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'''Jyotisha''' (or '''Jyotishyam''' from [[Sanskrit]] ''{{IAST|jyotiṣa}}'', from ''{{IAST|jyótis-}}'' "light, heavenly body") is the traditional [[Hindu]] system of [[astrology]], also known as '''Hindu astrology''', '''Nepalese Shastra''', '''Indian astrology''', and more recently '''Vedic astrology'''. The term ''Hindu astrology'' has been in use as the English equivalent of ''Jyotiṣa'' since the early 19th century, whereas ''Vedic astrology'' is a relatively recent term, entering common usage in the 1980s with [[self-help]] publications on [[Ayurveda|Āyurveda]] or [[Yoga]]. ''[[Vedanga Jyotisha]]'' is one of the earliest texts about astronomy within the Vedas.<ref>{{cite book |title=Vedic Cosmography and Astronomy |pages=9–240 |first=Richard L. |last=Thompson |date = 2004}}<!--page range too wide--></ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Āryabhaṭa I and his contributions to mathematics |date=1988 |first=Parmeshwar |last=Jha |page=282}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Mathematical Achievements of Pre-Modern Indian Mathematicians |date=2012 |first=T.K. |last=Puttaswamy |page=1}}</ref> However, some authors have claimed that the [[horoscopic astrology]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]] came from Hellenistic influences, post-dating the [[Vedic period]].<ref>Pingree(1981), p.67ff, 81ff, 101ff</ref> In epics Ramayana and Mahabharata, only electional astrology, omens, dreams and physiognomy are used.
'''Jyotisha''' (or '''Jyotishyam''' from [[Sanskrit]] ''{{IAST|jyotiṣa}}'', from ''{{IAST|jyótis-}}'' "light, heavenly body") is the traditional [[Hindu]] system of [[[http://spiritualsadhana.com/question/i-need-good-astrologer-in-chennai-can-any-one-help/ astrology]]], also known as '''Hindu astrology''', '''Nepalese Shastra''', '''Indian astrology''', and more recently '''Vedic astrology'''. The term ''Hindu astrology'' has been in use as the English equivalent of ''Jyotiṣa'' since the early 19th century, whereas ''Vedic astrology'' is a relatively recent term, entering common usage in the 1980s with [[self-help]] publications on [[Ayurveda|Āyurveda]] or [[Yoga]]. ''[[Vedanga Jyotisha]]'' is one of the earliest texts about astronomy within the Vedas.<ref>{{cite book |title=Vedic Cosmography and Astronomy |pages=9–240 |first=Richard L. |last=Thompson |date = 2004}}<!--page range too wide--></ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Āryabhaṭa I and his contributions to mathematics |date=1988 |first=Parmeshwar |last=Jha |page=282}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Mathematical Achievements of Pre-Modern Indian Mathematicians |date=2012 |first=T.K. |last=Puttaswamy |page=1}}</ref> However, some authors have claimed that the [[horoscopic astrology]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]] came from Hellenistic influences, post-dating the [[Vedic period]].<ref>Pingree(1981), p.67ff, 81ff, 101ff</ref> In epics Ramayana and Mahabharata, only electional astrology, omens, dreams and physiognomy are used.


Following a judgement of the [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]] in 2001, which favoured astrology, some Indian universities offer advanced degrees in Hindu astrology.
Following a judgement of the [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]] in 2001, which favoured astrology, some Indian universities offer advanced degrees in Hindu astrology.

Revision as of 10:08, 28 March 2018

Astrology
Background
Traditions
Branches
Astrological signs
Symbols

Jyotisha (or Jyotishyam from Sanskrit jyotiṣa, from jyótis- "light, heavenly body") is the traditional Hindu system of [[astrology]], also known as Hindu astrology, Nepalese Shastra, Indian astrology, and more recently Vedic astrology. The term Hindu astrology has been in use as the English equivalent of Jyotiṣa since the early 19th century, whereas Vedic astrology is a relatively recent term, entering common usage in the 1980s with self-help publications on Āyurveda or Yoga. Vedanga Jyotisha is one of the earliest texts about astronomy within the Vedas.[1][2][3] However, some authors have claimed that the horoscopic astrology in the Indian subcontinent came from Hellenistic influences, post-dating the Vedic period.[4] In epics Ramayana and Mahabharata, only electional astrology, omens, dreams and physiognomy are used.

