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|nativename=لوری
|nativename=لوری
|pronunciation={{IPA-fa|loriː}}
|pronunciation={{IPA-fa|loriː}}
|states=[[Iran]]; a few villages in eastern [[Iraq]].<ref>{{e18|lrc|Northern Luri}}</ref><ref name="Historical Dictionary of Iraq">[https://books.google.nl/books?id=ZmQYAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA209&dq=luri+people+in+iraq&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=KcZPVffMG4HSsgHH8YGACg&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=luri%20people%20in%20iraq&f=false Historical Dictionary of Iraq]</ref>
|states=[[Iran]]; a few villages in eastern [[Iraq]].<ref>{{e18|lrc|Northern Luri}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.nl/books?id=ZmQYAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA209&dq=luri+people+in+iraq&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=KcZPVffMG4HSsgHH8YGACg&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=luri%20people%20in%20iraq&f=false Historical Dictionary of Iraq]</ref>
|region=Central and Southern [[Zagros]]
|region=Southern [[Zagros]]
|ethnicity=[[Lurs]]
|ethnicity=[[Lurs]]
|speakers=5 million
|speakers=5 million
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|fam5=[[Southwestern Iranian languages|Southwestern]]
|fam5=[[Southwestern Iranian languages|Southwestern]]
|dia1=Northern Lurish (Minjai)
|dia1=Northern Lurish (Minjai)
|dia2=Bakhtoari Lurish
|dia2=Feyli Lurish
|dia3=Southern Lurish
|dia3=Bakhtoari Lurish
|dia4=Laki Lurish
|dia5=Southern Lurish
|lc1=lrc|ld1=Northern Lurish
|lc1=lrc|ld1=Northern Lurish
|lc2=bqi|ld2=[[Bakhtiari dialect|Bakhtiari]] Lurish
|lc2=bqi|ld2=[[Bakhtiari dialect|Bakhtiari]] Lurish
|lc3=luz|ld3=Southern Lurish
|lc3=luz|ld3=Southern Lurish
|lc4=lki|ld4=Laki Lurish
|glotto=luri1252
|glotto=luri1252
|glottorefname=Luric
|glottorefname=Luric
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}}
}}


'''Luri''' also '''Lurish''' is a Western Iranian dialect continuum spoken by the Lurs in Western Asia. Lurish language forms three dialect groups known as Northern Lurish ([[Minjaee]]), [[Bakhtiari dialect|Bakhtiari]] and [[Southern Lurish]].<ref>Yar-Shater, Ehsan. ۱۹۸۲. Encyclopaedia Iranica. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. V, p. ۶۱۷</ref>
'''Luri''' also '''Lurish''' is a Western Iranian dialect continuum spoken by the Lurs in Western Asia. Lurish language forms five dialect groups known as [[Feyli language|Feyli luris]]h, Northern Lurish ([[Minjaee]]),[[Laki language|Laki]], [[Bakhtiari dialect|Bakhtiari]] and [[Southern Lurish]].<ref>Yar-Shater, Ehsan. ۱۹۸۲. Encyclopaedia Iranica. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. V, p. ۶۱۷</ref>
These dialects are spoken mainly by the [[Bakhtiari people]] and Southern Lurs in [[Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province|Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad]], [[Mamasani County|Mamasani]], [[Sepidan County|Sepidan]], [[Bandar Ganaveh]], [[Deylam]].<ref>John Limbert، The Origin and Appearance of The Kurds In Pre-Islamic Iran. Iranian Studies. http://www.jstor.org/pss/4309997</ref>
This language is spoken mainly by the [[Bakhtiari people|Bakhtairies]]and Southern Lurs ([[Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province|Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad]], [[Mamasani County|Mamasani]], [[Sepidan County|Sepidan]], [[Bandar Ganaveh]], [[Deylam]]).<ref>John Limbert، The Origin and Appearance of The Kurds In Pre-Islamic Iran. Iranian Studies. http://www.jstor.org/pss/4309997</ref>


