1979 which has generally been found to be unenforceable.^[17]

On June 3, 2008, the Mendocino County Board of Supervisors placed Measure B on a county-wide ballot. Voters narrowly approved "B", which repealed most of the provisions of 2000's Measure G.^[18]^[19] On July 3, 2008, the Sheriff and District Attorneys offices announced that they would not be enforcing the new regulations for the time being, citing pending legal challenges and conflicts with existing state law.^[20]

On September 30, 2010, California Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger signed into law S.B. 1449, a bill that decriminalizes the possession of up to one ounce of cannabis. The bill reduces simple possession from a misdemeanor to an infraction. This would eliminate the need to appear in front of a court and would treat possession of less than 28.5 grams like a traffic ticket, punishable by $100.^[21]

In 2010, Proposition 19, titled the "Regulate, Control, and Tax Cannabis Act of 2010", qualified for the November California ballot. It was rejected by 54% of the voters.^[22] This initiative would have legalized the recreational use of cannabis and its related activities in the State of California. It also would have allowed local governments to regulate and tax the newly created cannabis market.^[23]

Colorado

On November 6, 2012, the Campaign to Regulate Marijuana Like Alcohol, a ballot initiative campaign backed by the Marijuana Policy Project, successfully passed Amendment 64, making Colorado the only place in the world to have legalized the possession, use, production, distribution, and personal cultivation of marijuana. The Marijuana Policy Project also played a lead role in drafting and campaigning for the historic initiative.^[24]

In 2006 a proposed amendment, Amendment 44, was rejected by 59 percent of the voting population. Amendment 44 would have legalized possession of 28.45 grams (approximately one ounce) or less by adults age 21 and older.^[25]

Prior to November 6, 2012, the cities of Breckenridge and Denver had passed measures to make possession of up to one ounce of cannabis legal, although possession was still a crime under state and federal law.^[26]

District of Columbia

On March 31, 2014, D.C. Mayor Vincent Gray signed legislation to end arrests for marijuana possession in the nation's capital. The bill, sponsored by Ward 6 councilmember Tommy Wells, will remove all criminal penalties for possession of up to an ounce of marijuana and replace them with a civil fine of $25. Police will also no longer have grounds to search individuals simply based on the smell of marijuana. Outside of Colorado and Washington, the District of Columbia will have the least punitive marijuana laws in the country. The bill has not taken effect as of early July 2014; before it can become law, it must undergo a 60-working-day review process in Congress.

In April 2014, the DC Cannabis Campaign began soliciting petition signatures for Initiative 71, to legalize marijuana in the District.^[27] On 7 July 2014 the campaign claimed to have submitted over 57,000 signatures to the Board of Elections, more than twice the number needed to qualify for the ballot.^[28] A January 2014 poll by the Washington Post indicated that 63% of DC residents favored legalizing marijuana; the Post noted that African American support for legalization had increased from 37% in 2010 to 58% in 2014.^[29]

Florida

On January 27, 2014, the Florida Supreme Court approved the ballot language for a proposed constitutional amendment allowing the medical use of marijuana, following a successful petition drive.^[30] The amendment proposal will appear on Florida's November 2014 general election ballot.^[31] Polls show broad support for the legalization of medical marijuana among those living in Florida.^[32]

Maryland

On April 14, Gov. Martin O’Malley signed legislation to remove criminal penalties from possession of small amounts of marijuana. Beginning on October 1, 2014, the decriminalization bill (SB 364) will impose civil fines — not criminal penalties and possible jail time — on those possessing less than 10 grams of marijuana.

A Fall 2013 poll commissioned by the ACLU and MPP found that Maryland voters not only overwhelmingly support decriminalizing marijuana, a majority also think it’s time to legalize, regulate, and tax marijuana.

Massachusetts

On November 4, 2008, 65% of Massachusetts voters voted 'yes' on ballot question 2 known as the Massachusetts Sensible Marijuana Policy Initiative, which became law on January 2, 2009, reduced the penalty for possession of an ounce or less of cannabis from the previous misdemeanor punishable by up to 6 months in jail and $500 fine to a civil infraction and a fine of $100, as well as prevent the inclusion of the citation into the CORI criminal records database which is used by law enforcement and employers to conduct background checks and jeopardizes the person's ability to obtain jobs, housing, and school loans. It also requires people under the age of 18 to have their parents notified and do community service, as well as receive drug awareness counseling or have the fine increased to $1000.^[33]

House Bill 2929 and Senate Bill 1801 were introduced in January 2009 which seek to legalize and tax the cannabis industry.^[34]^[35]

Michigan

Since the early 1970s, an Ann Arbor ordinance and charter amendment have made possession of small amounts of cannabis a civil infraction, subject to a small fine, rather than a misdemeanor or felony, and local law enforcement officers have been directed not to pursue charges under state and federal law. However, more stringent state laws are enforced on the University of Michigan campus in Ann Arbor. (See Cannabis laws in Ann Arbor, Michigan). In 2012, ballot proposals in the cities of Detroit, Grand Rapids, and Flint enacted provisions similar to those in Ann Arbor, and Ypsilanti passed an ordinance to make marijuana offenses the lowest priority for law enforcement officers.^[36]

The Michigan Medical Marijuana Act of 2008 gave Michiganders the legal right to cultivate and use cannabis for medical purposes with authorization from a physician.

Minnesota

Minnesota was one of the first states in the United States to decriminalize small amounts of marijuana possession in the 1970s. On May 29, 2014 Governor Dayton signed into law a bill establishing a medical marijuana program in the state.

Missouri

In 2014, a bill was passed by wide margins in the Missouri legislature to establish possession of small amount of marijuana as a minor "class D" misdemeanor subject to a fine, but for those previously convicted it would be a "class A" misdemeanor with a possible jail sentence. As of May 13, 2014, the governor had neither vetoed nor signed the bill.^[37]

Nevada

On November 5, 2002, voters in Nevada rejected Question 9 by 61-39 percent.^[38] Question 9 would have legalized possession of cannabis under 85.5 grams (3 ounces) by adults age 21 and older and would allow cannabis to be regulated, cultivated, sold and taxed.^[39] Question 9 would have also made low cost cannabis available for medical cannabis patients and would have created laws against "driving dangerously" under the influence of cannabis.^[40]

On November 7, 2006, voters in Nevada rejected propositions that would have legalized possession of up to 28.45 grams (one ounce) of cannabis.^[41] In Nevada, Question 7 would have allowed adults 21 and older to purchase cannabis from government-regulated shops and possession of 28.45 grams or less in a private home would have been legalized, but the Question was rejected by 56-44 percent.^[42]

New Hampshire

On May 1, 2008, the New Hampshire Senate voted down a bill that would have reduced the penalty for the possession up to a quarter-ounce of cannabis from a misdemeanor to a violation punishable by a fine of no more than $200. This bill had previously passed the N.H. State House of Representatives and had the support of the majority of polled voters.^[43]

Oregon

In 1973, Oregon became the first state to decriminalize cannabis.^[44] Possession of 28.45 grams (1 ounce) or less is punishable by a $500 to $1,000 fine; stricter punishments exist for sale or cultivation.^[45] Criminal penalties were further reduced by the legislature in 2013.^[46]

In 1986, Oregon's Ballot Measure 5 sought to legalize cannabis,^[47] but it was rejected by 74% of the voters.^[12] In 2012, the second ballot measure aimed at legalizing cannabis in the state appeared on the ballot as Measure 80 where it failed with 53% of voters opposing the initiative. A third measure seeking to legalize cannabis is likely to reach the 2014 ballot.^[48]

Rhode Island

A bill decriminalizing small amounts of cannabis has been signed into law by Gov. Lincoln Chafee, reports the Providence Journal.^{[citation needed]} The law makes possession of less than an ounce of cannabis a civil violation with a $150 fine, although three violations in 18 months would be a misdemeanor with larger fines and the risk of prison time. Fourteen other states have introduced similar laws.

Half of the fines collected will be spent on drug awareness and treatment programs for young people under the law, which was overwhelmingly approved by the state's General Assembly. The law, which takes effect April 1, 2013, replaces one which made cannabis possession punishable with up to a year in jail or a $500 fine. Harvard economist Jeffrey Miron estimates that the move will save Rhode Island up to $11 million a year.^{[citation needed]}

Vermont

On June 6, 2013, Vermont became the 17th state to decriminalize marijuana. Governor Peter Shumlin signed a bill that made possession of less than an ounce of the drug punishable by a small fine rather than arrest and possible jail time.^[49]

Washington

On November 6, 2012 voters passed Initiative 502 to remove criminal penalties for possession of quantities up to 1 ounce (28 g) of unprocessed "useable marijuana", up to 16 ounces (450 g) of infused products in solid form, or up to 72 ounces (2,000 g) of infused products in liquid form; and to license, regulate and tax cannabis production and sales under the authority of the Washington State Liquor Control Board.^[50]

In 2003, Seattle voters approved an initiative requiring the Seattle Police Department and City Attorney's Office to make the investigation, arrest and prosecution of marijuana offenses, where the marijuana was intended for adult personal use, the City's lowest law enforcement priority.^[51]

Federal

The Personal Use of Marijuana by Responsible Adults Act of 2008 was introduced in the 110th United States Congress and represents the first attempt to decriminalize possession of small amounts of cannabis at the federal level to be introduced in many decades. The bill was reintroduced in the 111th United States Congress as the Personal Use of Marijuana by Responsible Adults Act of 2009. In the 112th United States Congress, Rep. Barney Frank proposed H.R. 2306 Ending Federal Marijuana Prohibition Act of 2011. As of June 2011, this bill has been referred to committee pending vote in the House.