Following a judgement of the Andhra Pradesh High Court in 2001, which favoured astrology, some Indian universities offer advanced degrees in Hindu astrology.

Astrology is rejected by the scientific community as pseudoscience.[5][6][7][8][9]

History

Further information: Indian astronomy

Jyotiṣa is one of the Vedāṅga, the six auxiliary disciplines used to support Vedic rituals.[10]: 376  Early jyotiṣa is concerned with the preparation of a calendar to fix the date of sacrificial rituals.[10]: 377  Nothing is written on planets.[10]: 377  There are mentions of eclipse causing "demons" in the Atharvaveda and Chāndogya Upaniṣad, the Chāndogya mentioning Rāhu.[10]: 382  In fact the term graha, which is now taken to mean planet, originally meant demon.[10]: 381  The Ṛigveda also mentions an eclipse causing demon, Svarbhānu, however the specific term of "graha" becomes applied to Svarbhānu in the later Mahābhārata and Rāmāyaṇa.[10]: 382 

The foundation of Hindu astrology is the notion of bandhu of the Vedas, (scriptures), which is the connection between the microcosm and the macrocosm. Practice relies primarily on the sidereal zodiac, which is different from the tropical zodiac used in Western (Hellenistic) astrology in that an ayanāṁśa adjustment is made for the gradual precession of the vernal equinox. Hindu astrology includes several nuanced sub-systems of interpretation and prediction with elements not found in Hellenistic astrology, such as its system of lunar mansions (Nakṣatra). It was only after the transmission of Hellenistic astrology that the order of planets in India was fixed in that of the seven-day week.[10]: 383 [11] Hellenistic astrology and astronomy also transmitted the twelve zodiacal signs beginning with Aries and the twelve astrological places beginning with the ascendant.[10]: 384  The first evidence of the introduction of Greek astrology to India is the Yavanajātaka which dates to the early centuries CE.[10]: 383  The Yavanajātaka ("Sayings of the Greeks") was translated from Greek to Sanskrit by Yavaneśvara during the 2nd century CE, under the patronage of the Western Satrap Saka king Rudradaman I, and is considered the first Indian astrological treatise in the Sanskrit language.[12] However the only version that survives is the later verse version of Sphujidhvaja which dates to AD 270.[10]: 383  The first Indian astronomical text to define the weekday was the Āryabhaṭīya of Āryabhaṭa (born AD 476).[10]: 383 

According to Michio Yano, Indian astronomers must have been occupied with the task of Indianizing and Sanskritizing Greek astronomy during the 300 or so years between the first Yavanajataka and the Āryabhaṭīya.[10]: 388  The astronomical texts of these 300 years are lost.[10]: 388  The later Pañcasiddhāntikā of Varāhamihira summarizes the five known Indian astronomical schools of the sixth century.[10]: 388  It is interesting to note that Indian astronomy preserved some of the older pre-Ptolemaic elements of Greek astronomy.[10]: 389 

The main texts upon which classical Indian astrology is based are early medieval compilations, notably the Bṛhat Parāśara Horāśāstra, and Sārāvalī by Kalyāṇavarma. The Horāshastra is a composite work of 71 chapters, of which the first part (chapters 1–51) dates to the 7th to early 8th centuries and the second part (chapters 52–71) to the later 8th century. The Sārāvalī likewise dates to around 800 CE.[13] English translations of these texts were published by N.N. Krishna Rau and V.B. Choudhari in 1963 and 1961, respectively.

Modern Hindu astrology

Nomenclature of the last two centuries

Astrology remains an important facet in the lives of many Hindus. In Hindu culture, newborns are traditionally named based on their jyotiṣa charts, and astrological concepts are pervasive in the organization of the calendar and holidays as well as in many areas of life, such as in making decisions made about marriage, opening a new business, and moving into a new home. Astrology retains a position among the sciences in modern India.[14] Following a judgement of the Andhra Pradesh High Court in 2001, some Indian universities offer advanced degrees in astrology.[15][16] (The decision was upheld by the Supreme Court of India in 2004.[17][18])

Astrology remains an important facet of Hindu folk belief in contemporary India. Many Hindus believe that heavenly bodies, including the planets, have an influence throughout the life of a human being, and these planetary influences are the "fruit of karma." The Navagraha, planetary deities, are considered subordinate to Ishvara, i.e., the Supreme Being, in the administration of justice. Thus, these planets can influence earthly life.[19]