[[File:Map of Luri-inhabited provinces of Iran, according to a poll in 2010.PNG|thumb|Map of Luri-inhabited provinces of Iran, according to a poll in 2010]]
[[File:Map of Luri-inhabited provinces of Iran, according to a poll in 2010.PNG|thumb|Map of Luri-inhabited provinces of Iran, according to a poll in 2010]]
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==Internal classification==
==Internal classification==


The language is divided into three dialects: [[Lurish language|Northern Lurish]]; this dialect is spoken by northern parts of [[Lurs|Lurish]] communities including eastern, central and northern parts of [[Lorestan province|Luristan]] province, Southern parts of [[Hamadan province|Hamadan]] province mainly in [[Malayer]], [[Nahavand]] and [[Tuyserkan]] counties, Southern regions of [[Ilam province]] and southeastern parts of [[Markazi province]], [[Bakhtiari Lurish]]; this dialect is used by [[Bakhtiari people]] in South [[Luristan]], [[Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari]] province, significant regions in north and east of [[Khouzestan]] and western regions of [[Isfahan province]], and [[Southern Lurish]]; which is spoken by total [[Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad]] province, western, and central regions in [[Fars province]], northern and western parts of [[Bushehr province]] and southeastern regions of [[Khouzestan]]. Several Lurish communities are inhabited sporadicly across [[Iran Plateau]] e.g. [[Khorasan Province|Khorasan]] (Beyranvand and Bakhtiare Lurish descendants), [[Kerman]], [[Guilan]] and [[Tehran]] provinces.<ref name="iranicaonlineii"/><ref name="iranica1"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/>
The language is divided into five dialects: [[Feyli dialect|Feyli Lurish]]; this dialect is used by [[Feyli]] people in Northern regions of [[Ilam]], central regions of [[Kermanshah province|Kermanshah]] and significant parts of eastern [[Iraq]] in [[Diyala Governorate|Diyala province]] ([[Khanaqin]], [[Balad Ruz|Mendeli]] and [[Muqdadiyah]] cities) and [[Baghdad Governate|Baghdad]]<ref>[https://books.google.nl/books?id=ZmQYAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA209&dq=luri+people+in+iraq&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=KcZPVffMG4HSsgHH8YGACg&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=luri%20people%20in%20iraq&f=false Historical Dictionary of Iraq]</ref>; [[Lurish language|Northern Lurish]]; this dialect is spoken by northern parts of [[Lurs|Lurish]] communities including eastern, central and northern parts of [[Lorestan province|Luristan]] province, Southern parts of [[Hamadan province|Hamadan]] province mainly in [[Malayer]], [[Nahavand]] and [[Tuyserkan]] counties, Southern regions of [[Ilam province]] and southeastern parts of [[Markazi province]], [[Laki dialect|Laki Lurish]]; this dialect is used in central and northwestern regions of [[Luristan]], central and southern regions of [[Ilam]] and southern parts of [[Kermanshah]], [[Bakhtiari Lurish]]; this dialect is used by [[Bakhtiari people]] in South [[Luristan]], [[Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari]] province, significant regions in north and east of [[Khouzestan]] and western regions of [[Isfahan province]], and [[Southern Lurish]]; which is spoken by total [[Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad]] province, western, and central regions in [[Fars province]], northern and western parts of [[Bushehr province]] and southeastern regions of [[Khouzestan]]. Several Lurish communities are inhabited sporadicly across [[Iran Plateau]] e.g. [[Khorasan]] (Beyranvand and Bakhtiare Lurish descendants), [[Kerman]], [[Guilan]] and [[Tehran]] provinces<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/lori-language-ii|title=LORI LANGUAGE ii. Sociolinguistic Status – Encyclopædia Iranica|publisher=}}</ref><ref>[http://www.iranica.com/newsite/index.isc?Article=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/v3f5/v3f5a081.html Bakhtiari tribe and the Bakhtiari dialect] {{dead link|date=February 2015}}, Encyclopædia Iranica.</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">امان الهی بهاروند. اسکندر: قوم لر، انتشارات آگاه، تهران، ۱۳۷۴</ref>.