Arguments in support

In 1972, President Richard Nixon commissioned the National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse to produce an in-depth report on cannabis. The report, "Marijuana: A Signal of Misunderstanding", found cannabis prohibition constitutionally suspect and stated regardless of whether the courts would overturn prohibition of cannabis possession, the executive and legislative branches have a duty to obey the Constitution.^[3] "It's a matter of individual freedom of choice", said ACLU President Nadine Strossen in an interview. "Does that mean they should do it? Not necessarily, not any more than somebody should smoke or drink or eat McDonald's hamburgers."^[52]

Economic arguments

Many proponents of cannabis decriminalization have argued that decriminalizing cannabis would largely reduce costs of maintaining the criminal justice and law enforcement systems, while legalizing cannabis to allow the cultivation and sale would generate a substantial amount of income from taxing cannabis sales.

In 2005, more than 530 distinguished economists called for the legalization of cannabis in an open letter to President Bush, Congress, Governors, and state legislatures.^[53] The endorsers included conservative economist Milton Friedman and two other Nobel Prize-winners.^[54]

The letter stated, among other things, "We, the undersigned, call your attention to the attached report [which]... shows that marijuana legalization — replacing prohibition with a system of taxation and regulation — would save $7.7 billion per year in state and federal expenditures on prohibition enforcement and produce tax revenues of at least $2.4 billion annually if marijuana were taxed like most consumer goods. If, however, marijuana were taxed similarly to alcohol or tobacco, it might generate as much as $6.2 billion annually...."

We therefore urge the country to commence an open and honest debate about marijuana prohibition. We believe such a debate will favor a regime in which marijuana is legal but taxed and regulated like other goods. At a minimum, this debate will force advocates of current policy to show that prohibition has benefits sufficient to justify the cost to taxpayers, foregone tax revenues, and numerous ancillary consequences that result from marijuana prohibition."

The report also projected the tax revenues from decriminalization, by state.

Other arguments point out that the funds saved from cannabis decriminalization could be used to enforce laws for other, more serious and violent crimes.^[55]^[56]

In 1988, Michael Aldrich and Tod Mikuriya published "Savings in California Marijuana Law Enforcement Costs Attributable to the Moscone Act of 1976" in the Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. The study estimated California saved almost one billion dollars in a twelve-year period between 1976 and 1988, as a result of the Moscone Act of 1976 that decriminalized cannabis.^[57]

In 2003, the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) published "Economic Costs of Drug Abuse", which stated without separately analyzing cannabis related costs, the United States was spending $12.1 billion on law enforcement and court costs, and $16.9 billion in corrections costs, totaling $29 billion.^[58]

In 2004, Scott Bates of the Boreal Economic Analysis & Research center prepared a study for Alaskans for Rights & Revenues entitled "The Economic Implications of Marijuana Legalization in Alaska." The study estimated the Alaskan government was spending $25–30 million per year enforcing cannabis prohibition laws. The study found if the purchase of cannabis were to be taxed as a legal commodity, tax revenues would increase by about $10–20 million per year, making $35–50 million per year in funds available.^[14]^[59]

In 2006, a study by Jon Gettman entitled "Marijuana Production in the United States" was published in the Bulletin of Cannabis Reform. The report states cannabis is the top cash crop in 12 states, is one of the top three cash crops in 30 states, and is one of the top five cash crops in 39 states. Gettman estimated the value of U.S. cannabis production at $35.8 billion, which is more than the combined value of corn and wheat. Furthermore, the report states according to federal estimates, eradication efforts have failed to prevent the spread of cannabis production, as cannabis production has increased tenfold in the past 25 years.^[60]

In 2006, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime released the 2006 World Drug Report, which stated the North American cannabis market is estimated to be worth anywhere from $10 billion to $60 billion annually.^[61] That same study also indicated that the mountainous regions in Appalachia, and the rural areas of the West Coast are ideal for growing cannabis. Allowing farmers there to grow cannabis openly would both provide jobs and reduce the need for expensive federal welfare payments to those areas, which are disproportionately dependent on welfare.^[62]

In 2006, a study by the University of California, Los Angeles found California has saved $2.50 for every dollar invested into Proposition 36, which decriminalized cannabis and other drug possession charges by allowing out patient treatment programs instead of incarceration. In the first year the proposition was enacted (2001), California reportedly saved $173 million, which is likely a result of fewer drug offenders in prison. In the five years after the program was enacted, 8,700 fewer people are in prison for drug offenses.^[63]

Since cannabis is illegal in the United States, this policy has led to penalties for simple use and possession. Despite these penalties, users continue to find themselves in trouble with the law. The Connecticut Law Revision Commission made the following evaluation: "(1) the costs of arresting and prosecuting marijuana offenders were significantly lower in states that had done away with criminal penalties for possessing small amounts; (2) there was a greater increase in marijuana use in states that continue to treat possession as crime than in states that treated it as a civil offense; (3) easing the penalties for marijuana did not lead to a substantial increase in the use of either alcohol or hard drugs."^[64]

Reduction of income earned by organized crime

The Drug Enforcement Administration has reported that cannabis sales and trafficking support violent criminal gangs.^[65]^[66]^[67] Proponents of fully decriminalizing cannabis to allow the regulated cultivation and sale of cannabis, including Law Enforcement Against Prohibition, argue that fully decriminalizing cannabis would largely decrease financial gains earned by gangs in black market cannabis sales and trafficking.^[55]^[68]^[69]

Displacement of alcohol consumption

A study in the Journal of Policy Analysis and Management by Mark Anderson and Daniel Reese indicated that increased marijuana use in California is a substitute for alcohol. This research showed that participants frequently choose marijuana over other substances. They reported that over 41 percent of the people said that they prefer to use marijuana instead of alcohol. Some of the main reasons for this substitute were ‘less withdrawal’, ‘fewer side-effects’ and ‘better symptom management’.^[70]^[71]

California Secretary of State’s office said that on September 7, 2010 the beer lobby donated $10,000 to Public Safety First, a group which opposed the passage of Proposition 19 to legalize cannabis.^[72]

Reduction of subsequent abuse of other illicit drugs

The Marijuana Policy Project argues that:^[73]

Research shows that the actual "gateway" is the illegal drug market. The World Health Organization noted that any gateway effect associated with marijuana use may actually be due to marijuana prohibition because "exposure to other drugs when purchasing cannabis on the black-market increases the opportunity to use other illicit drugs." A study comparing experienced cannabis users in Amsterdam, where adults can purchase small amounts of cannabis from regulated businesses, with similarly experienced cannabis users in San Francisco, where non-medical possession and sale of cannabis remains completely illegal, bolstered this hypothesis: The San Francisco cannabis users were twice as likely to use crack cocaine as their Dutch counterparts, more than twice as likely to use amphetamines, and five times as likely to be current users of opiates.

Health effects of cannabis

Cannabis has been subject to many studies over the past century. Studies acknowledge that cannabis can in rare cases cause adverse reactions, but is generally safer than any commonly consumed drug such as alcohol, tobacco and pharmaceuticals.^[75]^[76]^[77] Psychopharmacologist David Nutt argues, though he is against full declassification, that the harm caused by cannabis is far less than that caused by alcohol or tobacco, which, if they were invented today "would be illegal.",^{[citation needed]} though cannabis was invented much earlier.

Reduction in prison overcrowding and strain on the criminal justice system

Supporters of decriminalization argue that if cannabis were to be legalized it would reduce the amount of non violent offenders in prison making room for the incarceration of more violent offenders as well as easing the current strain that the large amount of cannabis possession cases have on the criminal justice system. They also propose that it would also save taxpayers the cost of incarceration for these non violent offenders.^[78]

Success of progressive drug policies adopted in other countries

Studies on decriminalization of marijuana in Portugal have indicated it to be a "huge success".^[79] Drug use rates in Portugal were found to be dramatically lower than the United States with decriminalization enacted.^[79]

Teen use of marijuana in the Netherlands where it is sold legally and openly is lower than in the United States.^[80]^[81]

Individual freedom

Some people are in favor of decriminalization and legalization of marijuana simply for the moral stance that individuals' freedom for property rights should be respected. This view is generally held in libertarian politics. This view is that regardless of any health effects of someone's lifestyle choice, if they are not directly harming anyone else or their property then they should be free to do what they want. Many people who support drug freedom policies may personally be strongly against drug use personally but still wants to protect the freedom of others to do so.^{[citation needed]}

Investors

In order to effectively campaign to legalize recreational cannabis use millions of dollars have been spent to lobby for this reform. George Soros is a billionaire hedge fund manager that has spent $3 million since the 1990s to legalize marijuana. ^[82] He supports the ACLU and NAACP, which claim that marijuana-related convictions reflect racial inequalities in the way US drug policies are enforced. ^[82] In 2010 Soros wrote an op-ed in the Wall Street Journal citing the fact that African Americans are no more likely than other Americans to use marijuana but are far more likely to be arrested for possession. ^[83] Soros also funds marijuana reform organizations like the Open Society Foundation and New Approach Washington. ^[82] Soros efforts to reform marijuana laws were predated by fellow billionaire, the late Peter Lewis. Lewis was the former chairman of Progressive Insurance and passed away November 23, 2013. ^[84] Lewis is considered to be the most high profile billionaire backer of drug reform and the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML) estimated that Lewis had spent well over $40 million funding the cause since the 1980s. ^[84] During the November 2012 election, he spent almost $3 million helping secure the passage of marijuana legalization bills in both Washington state and Massachusetts. ^[84] The list of capitalists who have joined Soros and Lewis in the cause of Marijuana reform include John Sperling, who is the founder of the University of Phoenix and George Zimmer who is the founder and former CEO of Men’s Wearhouse. Sperling donated $70,000 to support marijuana law reform in Oregon,^[85] and Zimmer contributed $20,000 to advocate for marijuana decriminalization in California. ^[86]