Status of astrology

See also: Astrology and science and Hindu astrology § Science

The University Grants Commission and the Ministry of Human Resource Development of the Government decided to introduce "Jyotir Vigyan" (i.e. jyotir vijñāna) or "Vedic astrology" as a discipline of study in Indian universities, saying that "vedic astrology is not only one of the main subjects of our traditional and classical knowledge but this is the discipline, which lets us know the events happening in human life and in universe on time scale."[20] The decision was backed up by the Andhra Pradesh High Court, despite widespread protests from the scientific community in India and Indian scientists working abroad.[21] A petition sent to the Supreme Court of India stated that the introduction of astrology to university curricula is "a giant leap backwards, undermining whatever scientific credibility the country has achieved so far", but it refused to intervene in the matter.[20]

In 2004 the Supreme Court dismissed a further petition, concluding that the teaching of astrology did not qualify as the promotion of religion.[22][23] In February 2011, the Bombay High Court referred to the 2004 Supreme Court ruling when it dismissed a case which had challenged astrology's status as a science.[24] Despite continuing complaints by scientists,[25][26] astrology is still, as of 2014, taught at various universities in India,[23][27] and there is a movement in progress to establish a national Vedic University to teach astrology together with the study of tantra, mantra, and yoga.[28]

Elements

There are sixteen Varga (Sanskrit: varga, 'part, division'), or divisional, charts used in Hindu astrology:[29]: 61–64 

Rāśi – zodiacal signs

Around 2500 BC many extant texts were written by sages such Agastya and Bhrigu. Each sign was divided into three strata called "charna", similar to the decanates of Western astrology.

The Nirayana, or sidereal zodiac, is an imaginary belt of 360 degrees, which, like the Sāyana, or tropical zodiac, is divided into 12 equal parts. Each twelfth part (of 30 degrees) is called a sign or rāśi (Sanskrit: 'part'). Vedic (Jyotiṣa) and Western zodiacs differ in the method of measurement. While synchronically, the two systems are identical, Jyotiṣa uses primarily the sidereal zodiac (in which stars are considered to be the fixed background against which the motion of the planets is measured), whereas most Western astrology uses the tropical zodiac (the motion of the planets is measured against the position of the Sun on the Spring equinox). This difference becomes noticeable over time. After two millennia, as a result of the precession of the equinoxes, the origin of the ecliptic longitude has shifted by about 22 degrees. As a result, the placement of planets in the Jyotiṣa system is consistent with the actual zodiac, while in western astrology the planets fall into the following sign, as compared to their placement in the sidereal zodiac, about two thirds of the time.

Number Sanskrit[30] Transliteration Representation English Kannada Odia Telugu Tamil Malayalam Element Quality Ruling Astrological Body
1 मेष Meṣa ram Aries ಮೇಷ ମେଷ మేషము மேஷம் മേടം Fire Chara (Movable) Mars
2 वृषभ Vṛṣabha bull Taurus ವೃಷಭ ବୃଷ వృషభము ரிஷபம் ഇടവം Earth Sthira (Fixed) Venus
3 मिथुन Mithuna twins Gemini ಮಿಥುನ ମିଥୁନ మిథునము மிதுனம் മിഥുനം Air Dvisvabhava (Dual) Mercury
4 कर्क Karka crab Cancer ಕರ್ಕಾಟಕ କର୍କଟ కర్కాటకము கடகம் കർക്കടകം Water Chara (Movable) Moon
5 सिंह Siṃha lion Leo ಸಿಂಹ ସିଂହ సింహము சிம்மம் ചിങ്ങം Fire Sthira (Fixed) Sun
6 कन्या Kanyā virgin girl Virgo ಕನ್ಯಾ କନ୍ୟା కన్య கன்னி കന്നി Earth Dvisvabhava (Dual) Mercury
7 तुला Tulā balance Libra ತುಲಾ ତୁଳା తుల துலாம் തുലാം Air Chara (Movable) Venus
8 वृश्चिक Vṛścika scorpion Scorpio ವೃಶ್ಚಿಕ ବିଛା వృచ్చికము விருச்சிகம் വൃശ്ചികം Water Sthira (Fixed) Mars
9 धनुष Dhanuṣa bow and arrow Sagittarius ಧನು ଧନୁ ధనుస్సు தனுசு ധനു Fire Dvisvabhava (Dual) Jupiter
10 मकर Makara sea monster Capricorn ಮಕರ ମକର మకరము மகரம் മകരം Earth Chara (Movable) Saturn
11 कुम्भ Kumbha water-pourer Aquarius ಕುಂಭ କୁମ୍ଭ కుంభము கும்பம் കുംഭം Air Sthira (Fixed) Saturn
12 मीन Mīna fishes Pisces ಮೀನ ମୀନ మీనము மீனம் മീനം Water Dvisvabhava (Dual) Jupiter