==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
[[Lurish]] language in comparison with other [[Iranian languages]] has been less affected by foreign invaders language e.g. [[Arabic]] and [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]. Nowaday, lots of ancient Iranian language characteristics are preserved and can be observed in Lurish grammar and vocabulary. According to diverse regional and socio-ecological conditions and due to longtime social interrelations with adjacent ethnic groups especially [[Kurds]] and [[Persian people]], different dialects of Lurish in spite of maily common characteris, have significant differences. Northern dialect tends to have more [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] loanwords inside and southern dialects ([[Bakhtiari dialect|Bakhtiari]] and south Lurish) have been more exposed to [[Persian language|Persian]] loanwords.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.everyculture.com/Africa-Middle-East/Lur-History-and-Cultural-Relations.html |title=History and cultural relations - Lur |publisher=Everyculture.com |date= |accessdate=2015-09-21}}</ref>
[[Lurish]] language in comparison with other [[Iranian languages]] has been less affected by foreign invaders language e.g. [[Arabic]] and [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]. Nowaday, lots of ancient Iranian language characteristics are preserved and can be observed in Lurish grammar and vocabulary. According to diverse regional and socio-ecological conditions and due to longtime social interrelations with adjacent ethnic groups especially [[Kurds]] and [[Persian people]], different dialects of Lurish in spite of maily common characteris, have significant differences. Nothern dialect tends to have more [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] loanwords inside and southern dialects ([[Bakhtiari dialect|Bakhtiari]] and south Lurish) have been more exposed to [[Persian language|Persian]] loanwords.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.everyculture.com/Africa-Middle-East/Lur-History-and-Cultural-Relations.html |title=History and cultural relations - Lur |publisher=Everyculture.com |date= |accessdate=2015-09-21}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Laki Kurdish ||South Lurish ||Minjai || Bakhtiari||English||Persian || Persian transcription
! Laki ||South Lurish ||Minjai || Bakhtiari||English||Perian || Persian transcription
|-
|-
| berd/kiçik ||berd/kuçuk|| berd ||berd ||stone||سنگ || sang
| berd/kıçık ||berd/kuçuk|| berd ||berd ||stone||سنگ || sang
|-
|-
|sē|| sē|| sē/sia || šé/sē ||black||سیاه|| siyah
|sē|| sē|| sē/sia || šé/sē ||black||سیاه|| siyah
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| jejŭle || cilé/cŭlé || jejŭ/jejŭle ||čŭlé||Porcupine||تشی || tashi
| jejŭle || cilé/cŭlé || jejŭ/jejŭle ||čŭlé||Porcupine||تشی || tashi
|-
|-
| agir/awir || teš || agır/teš||teš/agır||fire||آتش || aatash
| agır/awır || teš || agır/teš||teš/agır||fire||آتش || aatash
|-
|-
| bìlam || bēlum || bílam ||bēlum||let me||به من اجازه بده || be man ejaze bedeh
| bìlam || bēlum || bílam ||bēlum||let me||به من اجازه بده || be man ejaze bedeh
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| mezg|| mezg || mezg ||mezg||brain||مغز || maghz
| mezg|| mezg || mezg ||mezg||brain||مغز || maghz
|-
|-
| pišî||gulŭ || pıšì/gulŭ ||gulŭ||cat||گربه|| gorbeh
| pıšì||gulŭ || pıšì/gulŭ ||gulŭ||cat||گربه|| gorbeh
|-
|-
| gemal|| kutŭ/seg|| gemal/sey||kutŭ||dog||سگ|| sag
| gemal|| kutŭ/seg|| gemal/sey||kutŭ||dog||سگ|| sag
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* [[Borujerdi dialect]]
* [[Borujerdi dialect]]
* [[Dialects of Fars]]
* [[Dialects of Fars]]
* [[Laki language]]