These capitalists have helped pave the way for a new type of business with special interests in the Cannabis industry. The ArcView Group was founded in 2010 by Silicon Valley entrepreneurs and marijuana advocates Troy Dayton and Steve DeAngelo. ^[87] Their company teams up angel investors with companies that produce cannabis products and it's been one of the major sources of startup revenue for cannabis-related companies. ^[87] This company has contributed hundreds of thousands of dollars to educational reform groups like the Students for Sensible Drug Policy and a pro-legalization PAC run by the Marijuana Policy Project. ^[87]

The ACLU and NAACP

The ACLU takes a firm position that decriminalizing cannabis will keep tens of thousands of people from entering into the criminal justice system ^[88] as police efforts result in both unnecessary arrests and the enforcement of marijuana laws wastes billions of tax payers’ dollars. ^[89] They affirm that removing criminal penalties for marijuana offenses will therefore reduce the U.S. prison population and more effectively protect the public and promote public health. ^[88] One of the reasons that the ACLU has been such a strong supporter of drug prohibition is that according to their research drug related arrests have largely driven America’s incarceration rate to unacceptable levels. Drug offenders comprise over 500,000 of the more than 2 million people in America’s prisons and jails, and drug offenses combined with failed drug tests account for a significant number of those returning to prison for parole and probation violations. ^[88] Between 2001 and 2010, there were over 7 million pot arrests in the U.S. and of these arrests 88% were for simply having marijuana. ^[90] These marijuana related arrests now account for over half of all drug related arrests in the United States. ^[88] These arrests tend to be racially imbalanced as a black person is 3.73 times more likely to be arrested than a white person for marijuana related charges, ^[88] despite research that suggests fairly equal usage rates between the two races. ^[90] The ACLU is further troubled by the amount of money that is spent annually to enforce marijuana laws as they claim that over 3 billion dollars are spent every year by states to enforce marijuana regulation, ^[90] while the drug’s availability has not declined. ^[91] The ACLU claims that over 50% of Americans support marijuana legalization ^[90] and they are advocating for the legalization of Cannabis through the Criminal Law Reform Project. ^[92] They believe that the resources that are spent on enforcing marijuana law could be better invested in our communities through education and job training. ^[89]

The NAACP has taken a similar stance and has cited the same data used by the ACLU. ^[93] The NAACP has been strong supporters of the Respect State Marijuana Laws Act – H.R. 1523 and has reached out to members of congress to get this act passed. ^[94] This act is designed to decrease penalties for low-level marijuana possession and supports prohibiting federal enforcement of marijuana laws in states which have lesser penalties. ^[95]

Racial bias

There are claims of historical evidence showing that a significant reason for marijuana ban by US government was political and racist in nature, aimed to suppress Black and Mexican minorities. A quote from 1934 newspaper :"Marihuana influences Negroes to look at white people in the eye, step on white men’s shadows and look at a white woman twice."^{[citation needed]}

Arguments in opposition

Subsequent abuse of other illicit drugs

In 1985, Gabriel G. Nahas published Keep Off the Grass, which stated that "[the] biochemical changes induced by marijuana in the brain result in drug-seeking, drug taking behavior, which in many instances will lead the user to experiment with other pleasurable substances. The risk of progression from marijuana to cocaine to heroin is now well documented."^[96]

In 1995, Partnership for a Drug-Free America with support from The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and the White House Office of Drug Control Policy launched a campaign against cannabis use citing a Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA) report, which claimed that cannabis users are 85 times more likely than non-cannabis users to try cocaine.^[97] However, an article published in The Activist Guide by John Morgan and Lynn Zimmer entitled "Marijuana's Gateway Myth", claims CASA's statistic is false. The article states:^[97]

The high risk-factor obtained is a product not of the fact that so many marijuana users use cocaine but that so many cocaine users used marijuana previously. It is hardly a revelation that people who use one of the least popular drugs are likely to use the more popular ones — not only marijuana, but also alcohol and tobacco cigarettes. The obvious statistic not publicized by CASA is that most marijuana users — 83 percent — never use cocaine.

Multiple opponents of cannabis decriminalization have claimed increased cannabis use results in increased abuse of other illicit drugs.^[55]^[98] However, multiple studies have found no evidence of a correlation between cannabis use and the subsequent abuse of other illicit drugs.

In 1997, the Connecticut Law Revision Commission examined states that had decriminalized cannabis and found decriminalizing small amounts of cannabis has no effect on subsequent use of alcohol or "harder" illicit drugs. The study recommended Connecticut reduce cannabis possession of one ounce or less for adults age 21 and over to a civil fine.^[99]

In 1999, a study by the Division of Neuroscience and Behavioral Health at the Institute of Medicine entitled "Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base", found no evidence of a link between cannabis use and the subsequent abuse of other illicit drugs on the basis of its particular physiological effect.^[100]

In December 2002, a study by RAND investigating whether cannabis use results in the subsequent use of cocaine and heroin was published in the British Journal of Addiction. The researchers created a mathematical model simulating adolescent drug use. National rates of cannabis and hard drug use in the model matched survey data collected from representative samples of youths from across the United States; the model produced patterns of drug use and abuse. The study stated:^[101]

The people who are predisposed to use drugs and have the opportunity to use drugs are more likely than others to use both marijuana and harder drugs ... Marijuana typically comes first because it is more available. Once we incorporated these facts into our mathematical model of adolescent drug use, we could explain all of the drug use associations that have been cited as evidence of marijuana's gateway effect ... We've shown that the marijuana gateway effect is not the best explanation for the link between marijuana use and the use of harder drugs.

In 2004, a study by Craig Reinarman, Peter D. A. Cohen, and Hendrien L. Kaal entitled "The Limited Relevance of Drug Policy: Cannabis in Amsterdam and in San Francisco", was published in the American Journal of Public Health. The study found no evidence that the decriminalization of cannabis leads to subsequent abuse of other illicit drugs. The study also found the mean age at onset of cannabis use and the mean age of cannabis users are both higher in Amsterdam than in San Francisco.^[102]^[103]

In 2006, the Karolinska Institute in Sweden used twelve rats to examine how adolescent use of cannabis affects subsequent abuse of other illicit drugs. The study gave six of the twelve "teenage" rats a small dose of THC, reportedly equivalent to one joint smoked by a human, every three days. The rats were allowed to administer heroin by pushing a lever and the study found the rats given THC took larger doses of heroin. The institute examined the brain cells in the rats and found THC alters the opioid system that is associated with positive emotions, which lessens the effects of opiates on rat's brain and thus causes them to use more heroin.^[104] Paul Armentano, policy analyst for NORML, claimed because the rats were given THC at the young age of 28 days, it is impossible to extrapolate the results of this study to humans.^[105]

In December 2006, a 12-year gateway drug hypothesis study on 214 boys from ages 10–12 by the American Psychiatric Association was published in the American Journal of Psychiatry. The study concluded adolescents who used cannabis prior to using other drugs, including alcohol and tobacco, were no more likely to develop a substance abuse disorder than subjects in the study who did not use cannabis prior to using other drugs.^[106]^[107]

In September 2010, a study from the University of New Hampshire examined survey data from 1,286 young adults who had attended Miami-Dade County Public Schools in the 1990s and found the association between teenage cannabis use and other illicit drug abuse by young adults was significantly diminished after controlling for other factors, such as unemployment. They found that after young adults reach age 21, the gateway effect subsides entirely.^[108]

Increased crime

The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) has claimed that cannabis leads to increased crime in the unsourced pamphlet entitled "Speaking Out Against Drug Legalization"^[109]

Studies have found no evidence of a link between cannabis usage and an increase in crime, but rather have found cannabis may decrease criminal behavior when under the influence.^[110]^[111] In 1973, a report by the National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse entitled "Marijuana: A Signal of Misunderstanding" found marijuana does not cause violent or aggressive behavior, but rather "marijuana was usually found to inhibit the expression of aggressive impulses by pacifying the user, interfering with muscular coordination, reducing psychomotor activities and generally producing states of drowsiness lethargy, timidity and passivity."^[3]^[111]

In 2001, a report by David Boyum and Mark A.R. Kleiman entitled "Substance Abuse Policy from a Crime-Control Perspective" found the "high" from cannabis is unlikely to trigger violence and concluded:^[112]

Making marijuana legally available to adults on more or less the same terms as alcohol would tend to reduce crime, certainly by greatly shrinking the illicit market and possibly by reducing alcohol consumption via substitution if smoking marijuana acts, on balance, as a substitute for drinking alcohol rather than a complement to it since drinking seems to have a greater tendency to unleash aggression than does cannabis use.