Nakṣatras - lunar mansions

Nakshatras

A Nakṣatra or lunar mansion is one of the 27 divisions of the sky, identified by the prominent star(s) in them, used in Hindu astrology.[29]: 168 

Historical (medieval) Hindu astrology enumerated either 27 or 28 nakṣatras. Today, a rigid system of 27 nakṣatras covering 13°20’ of the ecliptic each is generally used. The missing 28th nakshatra is Abhijeeta. Each nakṣatra is divided into quarters or padas of 3°20. Of the greatest importance is the Abhiśeka Nakṣatra which is the King amongst all the Nakṣatras and worshipping and propitiating this Nakṣatra has the power to remedy all the other Nakṣatras. Remedial measures are in general the high-water mark of all realistic predictive astrology work and go a long way in mitigating Karma.

Daśā-s – planetary periods

The word Dasha (Devanāgarī: दशा, Sanskrit,daśā, 'planetary period') means 'state of being' and therefore the Daśā governs to a large extent the state of being of a person. The Daśā system shows which planets may be said to have become particularly active during the period of the Daśā. The ruling planet (the Daśānātha or 'lord of the Daśā') eclipses the mind of the native, compelling him or her to act as per the nature of the planet.

There are several dasha systems, each with its own utility and area of application. There are Daśās of Grahas (planets) as well as Daśās of the Rāśis (signs). The primary system used by astrologers is the Viṁśottarī Daśā system, which has been considered universally applicable in the Kaliyuga to all horoscopes.

The first Mahā-Daśā is determined by the position of the natal Moon in a given Nakṣatra. The lord of the Nakṣatra governs the Daśā. Each Mahā-Dāśā is divided into sub-periods called bhuktis, or antar-daśās, which are proportional divisions of the maha-dasa. Further proportional sub-divisions can be made (but error margin based on accuracy of the birth-time grows exponentially). The next sub-division is called pratyantar-daśā, which can in turn be divided into sookshma-antardasa, which can in turn be divided into praana-antardaśā, which can be sub-divided into deha-antardaśā. Such sub-divisions also exist in all other Daśā systems, some of which have been named above.

Grahas – planets

Nine grahas (Navagrahas) are used.[29]: 38–51  from Graha (Devanāgarī: ग्रह, Sanskrit: graha, 'seizing, laying hold of, holding')[31]

The Nine Planets of Vedic Astrology or Jyotiṣa are the forces that capture or eclipse the mind and the decision making of the human being-thus the term 'Graha'. When the Grahas are active in their Daśās or periodicities they are particularly empowered to direct the affairs of the person or the inanimate being as the case may be. Even otherwise, Grahas are always busy capturing us in some way or other, for better or for worse.

Gocharas – transits

The natal chart shows the position of the grahas at the moment of birth. Since that moment, the grahas have continued to move around the zodiac, interacting with the natal chart grahas. This period of interaction is called Gochara (Sanskrit: gochara, 'transit').[29]: 227 

The study of transits is based not only on the transit of the Moon/ Candra, which spans roughly two days, but also the movement of the slightly faster planets such as Mercury/Budha and Venus/ Śukra. The movement of the slower planets Guru, Śani and Rāhu-Ketu is always of considerable importance. Astrologers must study the transit of the Daśā lord and must also study transits from various reference points in the horoscope.

Yogas – planetary combinations

Yoga (Sanskrit: yoga, 'union') is a combination of planets placed in a specific relationship to each other.[29]: 265 

It is usually advisable to study the underlying theme behind the Yogas rather than attempt to memorize them. Rāja Yogas are givers of fame, status and authority and are formed typically by the association of the Lord of Keṅdras/ quadrants, when reckoned from the Lagna/ ascendant, and the Lords of the Tṛkoṇa/ trines. The Rāja Yogas are culminations of the blessings of Viṣṇu and Lakṣmī. Some planets, such as Mars for Leo Lagna, do not need another Graha to create Rājayoga, but are capable of giving Rājayoga suo-moto due to their own lordship of the 4th Bhāva and the 9th Bhāva from the Lagna, the two being a Keṅdra and Tṛkoṇa Bhāva respectively.

