Felidae: Difference between revisions
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|taxon = Felidae |
|taxon = Felidae |
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|authority = [[Gotthelf Fischer von Waldheim|Fischer von Waldheim]], 1817 |
|authority = [[Gotthelf Fischer von Waldheim|Fischer von Waldheim]], 1817 |
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|fossil_range = <br/>[[Oligocene]]–[[Holocene|Present]], {{Fossil range|30.8|0|earliest=Oligocene|ref=<ref>{{Cite web|title=PBDB|url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=41045&is_real_user=1|access-date=2021-07-04|website=paleobiodb.org}}</ref>}} |
|fossil_range = <br/>[[Oligocene]]–[[Holocene|Present]], {{Fossil range|30.8|0|earliest=Oligocene|ref=<ref>{{Cite web|title=PBDB|url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=41045&is_real_user=1|access-date=2021-07-04|website=paleobiodb.org|archive-date=2021-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711082439/https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=41045&is_real_user=1|url-status=live}}</ref>}} |
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|image = <imagemap> |
|image = <imagemap> |
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File:The_Felidae.jpg|300px |
File:The_Felidae.jpg|300px |
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* [[Pantherinae]] |
* [[Pantherinae]] |
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* †[[Machairodontinae]] |
* †[[Machairodontinae]] |
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* †[[Proailurinae]]<ref name="McKenna & Bell">{{cite book |last=McKenna |first=M. C. |author2=Bell, S. K. |title=Classification of Mammals |year=2000 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-11013-6 |page=230 |chapter=Family Felidae Fischer de Waldheim, 1817:372. Cats |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zS7FZkzIw-cC&pg=PA230}}</ref> |
* †[[Proailurinae]]<ref name="McKenna & Bell">{{cite book |last=McKenna |first=M. C. |author2=Bell, S. K. |title=Classification of Mammals |year=2000 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-11013-6 |page=230 |chapter=Family Felidae Fischer de Waldheim, 1817:372. Cats |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zS7FZkzIw-cC&pg=PA230 |access-date=2020-12-31 |archive-date=2021-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419161520/https://books.google.com/books?id=zS7FZkzIw-cC&pg=PA230 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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|range_map = Felidae_range.png |
|range_map = Felidae_range.png |
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|range_map_caption = Distribution of Felinae (blue) and Pantherinae (green) |
|range_map_caption = Distribution of Felinae (blue) and Pantherinae (green) |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Felidae''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɛ|l|ᵻ|d|iː}}) is a [[Family (biology)|family]] of [[mammal]]s in the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Carnivora]], colloquially referred to as '''cats''', and constitutes a [[clade]]. A member of this family is also called a '''felid''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|iː|l|ɪ|d}}).<ref name=Salles1992>{{cite journal |last1=Salles |first1=L. O. |year=1992 |title=Felid phylogenetics: extant taxa and skull morphology (Felidae, Aeluroidea) |journal=American Museum Novitates |issue=3047 |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/5011//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/nov/N3047.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hemmer |first1=H. |year=1978 |title=Evolutionary systematics of living Felidae – present status and current problems |journal=Carnivore |volume=1 |pages=71–79}}</ref><ref name=Johnson1996>{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=W. E. |last2=Dratch |first2=P. A. |last3=Martenson |first3=J. S. |last4=O'Brien |first4=S. J. |year=1996 |title=Resolution of recent radiations within three evolutionary lineages of Felidae using mitochondrial restriction fragment length polymorphism variation |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=97–120 |doi=10.1007/bf01454358|s2cid=38348868 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Christiansen |first1=P. |year=2008 |title=Evolution of skull and mandible shape in cats (Carnivora: Felidae) |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=3 |issue=7| page=e2807 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0002807 |pmid=18665225 |pmc=2475670 |bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.2807C|doi-access=free }}</ref> The term "cat" refers both to felids in general and specifically to the [[domestic cat]] (''Felis catus'').<ref name=Werdelin_al2010>{{cite book |last1=Werdelin |first1=L. |last2=Yamaguchi |first2=N. |last3=Johnson |first3=W. E. |last4=O'Brien |first4=S. J. |chapter=Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae) |year=2010 |pages=59–82 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266755142 |editor1-last=Macdonald |editor1-first=D. W. |editor2-last=Loveridge |editor2-first=A. J. |title=Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=978-0-19-923445-5}}</ref> |