In 2004, a study by Scott Bates from the Boreal Economic Analysis & Research center entitled "The Economic Implications of Marijuana Legalization in Alaska", was prepared for Alaskans for Rights & Revenues. The study found there was no link between cannabis use and criminal behavior.^[59]

A 2014 study by PLoS ONE found that not only did the legalization of Medical cannabis did not increase violent crime, but that a 2.4% reduction in homicide and assault was found for each year the law was in effect.^[113]

Increased cannabis usage

The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) has claimed that cannabis decriminalization will lead to increased cannabis use and addiction in the un-sourced pamphlet entitled "Speaking Out Against Drug Legalization".^[114] The pamphlet states in 1979, after 11 states decriminalized private cannabis use, cannabis use among 12th grade students was almost 51 percent and in 1992, when stricter cannabis laws were put in place, the usage rate reduced to 22 percent. The pamphlet also states that when Alaska decriminalized cannabis in 1975, the cannabis use rate among youth eventually rose to twice the national average youth usage rate nationwide; even though the law did not apply to anyone under the age of 19, the pamphlet explains this is why Alaska re-criminalized cannabis in 1990. Save Our Society From Drugs (SOS) has also stated that decriminalizing cannabis will increase usage among teenagers, citing an increase in Alaskan youth cannabis usage when cannabis was decriminalized.^[115] However, cannabis use rose in all states in the 1970s, and the DEA does not say whether or not Alaska started out higher than the national average. Following decriminalization, Alaska youth had lower rates of daily use of cannabis than their peers in the rest of the US.^[116]

In 1972, President Richard Nixon commissioned the National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse to produce an in-depth report on cannabis. The report, entitled "Marijuana: A Signal of Misunderstanding", reviewed existing cannabis studies and concluded that cannabis does not cause physical addiction.^[3]

Studies conducted in Oregon, California, and Maine within a few years of decriminialization found little increase in cannabis use, compared to the rest of the country; "The most frequently cited reasons for non-use by respondents was 'not interested,' cited by about 80% of non-users. Only 4% of adults indicated fear of arrest and prosecution or unavailability as factors preventing use."^[116]

In 1997, the Connecticut Law Revision Commission examined states that had decriminalized cannabis and found any increase in cannabis usage was less than the increase in states that have not decriminalized cannabis; furthermore, the commission stated "the largest proportionate increase [of cannabis use] occurred in those states with the most severe penalties." The study recommended Connecticut reduce cannabis possession of 28.35 grams (one ounce) or less for adults age 21 and over to a civil fine.^[99]

In 1999, a study by the Division of Neuroscience and Behavioral Health at the Institute of Medicine entitled "Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base", concluded "there is little evidence that decriminalization of marijuana use necessarily leads to a substantial increase in marijuana use."^[100]

In 2001, a report by Robert MacCoun and Peter Reuter entitled "Evaluating alternative cannabis regimes", was published in the British Journal of Psychiatry. The report found there was no available evidence cannabis use would increase if cannabis were decriminalized.^[117]

In 2004, a study entitled "The Limited Relevance of Drug Policy: Cannabis in Amsterdam and in San Francisco", found strict laws against cannabis use have a low impact on usage rates.^[103]

Advocacy

Several U.S.-based advocate groups seek to modify the drug policy of the United States to decriminalize cannabis. These groups include Law Enforcement Against Prohibition, Students for Sensible Drug Policy, The Drug Policy Alliance, the Marijuana Policy Project, NORML, Coalition for Rescheduling Cannabis, and Americans for Safe Access. There are also many individual American cannabis activists, such as Jack Herer, Paul Armentano, Edward Forchion, Jon Gettman, Rob Kampia, and Keith Stroup; Marc Emery, a well-known Canadian activist, has supported cannabis activism in the U.S. among other countries by donating money earned from Cannabis Culture magazine and Emeryseeds.com.

In 1997, the Connecticut Law Revision Commission recommended Connecticut reduce cannabis possession of one ounce or less for adults age 21 and over to a civil fine.^[99] In 2001, the New Mexico state-commissioned Drug Policy Advisory Group stated that decriminalizing cannabis "will result in greater availability of resources to respond to more serious crimes without any increased risks to public safety."^[56]

A few places in California have been advocating cannabis decriminalization. On November 3, 2004, Oakland passed Proposition Z, which makes "adult recreational marijuana use, cultivation and sales the lowest [city] law enforcement priority."^[118] The proposition states the city of Oakland must advocate to the state of California to adopt laws to regulate and tax cannabis.^[119] On November 7, 2006, Santa Cruz passed Measure K, which made cannabis the lowest priority for city law enforcement. The measure requests the Santa Cruz City Clerk send letters annually to state and federal representatives advocating reform of cannabis laws.^[120] On June 5, 2007, Mendocino County Board of Supervisors voted 4-1 to send a letter in support of the legalization, regulation, and taxation of cannabis to state and federal legislators, and the President of United States.^[121]

Ron Paul, a Texas Congressman and 2008 Presidential Candidate, stated at a rally in response to a question by a medical cannabis patient that he would "never use the federal government to force the law against anybody using marijuana."^[122] In his book, The Revolution: A Manifesto he writes, "Regardless of where one stands on the broader drug war, we should all be able to agree on the subject of medical marijuana. Here, the use of an otherwise prohibited substance has been found to relieve unbearable suffering in countless patients. How can we fail to support liberty and individual responsibility in such a clear cut case? What harm does it do to anyone else to allow fellow human beings in pain to find the relief they need?"^[123] He is also the cosponsor of the Personal Use of Marijuana by Responsible Adults Act of 2008.

Mike Gravel, a former U.S. senator from Alaska and 2008 presidential candidate, responded to a caller on a C-SPAN program asking about cannabis and the drug war, he stated "That one is real simple, I would legalize marijuana. You should be able to buy that at a liquor store."^[124]

Dennis Kucinich, a U.S. representative from Ohio and 2008 presidential candidate, has been an advocate of cannabis legalization. During Kucinich's 2004 presidential campaign, the following was posted on Kucinich's official campaign web site.^[125]

Most marijuana users do so responsibly, in a safe, recreational context. These people lead normal, productive lives — pursuing careers, raising families and participating in civic life ... A Kucinich administration would reject the current paradigm of 'all use is abuse' in favor of a drug policy that sets reasonable boundaries for marijuana use by establishing guidelines similar to those already in place for alcohol.

Some members of religious organizations, even while not necessarily being in favor of marijuana consumption, have also spoken in favor of reform, due to medical reasons, or the social costs of enforcement and incarceration.^[126] For instance, Revered Samuel Rodriguez of National Hispanic Christian Leadership Conferences stated that “laws that prohibit marijuana affect the minorities significantly and hence should be reconsidered.” Religious groups uphold that marijuana does not harm as much as alcohol does and thus legalizing it for medicinal usage would not be harmful to the economy.^[126]

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External links

[perception-1] Engs, Ruth Clifford. Clean Living Movements: American Cycles of Health Reform, 2000. Page 218.

[2] ttp://www.colorado.gov/cs/Satellite/CDPHE-DCEED/CBON/1251648304378

[nixonreport-3] "Marihuana: A Signal of Misunderstanding". National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse (reproduced in: The Schaffer Library of Drug Policy). March 1972. Retrieved 2007-04-20. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)

[oregonfirst-4] Hardaway, Robert M. No Price Too High: Victimless Crimes and the Ninth Amendment, 2003. Page 94.

[states-5] Peter De Marneffe and Douglas N. Husak. The Legalization of Drugs, 2005. Page 8.

[6] "Reed Irvine: THE MEDIA AS DRUG PROMOTERS, AIM Report January 1986". Aim.org. Retrieved 2011-04-20.

[congre-7] "Marihuana-hashish epidemic and its impact on United States security : hearings before the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Ninety-third Congress, second session [-Ninety-fourth Congress, first session] .. (1974)". Archive.org. 2001-03-10. Retrieved 2014-05-03.

[8] "WGBH educational foundation. Interview with Dr. Robert Dupoint". Pbs.org. 1970-02-18. Retrieved 2011-04-20.

[9] "Robert DuPont: Why We Should Not Legalize Marijuana, CNBS, 20 Apr 2010". Cnbc.com. 2010-04-20. Retrieved 2014-05-03.

[10] "Ballot Measure Results for States". CNN. 2000. Archived from the original on December 22, 2006. Retrieved 2007-03-21.

[mppnov04-11] "Marijuana Initiatives: November 2004". MPP. Archived from the original on March 8, 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-22.

[iandrinstitute.org-12] ttp://www.iandrinstitute.org/BW%202004-2%20(Marijuana).pdf

[13] "marijuana proposition 19". Cognitiveliberty.org. Retrieved 2010-09-15.

[rethinking-14] Austin, James (2005-11-02). "Rethinking the Consequences of Decriminalizing Marijuana" (PDF). NORML. Retrieved 2006-12-24.

[norml_californialaw-15] "State by State Laws: California". NORML. 2006. Retrieved 2007-01-10.

[16] ttp://www.canorml.org/news/mendorelse.html

[17] ttp://www.berkeleydailyplanet.com/article.cfm?archiveDate=03-31-06&storyID=23788

[18] Measure B on the June 3 ballot Ballotpedia.

[19] "It's official: Marijuana reform effort passes". Ukiah Daily Journal". Retrieved 2011-04-20.