Dhana Yogas are formed by the association of wealth-giving planets such as the Dhaneśa or the 2nd Lord and the Lābheśa or the 11th Lord from the Lagna. Dhana Yogas are also formed due to the auspicious placement of the Dārāpada/ A7, when reckoned from the Ārūḍha Lagna (AL). The combination of the Lagneśa and the Bhāgyeśa also leads to wealth through the Lakṣmī Yoga.

Sanyāsa Yogas are formed due to the placement of four or more Grahas, excluding the Sun, in a Keṅdra Bhāva from the Lagna.

There are some overarching Yogas in Jyotiṣa such as Amāvasyā Doṣa, Kāla Sarpa Yoga-Kāla Amṛta Yoga and Graha Mālika Yoga that can take precedence oveYamaha yogar planetary placements in the horoscope.

Bhāvas – houses

The Hindu Jātaka, or Birth Chart, is the Bhāva (Sanskrit: 'division') Cakra (Sanskrit: 'wheel'), the complete 360° circle of life, divided into houses, and represents our way of enacting the influences in the wheel. Each house has associated kāraka (Sanskrit: 'significator') planets that can alter the interpretation of a particular house.[29]: 93–167 Each Bhāva spans an arc of 30 degrees and therefore there are twelve Bhāvas in any chart of the horoscope. These are a crucial part of any horoscopic study since the Bhāvas, understood as 'state of being' personalize the Rāśis/ Rashis to the native and each Rāśi/ Rashi apart from indicating its true nature reveals its impact on the person based on the Bhāva occupied. The best way to study the various facets of Jyotiṣa is to see their role in chart evaluation of actual persons and how these are construed.

Dṛṣṭis – aspects

Drishti (Sanskrit: Dṛṣṭi, 'sight') is an aspect to an entire house. Grahas cast only forward aspects, with the furthest aspect being considered the strongest. For example, Mars aspects the 4th, 7th, and 8th houses from its position, and its 8th house aspect is considered more powerful than its 7th aspect, which is in turn more powerful than its 4th aspect.[29]: 26–27 

The principle of Dristi (aspect) was devised on the basis of the aspect of an army of planets as deity and demon in a war field.[32][33] Thus the Sun, a Deity King with only one full aspect, is more powerful than the Demon King Saturn, which has three full aspects.

Aspects can be cast both by the planets (Graha Dṛṣṭi) and by the signs (Rāśi Dṛṣṭi). Planetary aspects are a function of desire, while sign aspects are a function of awareness and cognizance.

There are some higher aspects of Graha Dṛṣṭi (planetary aspects) that are not limited to the Viśeṣa Dṛṣṭi or the special aspects. Rāśi Dṛṣṭi works based on the following formulaic structure: all movable signs aspect fixed signs except the one adjacent, and all dual and mutable signs aspect each other without exception.

Science

Main article: Astrology and science

Astrology has been rejected by the scientific community as having no explanatory power for describing the universe. Scientific testing of astrology has been conducted, and no evidence has been found to support any of the premises or purported effects outlined in astrological traditions.[34]: 424  There is no proposed mechanism of action by which the positions and motions of stars and planets could affect people and events on Earth that does not contradict well understood, basic aspects of biology and physics.[35][36]: 249 

Astrologers in Indian astrology make grand claims without taking adequate controls into consideration. Saturn was in Aries in 1909, 1939 and 1968, yet the astrologer Bangalore Venkata Raman claimed that "when Saturn was in Aries in 1939 England had to declare war against Germany", ignoring the two other dates.[37] Astrologers regularly fail in attempts to predict election results in India, and fail to predict major events such as the assassination of Indira Gandhi. Predictions by the head of the Indian Astrologers Federation about war between India and Pakistan in 1982 also failed.[37]

In 2000, when several planets happened to be close to one another, astrologers predicted that there would be catastrophes, volcanic eruptions and tidal waves. This caused an entire sea-side village in the Indian state of Gujarat to panic and abandon their houses. Nothing predicted happened and their houses were burgled.[38]