== References ==
== References ==
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{{interwiki|code=lrc|language=Northern Lurish}}
{{interwiki|code=lrc|language=Northern Lurish}}
{{Incubator|code=bqi|language=Bakhtiari}}
{{Incubator|code=bqi|language=Bakhtiari}}
{{Incubator|lki|language=Laki Lurish}}
–{{Incubator|code=luz|language=Southern Lurish}}
–{{Incubator|code=luz|language=Southern Lurish}}
* {{WALS|lur|Lur}}
* {{WALS|lur|Lur}}

Revision as of 06:49, 18 December 2015

"Luri" redirects here. For the town in France, see Luri, Haute-Corse.
Not to be confused with Luri language (Nigeria).
Lurish
لوری
PronunciationPersian pronunciation: [loriː]
Native toIran; a few villages in eastern Iraq.[1][2]
RegionSouthern Zagros
EthnicityLurs
Native speakers
5 million (2012)[3]
Dialects
  • Northern Lurish (Minjai)
  • Feyli Lurish
  • Bakhtoari Lurish
  • Laki Lurish
  • Southern Lurish
Language codes
ISO 639-3Variously:
lrc – Northern Lurish
bqi – Bakhtiari Lurish
luz – Southern Lurish
lki – Laki Lurish
Glottologluri1252
Luri languages. (Note: Iraqi distribution corresponds to that of Southern Kurdish.)

Luri also Lurish is a Western Iranian dialect continuum spoken by the Lurs in Western Asia. Lurish language forms five dialect groups known as Feyli lurish, Northern Lurish (Minjaee),Laki, Bakhtiari and Southern Lurish.[4] This language is spoken mainly by the Bakhtairiesand Southern Lurs (Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Mamasani, Sepidan, Bandar Ganaveh, Deylam).[5]

Map of Luri-inhabited provinces of Iran, according to a poll in 2010

History

They descend from Middle Persian (Pahlavi).[6][6][7] They belong to the Persid or Southern Zagros group, and are lexically similar to modern Persian, differing mainly in phonology.[8]

According to the Encyclopædia Iranica, "All Lori dialects closely resemble standard Persian and probably developed from a stage of Persian similar to that represented in Early New Persian texts written in Perso-Arabic script. The sole typical Lori feature not known in early New Persian or derivable from it is the inchoative marker (see below), though even this is found in Judeo-Persian texts".[9] The Bakhtiāri dialect may be transitional between Kurdish and Persian.[10] However, there was never a common ancestor to Luri. There are two distinct languages, Greater Lors (Lor-e bozorg), a.k.a. Southern Luri (including Bakhtiari dialect), and Lesser Lors (Lor-e kuček), a.k.a. Northern Luri.[9]

Speakers

Lur peoples of Iran are mainly in provinces of Lorestan, Ilam Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Fars province (especially Mamasani and Rostam), Khuzestan, Esfahan province and Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad.[11] A large crowd of Lurs is located in Eastern parts of Iraq.

Internal classification

The language is divided into five dialects: Feyli Lurish; this dialect is used by Feyli people in Northern regions of Ilam, central regions of Kermanshah and significant parts of eastern Iraq in Diyala province (Khanaqin, Mendeli and Muqdadiyah cities) and Baghdad[12]; Northern Lurish; this dialect is spoken by northern parts of Lurish communities including eastern, central and northern parts of Luristan province, Southern parts of Hamadan province mainly in Malayer, Nahavand and Tuyserkan counties, Southern regions of Ilam province and southeastern parts of Markazi province, Laki Lurish; this dialect is used in central and northwestern regions of Luristan, central and southern regions of Ilam and southern parts of Kermanshah, Bakhtiari Lurish; this dialect is used by Bakhtiari people in South Luristan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, significant regions in north and east of Khouzestan and western regions of Isfahan province, and Southern Lurish; which is spoken by total Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, western, and central regions in Fars province, northern and western parts of Bushehr province and southeastern regions of Khouzestan. Several Lurish communities are inhabited sporadicly across Iran Plateau e.g. Khorasan (Beyranvand and Bakhtiare Lurish descendants), Kerman, Guilan and Tehran provinces[13][14][11].