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[Nutt-74] Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 17382831, please use {{cite journal}} with |pmid=17382831 instead.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Merge from|Removal of cannabis from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act|date=March 2013}}
-{{Merge from|Cannabis and lobbying efforts|discuss=Talk:Decriminalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States#Merge discussion|date=May 2014}}
 {{Legality of cannabis by US state}}
-Attempts to [[decriminalize]] [[cannabis]] (marijuana) in the United States began in the 1970s.  As views on cannabis have liberalized (peaking{{clarify|date=May 2014}} in 1978),<ref name="perception">[[Engs, Ruth Clifford]]. ''Clean Living Movements: American Cycles of Health Reform'', 2000. Page 218.</ref> approximately a quarter of the states have either approved it for [[medical cannabis|medical use]], decriminalized it for recreational use, or completely legalized it and approved it for retail sale.<ref>http://www.colorado.gov/cs/Satellite/CDPHE-DCEED/CBON/1251648304378</ref>
+Attempts to '''[[decriminalize]] [[cannabis]] (marijuana) in the United States''' began in the 1970s.  As views on cannabis have liberalized (peaking{{clarify|date=May 2014}} in 1978),<ref name="perception">[[Engs, Ruth Clifford]]. ''Clean Living Movements: American Cycles of Health Reform'', 2000. Page 218.</ref> approximately a quarter of the states have either approved it for [[medical cannabis|medical use]], decriminalized it for recreational use, or completely legalized it and approved it for retail sale.<ref>http://www.colorado.gov/cs/Satellite/CDPHE-DCEED/CBON/1251648304378</ref>
 Proponents of decriminalization argue that legalizing cannabis would free billions of dollars now used to prosecute users, provide several billions in tax revenue, free a substantial amount of law-enforcement resources which could be used to prevent more serious crimes, free a substantial amount of prison resources, and reduce the income of street gangs and organized crime who grow, import, process, and sell cannabis. Opponents argue that cannabis on the street today has a much higher percent of [[THC]] with a stronger drug effect, and that decriminalization will lead to usage, increased crime, and abuse of actual dangerous illicit drugs.
@@ Line 166: / Line 165: @@
 === Reduction of income earned by organized crime ===
 The [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] has reported that cannabis sales and trafficking support violent criminal gangs.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.usdoj.gov/ndic/pubs11/12620/marijuana.htm |title=National Drug Threat Assessment 2006|publisher=[[National Drug Intelligence Center]]|date=February 2005|accessdate=2007-04-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usdoj.gov/ndic/pubs8/8731/marijuana.htm|title=National Drug Threat Assessment 2004|publisher=[[National Drug Intelligence Center]]|date=April 2004|accessdate=2007-04-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usdoj.gov/ndic/pubs/653/marijuan.htm|title=California Northern and Eastern Districts Drug Threat Assessment|publisher=[[National Drug Intelligence Center]]|date=January 2001|accessdate=2007-04-03}}</ref> Proponents of fully decriminalizing cannabis to allow the regulated cultivation and sale of cannabis, including [[Law Enforcement Against Prohibition]], argue that fully decriminalizing cannabis would largely decrease financial gains earned by gangs in black market cannabis sales and trafficking.<ref name=msnbc1 /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://leap.cc/Speakers/speakerbio.php?spkr=./Bios/becker.inc&name=Dean%20Becker|title=Dean Becker|publisher=[[Law Enforcement Against Prohibition]]|accessdate=2007-04-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/2002/Nov-06-Wed-2002/news/20007394.html|author=Ed Vogel|title=Legalization Initiative: Marijuana measure opposed|work=[[Las Vegas Review-Journal]]|date=2006-04-11|accessdate=2007-04-19}}</ref>
+===Displacement of alcohol consumption===
+A study in the ''[[Journal of Policy Analysis and Management]]'' by Mark Anderson and Daniel Reese indicated that increased marijuana use in California is a substitute for alcohol. This research showed that participants frequently choose marijuana over other substances. They reported that over 41 percent of the people said that they prefer to use marijuana instead of alcohol. Some of the main reasons for this substitute were ‘less withdrawal’, ‘fewer side-effects’ and ‘better symptom management’.<ref>{{cite web|author=Paul Armentano |url=http://www.alternet.org/drugs/marijuana-exit-drug-study-suggests-some-are-taking-it-substitute-prescription-drugs-and |title=Is Marijuana an 'Exit Drug'? Study Suggests Some Are Taking It as a Substitute for Prescription Drugs and Alcohol |publisher=Alternet |date=2012-12-26 |accessdate=2014-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/27/us/few-problems-with-cannabis-for-california.html?_r=0 | title=Few Problems With Cannabis for California | publisher=''[[The New York Times]]'' | date=October 26, 2013 | accessdate=5 May 2014 | author=Naggourney, Adam; Lyman, Rick}}</ref>
+[[Secretary of State of California|California Secretary of State’s office]] said that on September 7, 2010 the beer lobby donated $10,000 to Public Safety First, a group which opposed the passage of Proposition 19 to legalize cannabis.<ref name=laweekly>{{cite web|author=J. Patrick Coolican |url=http://www.laweekly.com/informer/2010/09/21/beer-lobby-gives-10000-to-no-on-proposition-19-pot-legalization |title=Beer Lobby Gives $10,000 To 'No' On Proposition 19 Pot Legalization |publisher=LA Weekly |date=2013-10-03 |accessdate=2014-05-04}}</ref>
 === Reduction of subsequent abuse of other illicit drugs ===
@@ Line 187: / Line 191: @@
 Some people are in favor of decriminalization and legalization of marijuana simply for the moral stance that individuals' freedom for [[property rights]] should be respected. This view is generally held in [[libertarianism|libertarian]] politics. This view is that regardless of any health effects of someone's lifestyle choice, if they are not directly harming anyone else or their property then they should be free to do what they want. Many people who support drug freedom policies may personally be strongly against drug use personally but still wants to protect the freedom of others to do so.{{citation needed|date=May 2013}}
-=== Historical ===
+===Investors===
-When considering marijuana legalization, it is important to understand why marijuana was outlawed in the first place. There are historical evidence showing that the main reason for marijuana ban by US government was political and racist in nature, aimed to suppress Black and Mexican minorities. A quote from 1934 newspaper :"Marihuana influences Negroes to look at white people in the eye, step on white men’s shadows and look at a white woman twice."
+In order to effectively campaign to legalize recreational cannabis use millions of dollars have been spent to lobby for this reform. George Soros is a billionaire hedge fund manager that has spent $3 million since the 1990s to legalize marijuana. <ref name=policymic>{{cite web|url=http://www.policymic.com/articles/60249/meet-the-professional-lobbyists-fighting-to-legalize-marijuana |title=Meet the Professional Lobbyists Fighting To Legalize Marijuana |publisher=PolicyMic |date=2013-08-20 |author=Eli Wolfe |accessdate=2014-05-04}}</ref> He supports the ACLU and NAACP, which claim that marijuana-related convictions reflect racial inequalities in the way US drug policies are enforced. <ref name=policymic/> In 2010 Soros wrote an op-ed in the [[The Wall Street Journal|Wall Street Journal]] citing the fact that African Americans are no more likely than other Americans to use marijuana but are far more likely to be arrested for possession. <ref>{{cite web|author=Suzanne Goldenberg |url=http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/oct/26/soros-marijuana-donation |title=George Soros gives $1m to California's pro-cannabis campaign |publisher=theguardian.com |author=Suzanne Goldenberg |date=2010-10-26 |accessdate=2014-05-04}}</ref> Soros also funds marijuana reform organizations like the Open Society Foundation and New Approach Washington. <ref name=policymic/>
-== Arguments in opposition ==
+Soros efforts to reform marijuana laws were predated by fellow billionaire, the late Peter Lewis. Lewis was the former chairman of Progressive Insurance and passed away November 23, 2013. <ref name=forbes>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/luisakroll/2013/11/24/billionaire-peter-lewis-who-fought-to-legalize-marjuana-has-died/ |title=Billionaire Peter Lewis, Advocate Of Marijuana Legalization, Dies At 80 |publisher=Forbes author=Luisa Kroll |date=2013-11-24 |accessdate=2014-05-04}}</ref> Lewis is considered to be the most high profile billionaire backer of drug reform and the [[National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws]] (NORML) estimated that Lewis had spent well over $40 million funding the cause since the 1980s. <ref name=forbes/> During the November 2012 election, he spent almost $3 million helping secure the passage of marijuana legalization bills in both Washington state and Massachusetts. <ref name=forbes/>
+The list of capitalists who have joined Soros and Lewis in the cause of Marijuana reform include John Sperling, who is the founder of the University of Phoenix and George Zimmer who is the founder and former CEO of Men’s Wearhouse. Sperling donated $70,000 to support marijuana law reform in Oregon,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://truth-out.org/news/item/9260-marijuana-advocates-spend-big-and-defeat-drug-war-proponent-in-oregon |title=Marijuana Advocates Spend Big and Defeat Drug War Proponent in Oregon |publisher=Truth-out.org |date=2012-05-20 |accessdate=2014-05-04 |author=Zaid Jilani}}</ref>  and Zimmer contributed $20,000 to advocate for marijuana decriminalization in California. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnbc.com/id/36179727 |title=The Marijuana Lobby: All Grown Up |author=Rob Reuteman |publisher=Cnbc.com |date=2010-04-20 |accessdate=2014-05-04}}</ref>
+These capitalists have helped pave the way for a new type of business with special interests in the Cannabis industry. The ArcView Group was founded in 2010 by Silicon Valley entrepreneurs and marijuana advocates Troy Dayton and Steve DeAngelo. <ref name=wsj>{{cite press release|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/PR-CO-20130502-904140.html |title=ArcView Angel Investors Commit Over $1 Million to Marijuana Industry Start-ups at Seattle Event |publisher=Online.wsj.com |date=2013-05-02 |accessdate=2014-05-04}}</ref> Their company teams up angel investors with companies that produce cannabis products and it's been one of the major sources of startup revenue for cannabis-related companies. <ref name=wsj/> This company has contributed hundreds of thousands of dollars to educational reform groups like the Students for [[Students for Sensible Drug Policy|Sensible Drug Policy]] and a pro-legalization PAC run by the Marijuana Policy Project. <ref name=wsj/>