Testing astrology

In one test, 27 Indian astrologers, with the appropriate horoscopes, failed to determine the intelligence difference between 100 mentally bright and 100 mentally handicapped children at a rate higher than that determined by chance alone in a double blind test. The astrologers had, on average, 14 years experience. A team of astrologers from one astrologers institute also performed at chance expectation. The president of the Maharashtra Astrological Society claimed to be able to predict sex and intelligence 60 per cent of the time each, but he performed no better than chance in double blind conditions.[37]

See also

References

  1. ^ Thompson, Richard L. (2004). Vedic Cosmography and Astronomy. pp. 9–240.
  2. ^ Jha, Parmeshwar (1988). Āryabhaṭa I and his contributions to mathematics. p. 282.
  3. ^ Puttaswamy, T.K. (2012). Mathematical Achievements of Pre-Modern Indian Mathematicians. p. 1.
  4. ^ Pingree(1981), p.67ff, 81ff, 101ff
  5. ^ Thagard, Paul R. (1978). "Why Astrology is a Pseudoscience" (PDF). Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association. 1. The University of Chicago Press: 223–234.
  6. ^ Astrology. Encyclopædia Britannica.
  7. ^ Sven Ove Hansson; Edward N. Zalta. "Science and Pseudo-Science". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
  8. ^ "Astronomical Pseudo-Science: A Skeptic's Resource List". Astronomical Society of the Pacific.
  9. ^ Hartmann, P.; Reuter, M.; Nyborga, H. (May 2006). "The relationship between date of birth and individual differences in personality and general intelligence: A large-scale study". Personality and Individual Differences. 40 (7): 1349–1362. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.017. To optimise the chances of finding even remote relationships between date of birth and individual differences in personality and intelligence we further applied two different strategies. The first one was based on the common chronological concept of time (e.g. month of birth and season of birth). The second strategy was based on the (pseudo-scientific) concept of astrology (e.g. Sun Signs, The Elements, and astrological gender), as discussed in the book Astrology: Science or superstition? by Eysenck and Nias (1982).
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Flood, Gavin. Yano, Michio. 2003. The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. Malden: Blackwell.
  11. ^ Flood, p.382
  12. ^ Mc Evilley "The shape of ancient thought", p385 ("The Yavanajātaka is the earliest surviving Sanskrit text in horoscopy, and constitute the basis of all later Indian developments in horoscopy", himself quoting David Pingree "The Yavanajātaka of Sphujidhvaja" p5)
  13. ^ David Pingree, Jyotiḥśāstra (J. Gonda (Ed.) A History of Indian Literature, Vol VI Fasc 4), p.81
  14. ^ "In countries such as India, where only a small intellectual elite has been trained in Western physics, astrology manages to retain here and there its position among the sciences." David Pingree and Robert Gilbert, "Astrology; Astrology In India; Astrology in modern times" Encyclopædia Britannica 2008
  15. ^ Mohan Rao, Female foeticide: where do we go? Indian Journal of Medical Ethics Oct-Dec2001-9(4), issuesinmedicalethics.org
  16. ^ T. Jayaraman, A judicial blow, Frontline Volume 18 – Issue 12, Jun. 09 – 22, 2001 hinduonnet.com
  17. ^ Astrology On A Pedestal, Ram Ramachandran, Frontline Volume 21, Issue 12, Jun. 05 - 18, 2004
  18. ^ Introduction of Vedic astrology courses in varsities upheld, The Hindu, Thursday, May 06, 2004
  19. ^ Karma, an anthropological inquiry, pg. 134, at Google Books
  20. ^ a b Supreme Court questions 'Jyotir Vigyan', Times of India, 3 September 2001 timesofindia.indiatimes.com
  21. ^ T. Jayaraman, A judicial blow, Frontline Volume 18 – Issue 12, June 09 – 22, 2001 hinduonnet.com Archived 28 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ "Supreme Court: Bhargava v. University Grants Commission, Case No.: Appeal (civil) 5886 of 2002". Archived from the original on 12 March 2005. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ a b "Introduction of Vedic astrology courses in universities upheld". The Hindu. 5 May 2004. Archived from the original on 23 September 2004. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ "Astrology is a science: Bombay HC". The Times of India. 3 February 2011. Archived from the original on 6 February 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ "'Integrate Indian medicine with modern science'". The Hindu. 26 October 2003. Archived from the original on 13 November 2003. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ Narlikar, Jayant V. (2013). "An Indian Test of Indian Astrology". Skeptical Inquirer. 37 (2). Archived from the original on 23 July 2013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  27. ^ "People seek astrological advise from Banaras Hindu University experts to tackle health issues". The Times of India. 13 February 2014. Archived from the original on 22 March 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  28. ^ "Set-up Vedic university to promote astrology". The Times of India. 9 February 2013. Archived from the original on 9 February 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ a b c d e f g Sutton, Komilla (1999). The Essentials of Vedic Astrology, The Wessex Astrologer Ltd, England [unreliable source?]
  30. ^ Dalal, Roshen (2010). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books India. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6.
  31. ^ Sanskrit-English Dictionary by Monier-Williams, (c) 1899
  32. ^ Sanat Kumar Jain, 'Astrology a science or myth', Atlantic Publishers, New Delhi.
  33. ^ Sanat Kumar Jain, "Jyotish Kitna Sahi Kitna Galat' (Hindi).
  34. ^ Zarka, Philippe (2011). "Astronomy and astrology". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. 5 (S260): 420–425. doi:10.1017/S1743921311002602.
  35. ^ Peter D. Asquith (1978). Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, vol. 1. Dordrecht u.a.: Reidel u.a. ISBN 978-0-917586-05-7.
    • "Chapter 7: Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Understanding". science and engineering indicators 2006. National Science Foundation. Retrieved 28 July 2012. About three-fourths of Americans hold at least one pseudoscientific belief; i.e., they believed in at least 1 of the 10 survey items[29]" ..." Those 10 items were extrasensory perception (ESP), that houses can be haunted, ghosts/that spirits of dead people can come back in certain places/situations, telepathy/communication between minds without using traditional senses, clairvoyance/the power of the mind to know the past and predict the future, astrology/that the position of the stars and planets can affect people's lives, that people can communicate mentally with someone who has died, witches, reincarnation/the rebirth of the soul in a new body after death, and channeling/allowing a "spirit-being" to temporarily assume control of a body.
  36. ^ Vishveshwara, edited by S.K. Biswas, D.C.V. Mallik, C.V. (1989). Cosmic perspectives : essays dedicated to the memory of M.K.V. Bappu (1. publ. ed.). Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-34354-2. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  37. ^ a b c V. Narlikar, Jayant (March–April 2013). "An Indian Test of Indian Astrology". Skeptical Inquirer. 37.2.
  38. ^ Narlikar, Jayant V. (2009). "Astronomy, pseudoscience and rational thinking". In Jay Pasachoff; John Percy (eds.). Teaching and Learning Astronomy: Effective Strategies for Educators Worldwide. Cambridge University Press. pp. 164–165. Retrieved 19 July 2015.