'''Felidae''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɛ|l|ᵻ|d|iː}}) is a [[Family (biology)|family]] of [[mammal]]s in the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Carnivora]], colloquially referred to as '''cats''', and constitutes a [[clade]]. A member of this family is also called a '''felid''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|iː|l|ɪ|d}}).<ref name=Salles1992>{{cite journal |last1=Salles |first1=L. O. |year=1992 |title=Felid phylogenetics: extant taxa and skull morphology (Felidae, Aeluroidea) |journal=American Museum Novitates |issue=3047 |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/5011//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/nov/N3047.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=2017-04-17 |archive-date=2017-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418082034/http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/5011//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/nov/N3047.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hemmer |first1=H. |year=1978 |title=Evolutionary systematics of living Felidae – present status and current problems |journal=Carnivore |volume=1 |pages=71–79}}</ref><ref name=Johnson1996>{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=W. E. |last2=Dratch |first2=P. A. |last3=Martenson |first3=J. S. |last4=O'Brien |first4=S. J. |year=1996 |title=Resolution of recent radiations within three evolutionary lineages of Felidae using mitochondrial restriction fragment length polymorphism variation |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=97–120 |doi=10.1007/bf01454358|s2cid=38348868 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Christiansen |first1=P. |year=2008 |title=Evolution of skull and mandible shape in cats (Carnivora: Felidae) |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=3 |issue=7| page=e2807 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0002807 |pmid=18665225 |pmc=2475670 |bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.2807C|doi-access=free }}</ref> The term "cat" refers both to felids in general and specifically to the [[domestic cat]] (''Felis catus'').<ref name=Werdelin_al2010>{{cite book |last1=Werdelin |first1=L. |last2=Yamaguchi |first2=N. |last3=Johnson |first3=W. E. |last4=O'Brien |first4=S. J. |chapter=Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae) |year=2010 |pages=59–82 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266755142 |editor1-last=Macdonald |editor1-first=D. W. |editor2-last=Loveridge |editor2-first=A. J. |title=Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=978-0-19-923445-5 |access-date=2019-03-15 |archive-date=2018-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925141956/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266755142 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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Felidae [[species]] exhibit the most diverse [[fur]] pattern of all terrestrial carnivores.<ref name=Peters1982>{{cite journal |last1=Peters |first1=G. |year=1982 |title=Zur Fellfarbe und zeichnung einiger Feliden |journal=Bonner Zoologische Beiträge |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=19−31}}</ref> Cats have retractile [[claws]], slender muscular bodies and strong flexible forelimbs. Their teeth and facial muscles allow for a powerful bite. They are all [[obligate carnivores]], and most are solitary [[predator]]s ambushing or stalking their prey. Wild cats occur in [[Africa]], [[Europe]], [[Asia]] and the [[Americas]]. Some wild cat species are adapted to [[forest]] [[habitat]]s, some to [[arid]] environments, and a few also to [[wetland]]s and [[mountain]]ous terrain. Their activity patterns range from [[nocturnal]] and [[crepuscular]] to [[Diurnality|diurnal]], depending on their preferred prey species.<ref name=WCoW/> |
Felidae [[species]] exhibit the most diverse [[fur]] pattern of all terrestrial carnivores.<ref name=Peters1982>{{cite journal |last1=Peters |first1=G. |year=1982 |title=Zur Fellfarbe und zeichnung einiger Feliden |journal=Bonner Zoologische Beiträge |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=19−31}}</ref> Cats have retractile [[claws]], slender muscular bodies and strong flexible forelimbs. Their teeth and facial muscles allow for a powerful bite. They are all [[obligate carnivores]], and most are solitary [[predator]]s ambushing or stalking their prey. Wild cats occur in [[Africa]], [[Europe]], [[Asia]] and the [[Americas]]. Some wild cat species are adapted to [[forest]] [[habitat]]s, some to [[arid]] environments, and a few also to [[wetland]]s and [[mountain]]ous terrain. Their activity patterns range from [[nocturnal]] and [[crepuscular]] to [[Diurnality|diurnal]], depending on their preferred prey species.<ref name=WCoW/> |