+===The ACLU and NAACP===
+The ACLU takes a firm position that decriminalizing cannabis will keep tens of thousands of people from entering into the criminal justice system <ref name=marijuana-law-reform>{{cite web|url=https://www.aclu.org/criminal-law-reform/marijuana-law-reform |title=Marijuana Law Reform |publisher=American Civil Liberties Union |date= |accessdate=2014-05-04}}</ref> as police efforts result in both unnecessary arrests and the enforcement of marijuana laws wastes billions of tax payers’ dollars. <ref name=billions>{{cite web|url=https://www.aclu.org/billions-dollars-wasted-racially-biased-arrests |title=Billions of Dollars Wasted on Racially Biased Arrests |publisher=American Civil Liberties Union |date= |accessdate=2014-05-04}}</ref> They affirm that removing criminal penalties for marijuana offenses will therefore reduce the U.S. prison population and more effectively protect the public and promote public health. <ref name=marijuana-law-reform/> One of the reasons that the ACLU has been such a strong supporter of drug prohibition is that according to their research drug related arrests have largely driven America’s incarceration rate to unacceptable levels. Drug offenders comprise over 500,000 of the more than 2 million people in America’s prisons and jails, and drug offenses combined with failed drug tests account for a significant number of those returning to prison for parole and probation violations. <ref name=marijuana-law-reform/> Between 2001 and 2010, there were over 7 million pot arrests in the U.S. and of these arrests 88% were for simply having marijuana. <ref name=aclu-marijuana-arrests-numbers>[https://www.aclu.org/criminal-law-reorm/marijuana-arrests-numbers ]{{dead link|date=May 2014}}</ref> These marijuana related arrests now account for over half of all drug related arrests in the United States. <ref name=marijuana-law-reform/> These arrests tend to be racially imbalanced as a black person is 3.73 times more likely to be arrested than a white person for marijuana related charges, <ref name=marijuana-law-reform/> despite research that suggests fairly equal usage rates between the two races. <ref name=aclu-marijuana-arrests-numbers/> The ACLU is further troubled by the amount of money that is spent annually to enforce marijuana laws as they claim that over 3 billion dollars are spent every year by states to enforce marijuana regulation, <ref name=aclu-marijuana-arrests-numbers/> while the drug’s availability has not declined. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aclu.org/criminal-law-reform/war-marijuana-black-and-white-report |title=The War on Marijuana in Black and White: Report |publisher=American Civil Liberties Union |date=2013-06-03 |accessdate=2014-05-04}}</ref> The ACLU claims that over 50% of Americans support marijuana legalization <ref name=aclu-marijuana-arrests-numbers/> and they are advocating for the legalization of Cannabis through the Criminal Law Reform Project. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aclu.org/criminal-law-reform |title=Criminal Law Reform |publisher=American Civil Liberties Union |date= |accessdate=2014-05-04}}</ref> They believe that the resources that are spent on enforcing marijuana law could be better invested in our communities through education and job training. <ref name=billions/>
+The NAACP has taken a similar stance and has cited the same data used by the ACLU. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politifact.com/rhode-island/statements/2014/mar/16/naacp/new-england-naacp-says-african-americans-us-are-ar/ |title=New England NAACP says African-Americans in U.S. are arrested on marijuana charges at more than three times the rate of whites &#124; PolitiFact Rhode Island |publisher=Politifact.com |date= |accessdate=2014-05-04}}</ref> The NAACP has been strong supporters of the [[Legal history of cannabis in the United States|Respect State Marijuana Laws Act]] – H.R. 1523 and has reached out to members of congress to get this act passed. <ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/09/marijuana-naacp_n_4246693.html |title=Bipartisan Marijuana Bill Appears To Have One More Big Supporter In Its Corner: The NAACP |publisher=Huffingtonpost.com |date=2013-11-09 |accessdate=2014-05-04 |author=Chris Gentilviso}}</ref> This act is designed to decrease penalties for low-level marijuana possession and supports prohibiting federal enforcement of marijuana laws in states which have lesser penalties. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naacp.org/press/entry/naacp-passes-resolution-on-hr.-1523 |title=NAACP Passes Resolution on HR. 1523 |publisher=NAACP |date=2013-11-13 |accessdate=2014-05-04}}</ref>
+=== Racial bias ===
+There are claims of historical evidence showing that a significant reason for marijuana ban by US government was political and racist in nature, aimed to suppress Black and Mexican minorities. A quote from 1934 newspaper :"Marihuana influences Negroes to look at white people in the eye, step on white men’s shadows and look at a white woman twice."{{cn}}
+== Arguments in opposition ==
 === Subsequent abuse of other illicit drugs ===
 In 1985, [[Gabriel G. Nahas]] published ''Keep Off the Grass'', which stated that "[the] biochemical changes induced by marijuana in the brain result in drug-seeking, drug taking behavior, which in many instances will lead the user to experiment with other pleasurable substances. The risk of progression from marijuana to cocaine to heroin is now well documented."<ref>{{cite book|last=Nahas|first=Gabriel|authorlink=Gabriel G. Nahas|title=Keep off the Grass|publisher=P.S. Eriksson|year=1985|isbn=0-8397-4384-X}}</ref>
@@ Line 234: / Line 250: @@
 === Increased cannabis usage ===
 The [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] (DEA) has claimed that cannabis decriminalization will lead to increased cannabis use and addiction in the un-sourced pamphlet entitled "Speaking Out Against Drug Legalization".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/demand/speakout/06so.htm|title=Speaking Out Against Drug Legalization, Fact 6|date=May 2006|publisher=[[Drug Enforcement Administration]]|accessdate=2007-03-26}}</ref> The pamphlet states in 1979, after 11 states decriminalized private cannabis use, cannabis use among 12th grade students was almost 51 percent and in 1992, when stricter cannabis laws were put in place, the usage rate reduced to 22 percent. The pamphlet also states that when Alaska decriminalized cannabis in 1975, the cannabis use rate among youth eventually rose to twice the national average youth usage rate nationwide; even though the law did not apply to anyone under the age of 19, the pamphlet explains this is why Alaska re-criminalized cannabis in 1990. Save Our Society From Drugs (SOS) has also stated that decriminalizing cannabis will increase usage among teenagers, citing an increase in Alaskan youth cannabis usage when cannabis was decriminalized.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://cbs4denver.com/local/local_story_263172020.html|title=Opponents Take Aim At Marijuana Amendment|publisher=[[CBS]]: Denver|date=2006-09-20|accessdate=2007-04-19 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060920215631/http://cbs4denver.com/local/local_story_263172020.html |archivedate = September 20, 2006}}</ref>  However, cannabis use rose in all states in the 1970s, and the DEA does not say whether or not Alaska started out higher than the national average. Following decriminalization, Alaska youth had lower rates of daily use of cannabis than their peers in the rest of the US.<ref name="cedro-uva.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.cedro-uva.org/lib/harrison.cannabis.06.html |title=Marijuana policy and prevalence |publisher=Cedro-uva.org |date= |accessdate=2010-09-15}}</ref>
@@ Line 273: / Line 288: @@
 {{cquote|Most marijuana users do so responsibly, in a safe, recreational context. These people lead normal, productive lives — pursuing careers, raising families and participating in civic life ... A Kucinich administration would reject the current paradigm of 'all use is abuse' in favor of a drug policy that sets reasonable boundaries for marijuana use by establishing guidelines similar to those already in place for alcohol.}}
+Some members of religious organizations, even while not necessarily being in favor of marijuana consumption, have also spoken in favor of reform, due to medical reasons, or the social costs of enforcement and incarceration.<ref name=religionnews>{{cite web|url=http://www.religionnews.com/2014/02/03/faith-leaders-wrestle-growing-support-marijuana/ |title=Faith leaders wrestle over growing support for marijuana |publisher=Religionnews.com |date=2014-02-03 |author=Sarah Pulliam Bailey |accessdate=2014-05-04}}</ref>  For instance, Revered Samuel Rodriguez of National Hispanic Christian Leadership Conferences stated that “laws that prohibit marijuana affect the minorities significantly and hence should be reconsidered.” Religious groups uphold that marijuana does not harm as much as alcohol does and thus legalizing it for medicinal usage would not be harmful to the economy.<ref name=religionnews/>
-==Groups lobbying to prevent cannabis legalization==
-While it is presumed that mass production of marijuana is a potentially huge business{{Fact|date=May 2014}}{{By whom|date=May 2014}}, there are groups and businesses that are strongly opposed to legalizing the recreational use of cannabis. Private prisons, alcohol corporations and pharmaceutical companies all have significant financial interest in the drug’s legality being prevented. Private prisons rely on the high number of [[arrest]]s associated with marijuana enforcement law to maintain their populations at peak profit levels, while alcohol and pharmaceutical companies see it as a competing good that reduces their market shares.
-===Private prisons===
-[[Private prison]]s are publicly traded corporations operating on a business model of housing inmates when state prisons reach their capacities. Corrections Corporation of America and The GEO Group, Inc. retain the majority of market share with market caps of $3.62B and $2.3B, respectively. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasdaq.com/article/how-will-for-profit-prison-stocks-respond-to-marijuana-legalization-cm316957 |title=How Will For Profit Prison Stocks Respond to Marijuana Legalization? |publisher=NASDAQ.com |accessdate=2014-05-04 |author=James Dennin |date=2014-01-09}}</ref> In 2013, 750,000 people were arrested for charges involving cannabis with 40,000 inmates currently in prison for marijuana conviction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wealthdaily.com/articles/legalization-of-pot-means-trouble-for-private-prisons/4948 |title=Legalization of Pot Means Trouble for Private Prisons |publisher=Wealthdaily.com |date=2014-01-09 |accessdate=2014-05-04 |author=Marcelina Hardy}}</ref> In 2012, the CCA made an agreement with 48 states to buy public prisons in which the states committed to keep the prisons at 90% occupancy for the next 20 years. This commitment was tested in 2010 when three inmates escaped from a private prison in Arizona, which broke their capacity quota and they ended up suing the state and walked away with a $3 million settlement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/19/private-prison-quotas_n_3953483.html |title=Prison Quotas Push Lawmakers To Fill Beds, Derail Reform |publisher=Huffingtonpost.com |date=2013-09-19 |author=Chris Kirkham |accessdate=2014-05-04}}</ref> With this obligation some states have increased the incarceration rates for charges related to marijuana from a year for a first offense to life for selling it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://norml.org/laws/item/federal-penalties-2 |title=FEDERAL Laws & Penalties |publisher=Norml.org |date= |accessdate=2014-05-04}}</ref>{{Synthesis-inline|date=May 2014}}