Bibliography

Further information: Jyotiṣa bibliography
  • Kim Plofker, "South Asian mathematics; The role of astronomy and astrology", Encyclopædia Britannica (online edition, 2008)
  • David Pingree and Robert Gilbert, "Astrology; Astrology In India; Astrology in modern times", Encyclopædia Britannica (online edition, 2008)
  • "Hindu Chronology" Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1911)
  • David Pingree, "Astronomy and Astrology in India and Iran", Isis – Journal of The History of Science Society (1963), 229–246.
  • David Pingree, Jyotiḥśāstra in J. Gonda (ed.) A History of Indian Literature, Vol VI, Fasc 4, Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden (1981).
  • Ebenezer Burgess, "On the Origin of the Lunar Division of the Zodiac represented in the Nakshatra System of the Hindus", Journal of the American Oriental Society (1866).
  • William D. Whitney, "On the Views of Biot and Weber Respecting the Relations of the Hindu and Chinese Systems of Asterisms"", Journal of the American Oriental Society (1866).
  • Satish Chandra, "Religion and State in India and Search for Rationality", Social Scientist (2002).
  • Sanat Kumar Jain, "Astrology a science or myth" highlighting how every principle like signlord, aspect, friendship-enmity, exalted-debilitated, Mool trikon, dasha, Rahu-Ketu, etc. were framed on the basis of the ancient concept that Sun is nearer than the Moon from the Earth, etc.
Popular treatments
  • Frawley, David , Ayurvedic Astrology: Self-Healing Through the Stars, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-940985-88-8
  • Frawley, David , Astrology of the Seers: A Guide to Vedic (Hindu) Astrology, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-914955-89-6

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