Vocabulary

Lurish language in comparison with other Iranian languages has been less affected by foreign invaders language e.g. Arabic and Turkic. Nowaday, lots of ancient Iranian language characteristics are preserved and can be observed in Lurish grammar and vocabulary. According to diverse regional and socio-ecological conditions and due to longtime social interrelations with adjacent ethnic groups especially Kurds and Persian people, different dialects of Lurish in spite of maily common characteris, have significant differences. Nothern dialect tends to have more Kurdish loanwords inside and southern dialects (Bakhtiari and south Lurish) have been more exposed to Persian loanwords.[15]

Laki South Lurish Minjai Bakhtiari English Perian Persian transcription
berd/kıçık berd/kuçuk berd berd stone سنگ sang
sē sē sē/sia šé/sē black سیاه siyah
čem tye češ ti/tye eye چشم chashm
da/daleke da/dey da/daleke da mother مادر maadar
pet nuft pet nuft nose بینی bini
verza verza verza verza bull گاونر gāve nar
manga maga maga maga cow گاو ماده gave made
jejŭle cilé/cŭlé jejŭ/jejŭle čŭlé Porcupine تشی tashi
agır/awır teš agır/teš teš/agır fire آتش aatash
bìlam bēlum bílam bēlum let me به من اجازه بده be man ejaze bedeh
kur kur kur kur son/boy پسر pesar
dōt duwer/dōder duxter dōder daughter دختر dokhtar
piayēl piayel piaya piayel men مردها mardha
jenēl zenel zenia zenel women زنها zanha
mezg mezg mezg mezg brain مغز maghz
pıšì gulŭ pıšì/gulŭ gulŭ cat گربه gorbeh
gemal kutŭ/seg gemal/sey kutŭ dog سگ sag
bet bet bet bet duck مرغابی morghabi
File:LurishBody.png

See also

References

  1. ^ Northern Luri at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Historical Dictionary of Iraq
  3. ^ "LORI LANGUAGE ii. Sociolinguistic Status – Encyclopædia Iranica".
  4. ^ Yar-Shater, Ehsan. ۱۹۸۲. Encyclopaedia Iranica. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. V, p. ۶۱۷
  5. ^ John Limbert، The Origin and Appearance of The Kurds In Pre-Islamic Iran. Iranian Studies. http://www.jstor.org/pss/4309997
  6. ^ a b Erik John Anonby, "Update on Luri: How many languages?" // Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Third Series), volume 13, issue 02, Jul 2003, pp 171–197.
  7. ^ Don Stillo, "Isfahan-Provincial Dialetcs" in Encyclopædia Iranica. Excerpt: "While the modern SWI languages, for instance, Persian, Lori-Baḵtiāri and others, are derived directly from Old Persian through Middle Persian/Pahlavi".
  8. ^ Bakhtiari tribe and the Bakhtiari dialect [dead link], Encyclopædia Iranica.
  9. ^ a b [1]
  10. ^ Kurdish language, Encyclopædia Iranica.
  11. ^ a b امان الهی بهاروند. اسکندر: قوم لر، انتشارات آگاه، تهران، ۱۳۷۴
  12. ^ Historical Dictionary of Iraq
  13. ^ "LORI LANGUAGE ii. Sociolinguistic Status – Encyclopædia Iranica".
  14. ^ Bakhtiari tribe and the Bakhtiari dialect [dead link], Encyclopædia Iranica.
  15. ^ "History and cultural relations - Lur". Everyculture.com. Retrieved 2015-09-21.

External links

Northern Luri edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bakhtiari test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
Laki Lurish test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

–

Southern Lurish test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luri_language&oldid=695740383"