-The recent legalization and decriminalization of cannabis in Colorado and Washington has private prisons worried.{{Fact|date=May 2014}} If decriminalization legislation in regards to cannabis were passed nationwide, the private prisons may not be able to keep their quotas which could tank their stock price and their business model.{{Fact|date=May 2014}}{{According to whom|date=May 2014}} This is one of the major reasons that has led to private prison groups to spend massive amounts of money on campaign contributions and lobbying.{{Fact|date=May 2014}} According to the Justice Police Institute, these groups donated $6 million to state candidates and spent close to a million dollars on federal lobbying.<ref>{{cite web|last=Chamberlin |first=Brett |url=http://nyulocal.com/national/2012/04/24/private-prisons-profit-off-pot-policing |title=Private Prisons Profit Off Pot Policing |publisher=Nyulocal.com |date=2012-04-24 |accessdate=2014-05-04}}</ref> Between the millions of dollars of losses in settlements to these private corporations and the average cost of $23,876 per inmate, and the increase to fund policing to ensure 90% capacity, it may leave many to question whether the savings many states utilized private prisons for is justified.{{Weasel-inline|date=May 2014}}
-===Alcohol corporations===
-A recent study in the ''[[Journal of Policy Analysis and Management]]'' by Mark Anderson and Daniel Reese has indicated that increased marijuana use in California is a substitute for alcohol. This research showed that participants frequently choose marijuana over other substances. They reported that over 41 percent of the people said that they prefer to use marijuana instead of alcohol. Some of the main reasons for this substitute were ‘less withdrawal’, ‘fewer side-effects’ and ‘better symptom management’.<ref>{{cite web|author=Paul Armentano |url=http://www.alternet.org/drugs/marijuana-exit-drug-study-suggests-some-are-taking-it-substitute-prescription-drugs-and |title=Is Marijuana an 'Exit Drug'? Study Suggests Some Are Taking It as a Substitute for Prescription Drugs and Alcohol |publisher=Alternet |date=2012-12-26 |accessdate=2014-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/27/us/few-problems-with-cannabis-for-california.html?_r=0 | title=Few Problems With Cannabis for California | publisher=''[[The New York Times]]'' | date=October 26, 2013 | accessdate=5 May 2014 | author=Naggourney, Adam; Lyman, Rick}}</ref>
-Alcohol companies are afraid of the competition that marijuana is bringing to the table and they are willing to spend money to keep it illegal.{{According to whom|date=May 2014}}<ref>{{cite web|author=Lee Fang |url=http://www.republicreport.org/2012/marijuana-lobby-illegal/#sthash.RBnvGuWu.bZ4xDVYh.dpuf |title=The Top Five Special Interest Groups Lobbying To Keep Marijuana Illegal |publisher=Republic Report |date=2012-04-20 |accessdate=2014-05-04}}</ref> Campaign finance report from California reveals that [[California Beer and Beverage Distributors]], which has over 100 beer distributors statewide, is one of the primary backers of the Public Safety First group that is lobbying against marijuana by saying no to the Proposition 19 campaign.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cal-access.sos.ca.gov/Campaign/Committees/Detail.aspx?id=1326337 |title=Campaign Finance:  Public Safety First - No on Prop. 19 |publisher=Cal-access.sos.ca.gov |date= |accessdate=2014-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Paul Armentano |url=http://www.alternet.org/story/148213/alcohol_lobby_now_openly_spending_against_ca%27s_legal_pot_initiative_in_alliance_with_police_industrial_complex?page=0%2C0 |title=Alcohol Lobby Now Openly Spending Against CA's Legal Pot Initiative in Alliance with Police Industrial Complex |publisher=Alternet |date=2010-09-17 |accessdate=2014-05-04}}</ref> [[Secretary of State of California|California Secretary of State’s office]] said that on September 7, 2010 the beer lobby donated $10,000 to Public Safety First.<ref name=laweekly>{{cite web|author=J. Patrick Coolican |url=http://www.laweekly.com/informer/2010/09/21/beer-lobby-gives-10000-to-no-on-proposition-19-pot-legalization |title=Beer Lobby Gives $10,000 To 'No' On Proposition 19 Pot Legalization |publisher=LA Weekly |date=2013-10-03 |accessdate=2014-05-04}}</ref>  That was just a few days before Public Safety First sent an online claim against the passage of Prop. 19, which in turn would have legalized the use and limited farming of cannabis and would have allowed local government to regulate it’s production and distribution.<ref name=laweekly/> 2008 they donated $100,000 to lobby against Proposition 5, the Nonviolent Offender Rehabilitation Act, which would have reduced criminal marijuana possession penalties from a crime to a non-criminal violation.<ref name=laweekly/>
-===Pharmaceutical companies===
-[[Pharmaceutical lobby|Pharmaceutical companies]] spent $900 million on lobbying between 1998 and 2005, more than any other industry.{{Irrelevant (inline)|date=May 2014}} Pharmaceutical companies are one of the main industries lobbying to keep marijuana illegal and have paid millions of dollars to law making officials for anti-marijuana laws. There was a study done by Reiman which showed that 66 percent of patients used cannabis as a substitute for prescription drugs; while 68 percent used cannabis as a substitute for prescription drugs to treat chronic illness. The side effects were reported to be lower by 85 percent of the patients than from prescribed medication. The pharmaceutical market was estimated to be worth $837 billion in 2009, this number is expected to reach one trillion dollars in the near future. Pharmaceutical companies also have a problem with the legalization of marijuana because they cannot paten the marijuana plant. <ref>{{cite web|author=Lee Fang |url=http://www.republicreport.org/2012/marijuana-lobby-illegal/ |title=The Top Five Special Interest Groups Lobbying To Keep Marijuana Illegal |publisher=Republic Report |date=2014-04-20 |accessdate=2014-05-04}}</ref> A retired police officer Howard Wooldridge, told the Republic Report that after police unions, pharmaceutical companies are in second place in lobbying to keep marijuana illegal. He stated that the reason was because marijuana can replace a lot of medication offered by pharmaceutical companies, from Advil to Vicodin and other expensive pills.
-==Groups lobbying to legalize cannabis==
-Efforts to legalize cannabis has attracted a broad range of interest groups. The [[American Civil Liberties Union]] (ACLU) and the [[National Association for the Advancement of Colored People]] (NAACP) have been strong supporters of marijuana legalization and they along with other interest groups have received financial support from some notable capitalists. Law reform on the subject has also attracted support from religious organizations. The ACLU and the NAACP are fighting for marijuana law reform as they claim it is being administered unjustly. Some religious groups have taken this position as well and also support the drug’s medical merit. This cause has further been supported by capitalists like [[George Soros]] and the late [[Peter B. Lewis|Peter Lewis]] who have backed such reform with significant donations over the past few decades.
-===The ACLU and NAACP===
-The ACLU takes a firm position that decriminalizing cannabis will keep tens of thousands of people from entering into the criminal justice system <ref name=marijuana-law-reform>{{cite web|url=https://www.aclu.org/criminal-law-reform/marijuana-law-reform |title=Marijuana Law Reform |publisher=American Civil Liberties Union |date= |accessdate=2014-05-04}}</ref> as police efforts result in both unnecessary arrests and the enforcement of marijuana laws wastes billions of tax payers’ dollars. <ref name=billions>{{cite web|url=https://www.aclu.org/billions-dollars-wasted-racially-biased-arrests |title=Billions of Dollars Wasted on Racially Biased Arrests |publisher=American Civil Liberties Union |date= |accessdate=2014-05-04}}</ref> They affirm that removing criminal penalties for marijuana offenses will therefore reduce the U.S. prison population and more effectively protect the public and promote public health. <ref name=marijuana-law-reform/> One of the reasons that the ACLU has been such a strong supporter of drug prohibition is that according to their research drug related arrests have largely driven America’s incarceration rate to unacceptable levels. Drug offenders comprise over 500,000 of the more than 2 million people in America’s prisons and jails, and drug offenses combined with failed drug tests account for a significant number of those returning to prison for parole and probation violations. <ref name=marijuana-law-reform/> Between 2001 and 2010, there were over 7 million pot arrests in the U.S. and of these arrests 88% were for simply having marijuana. <ref name=aclu-marijuana-arrests-numbers>[https://www.aclu.org/criminal-law-reorm/marijuana-arrests-numbers ]{{dead link|date=May 2014}}</ref> These marijuana related arrests now account for over half of all drug related arrests in the United States. <ref name=marijuana-law-reform/> These arrests tend to be racially imbalanced as a black person is 3.73 times more likely to be arrested than a white person for marijuana related charges, <ref name=marijuana-law-reform/> despite research that suggests fairly equal usage rates between the two races. <ref name=aclu-marijuana-arrests-numbers/> The ACLU is further troubled by the amount of money that is spent annually to enforce marijuana laws as they claim that over 3 billion dollars are spent every year by states to enforce marijuana regulation, <ref name=aclu-marijuana-arrests-numbers/> while the drug’s availability has not declined. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aclu.org/criminal-law-reform/war-marijuana-black-and-white-report |title=The War on Marijuana in Black and White: Report |publisher=American Civil Liberties Union |date=2013-06-03 |accessdate=2014-05-04}}</ref> The ACLU claims that over 50% of Americans support marijuana legalization <ref name=aclu-marijuana-arrests-numbers/> and they are advocating for the legalization of Cannabis through the Criminal Law Reform Project. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aclu.org/criminal-law-reform |title=Criminal Law Reform |publisher=American Civil Liberties Union |date= |accessdate=2014-05-04}}</ref> They believe that the resources that are spent on enforcing marijuana law could be better invested in our communities through education and job training. <ref name=billions/>
-The NAACP has taken a similar stance and has cited the same data used by the ACLU. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politifact.com/rhode-island/statements/2014/mar/16/naacp/new-england-naacp-says-african-americans-us-are-ar/ |title=New England NAACP says African-Americans in U.S. are arrested on marijuana charges at more than three times the rate of whites &#124; PolitiFact Rhode Island |publisher=Politifact.com |date= |accessdate=2014-05-04}}</ref> The NAACP has been strong supporters of the [[Legal history of cannabis in the United States|Respect State Marijuana Laws Act]] – H.R. 1523 and has reached out to members of congress to get this act passed. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/09/marijuana-naacp_n_4246693.html |title=Bipartisan Marijuana Bill Appears To Have One More Big Supporter In Its Corner: The NAACP |publisher=Huffingtonpost.com |date=2013-11-09 |accessdate=2014-05-04 |author=Chris Gentilviso}}</ref> This act is designed to decrease penalties for low-level marijuana possession and supports prohibiting federal enforcement of marijuana laws in states which have lesser penalties. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naacp.org/press/entry/naacp-passes-resolution-on-hr.-1523 |title=NAACP Passes Resolution on HR. 1523 |publisher=NAACP |date=2013-11-13 |accessdate=2014-05-04}}</ref>
-===Capitalists===
-In order to effectively campaign to legalize recreational cannabis use millions of dollars have been spent to lobby for this reform. George Soros is a billionaire hedge fund manager that has spent $3 million since the 1990s to legalize marijuana. <ref name=policymic>{{cite web|url=http://www.policymic.com/articles/60249/meet-the-professional-lobbyists-fighting-to-legalize-marijuana |title=Meet the Professional Lobbyists Fighting To Legalize Marijuana |publisher=PolicyMic |date=2013-08-20 |author=Eli Wolfe |accessdate=2014-05-04}}</ref> He supports the ACLU and NAACP, which claim that marijuana-related convictions reflect racial inequalities in the way US drug policies are enforced. <ref name=policymic/> In 2010 Soros wrote an op-ed in the [[The Wall Street Journal|Wall Street Journal]] citing the fact that African Americans are no more likely than other Americans to use marijuana but are far more likely to be arrested for possession. <ref>{{cite web|author=Suzanne Goldenberg |url=http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/oct/26/soros-marijuana-donation |title=George Soros gives $1m to California's pro-cannabis campaign |publisher=theguardian.com |author=Suzanne Goldenberg |date=2010-10-26 |accessdate=2014-05-04}}</ref> Soros also funds marijuana reform organizations like the Open Society Foundation and New Approach Washington. <ref name=policymic/>
-Soros efforts to reform marijuana laws were predated by fellow billionaire, the late Peter Lewis. Lewis was the former chairman of Progressive Insurance and passed away November 23, 2013. <ref name=forbes>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/luisakroll/2013/11/24/billionaire-peter-lewis-who-fought-to-legalize-marjuana-has-died/ |title=Billionaire Peter Lewis, Advocate Of Marijuana Legalization, Dies At 80 |publisher=Forbes author=Luisa Kroll |date=2013-11-24 |accessdate=2014-05-04}}</ref> Lewis is considered to be the most high profile billionaire backer of drug reform and the [[National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws]] (NORML) estimated that Lewis had spent well over $40 million funding the cause since the 1980s. <ref name=forbes/> During the November 2012 election, he spent almost $3 million helping secure the passage of marijuana legalization bills in both Washington state and Massachusetts. <ref name=forbes/>
-The list of capitalists who have joined Soros and Lewis in the cause of Marijuana reform include John Sperling, who is the founder of the University of Phoenix and George Zimmer who is the founder and former CEO of Men’s Wearhouse. Sperling donated $70,000 to support marijuana law reform in Oregon,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://truth-out.org/news/item/9260-marijuana-advocates-spend-big-and-defeat-drug-war-proponent-in-oregon |title=Marijuana Advocates Spend Big and Defeat Drug War Proponent in Oregon |publisher=Truth-out.org |date=2012-05-20 |accessdate=2014-05-04 |author=Zaid Jilani}}</ref>  and Zimmer contributed $20,000 to advocate for marijuana decriminalization in California. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnbc.com/id/36179727 |title=The Marijuana Lobby: All Grown Up |author=Rob Reuteman |publisher=Cnbc.com |date=2010-04-20 |accessdate=2014-05-04}}</ref>
-These capitalists have helped pave the way for a new type of business with special interests in the Cannabis industry. The ArcView Group was founded in 2010 by Silicon Valley entrepreneurs and marijuana advocates Troy Dayton and Steve DeAngelo. <ref name=wsj>{{cite press release|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/PR-CO-20130502-904140.html |title=ArcView Angel Investors Commit Over $1 Million to Marijuana Industry Start-ups at Seattle Event |publisher=Online.wsj.com |date=2013-05-02 |accessdate=2014-05-04}}</ref> Their company teams up angel investors with companies that produce cannabis products and it's been one of the major sources of startup revenue for cannabis-related companies. <ref name=wsj/> This company has contributed hundreds of thousands of dollars to educational reform groups like the Students for [[Students for Sensible Drug Policy|Sensible Drug Policy]] and a pro-legalization PAC run by the Marijuana Policy Project. <ref name=wsj/>
-===Religious Groups===
-[[Religious organization]]s have significantly influenced the policies enacted in this nation. Research shows that religious lobbying has greatly increased in the world at present. Back in the 1970s, almost forty religious organizations were identified with lobbying while today almost 200 religious organizations are identified with lobbying. Many religious groups support marijuana legalization in defense that it is used for medicinal purposes.<ref name=religionnews>{{cite web|url=http://www.religionnews.com/2014/02/03/faith-leaders-wrestle-growing-support-marijuana/ |title=Faith leaders wrestle over growing support for marijuana |publisher=Religionnews.com |date=2014-02-03 |author=Sarah Pulliam Bailey |accessdate=2014-05-04}}</ref>  There are so many competing interests in reference to the legalization of marijuana among religious leaders. For instance, Revered Samuel Rodriguez of National Hispanic Christian Leadership Conferences stated that “laws that prohibit marijuana affect the minorities significantly and hence should be reconsidered.” Religious groups uphold that marijuana does not harm as much as alcohol does and thus legalizing it for medicinal usage would not be harmful to the economy.<ref name=religionnews/>
-In a similar way, one of the famous evangelical leaders, Mark DeMoss, also raised a question about the revision of the existing policies towards marijuana. He explains that today about 50% of all prisoners are detained for nonviolent crimes, most of which are related to drugs, particularly, marijuana. As a result, both individuals and society suffer because people face imprisonment even if they do not harm others while taxpayers have to pay for incarceration. Thus, DeMoss concludes that the government should legalize marijuana because in such a way it will be able to resolve the problem. While DeMoss does not promote free use of marijuana, he notices that the country clearly has more serious problems. For example, the USA already experiences serious losses due to high rates of alcohol abuse since alcohol potentially can be more dangerous than marijuana.<ref name=religionnews/>
-However, it should be emphasized that such changes in views by religious organizations on marijuana are rather consistent with changes in public opinion. Only a few decades ago most Americans opposed legalization of marijuana, but as of 2013, at least 52% of citizens are ready to accept legalization while only 45% oppose it. Furthermore, strong support of legalization among younger generations (65% among those adults who were born after 1980) suggests that public support of legalization will keep increasing. Colorado and Washington have already legalized marijuana, and it is likely that other states will eventually start following their example. In a similar way, religious Americans and their organizations start becoming more liberal when expressing their views on marijuana. Nevertheless, the majority of religious organizations are still not ready to support legalization openly because effects of consumption of marijuana are similar to that of alcohol and include weakened control over one's behavior what is not approved by the church.<ref name=religionnews/>
 == See also ==
 {{portal|Cannabis|Law|United States}}
+*[[Legality of cannabis by country]]
-*[[Prohibition|Alcohol prohibition]]
-*[[Adult lifetime cannabis use by country]]
+**[[Adult lifetime cannabis use by country]]
-*[[Annual cannabis use by country]]
+**[[Annual cannabis use by country]]
-*[[Cannabis and lobbying efforts]]
 *[[Health issues and the effects of cannabis]]
-*[[Illegal drug trade]]
 *[[Legal and medical status of cannabis]]
 *[[Legal issues of cannabis]]
-*[[Legality of cannabis by country]]
-*[[Marijuana Policy Project]]
 *[[Medical cannabis in the United States]]
-*[[NORML]]
-*[[Places that have decriminalized non-medical cannabis in the United States]]
 *[[Removal of cannabis from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act]]
-*[[Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs]]
-*[[Washington Initiative 502]]
 == References ==
@@ Line 342: / Line 308: @@
 * [http://www.norml.org/index.cfm?Group_ID=3383 Marijuana decriminalization and its impact on use] from [[National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws|NORML]]
 * [http://oas.samhsa.gov/2k5/subStateMJ/subStateMJ.htm: Marijuana use in substate areas] from [[National Survey on Drug Use and Health|National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH)]]
-* [http://www.latimes.com/features/image/la-ig-potside-0830-pictures,0,1929608.photogallery High Points in Recent Pot Culture History] - slideshow by ''[[Los Angeles Times|The Los Angeles Times]]''
+* [http://www.latimes.com/features/image/la-ig-potside-0830-pictures,0,1929608.photogallery High Points in Recent Pot Culture History] - slideshow by ''[[The Los Angeles Times]]''
 {{Cannabis in the United States}}
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 {{Social Policy in the United States}}
-[[Category:Cannabis research]]
+[[Category:Cannabis legal reform in the United States]]
 [[Category:Cannabis law in the United States]]
 [[Category:Cannabis in the United States]]
-[[Category:Cannabis legal reform in the United States]]
+[[Category:Cannabis research]]