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[[Reginald Innes Pocock]] divided the [[extant taxon|extant]] Felidae into three subfamilies: the [[Pantherinae]], the [[Felinae]] and the Acinonychinae, differing from each other by the [[ossification]] of the [[hyoid apparatus]] and by the cutaneous sheaths which protect their claws.<ref name=Pocock_1917>{{cite journal |last1=Pocock |first1=R. I. |year=1917 |title=The classification of the existing Felidae |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=Series 8 |volume=XX |issue=119 |pages=329–350 |url=https://archive.org/stream/annalsmagazineof8201917lond#page/n359/mode/2up |doi=10.1080/00222931709487018}}</ref> |
[[Reginald Innes Pocock]] divided the [[extant taxon|extant]] Felidae into three subfamilies: the [[Pantherinae]], the [[Felinae]] and the Acinonychinae, differing from each other by the [[ossification]] of the [[hyoid apparatus]] and by the cutaneous sheaths which protect their claws.<ref name=Pocock_1917>{{cite journal |last1=Pocock |first1=R. I. |year=1917 |title=The classification of the existing Felidae |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=Series 8 |volume=XX |issue=119 |pages=329–350 |url=https://archive.org/stream/annalsmagazineof8201917lond#page/n359/mode/2up |doi=10.1080/00222931709487018}}</ref> |
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This concept has been revised following developments in [[molecular biology]] and techniques for analysis of [[Morphology (biology)|morphological]] data. Today, the living Felidae are divided in two subfamilies: the Pantherinae and Felinae, with the Acinonychinae subsumed into the latter. Pantherinae includes five ''[[Panthera]]'' and two ''[[Neofelis]]'' [[species]], while Felinae includes the other 34 species in ten [[Genus (biology)|genera]].<ref name=CatSG2017>{{cite journal |last1=Kitchener |first1=A. C. |last2=Breitenmoser-Würsten |first2=C. |last3=Eizirik |first3=E. |last4=Gentry |first4=A. |last5=Werdelin |first5=L. |last6=Wilting |first6=A. |last7=Yamaguchi |first7=N. |last8=Abramov |first8=A. V. |last9=Christiansen |first9=P. |last10=Driscoll |first10=C. |last11=Duckworth |first11=J. W. |last12=Johnson |first12=W. |last13=Luo |first13=S.-J. |last14=Meijaard |first14=E. |last15=O’Donoghue |first15=P. |last16=Sanderson |first16=J. |last17=Seymour |first17=K. |last18=Bruford |first18=M. |last19=Groves |first19=C. |last20=Hoffmann |first20=M. |last21=Nowell |first21=K. |last22=Timmons |first22=Z. |last23=Tobe |first23=S. |date=2017 |title=A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 11 |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref> |
This concept has been revised following developments in [[molecular biology]] and techniques for analysis of [[Morphology (biology)|morphological]] data. Today, the living Felidae are divided in two subfamilies: the Pantherinae and Felinae, with the Acinonychinae subsumed into the latter. Pantherinae includes five ''[[Panthera]]'' and two ''[[Neofelis]]'' [[species]], while Felinae includes the other 34 species in ten [[Genus (biology)|genera]].<ref name=CatSG2017>{{cite journal |last1=Kitchener |first1=A. C. |last2=Breitenmoser-Würsten |first2=C. |last3=Eizirik |first3=E. |last4=Gentry |first4=A. |last5=Werdelin |first5=L. |last6=Wilting |first6=A. |last7=Yamaguchi |first7=N. |last8=Abramov |first8=A. V. |last9=Christiansen |first9=P. |last10=Driscoll |first10=C. |last11=Duckworth |first11=J. W. |last12=Johnson |first12=W. |last13=Luo |first13=S.-J. |last14=Meijaard |first14=E. |last15=O’Donoghue |first15=P. |last16=Sanderson |first16=J. |last17=Seymour |first17=K. |last18=Bruford |first18=M. |last19=Groves |first19=C. |last20=Hoffmann |first20=M. |last21=Nowell |first21=K. |last22=Timmons |first22=Z. |last23=Tobe |first23=S. |date=2017 |title=A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 11 |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=2017-07-19 |archive-date=2020-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117172708/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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The first cats emerged during the [[Oligocene]] about {{Mya|25|million years ago}}, with the appearance of ''[[Proailurus]]'' and ''[[Pseudaelurus]]''. The latter [[species complex]] was ancestral to two main lines of felids: the cats in the extant subfamilies and a group of [[extinct]] cats of the subfamily [[Machairodontinae]], which include the [[saber-toothed cat]]s such as the ''[[Smilodon]]''. The "false sabre-toothed cats", the [[Barbourofelidae]] and [[Nimravidae]], are not true cats, but are closely related. Together with the Felidae, [[Viverridae]], [[hyaena]]s and [[mongoose]]s, they constitute the [[Feliformia]].<ref name=Werdelin_al2010/> |
The first cats emerged during the [[Oligocene]] about {{Mya|25|million years ago}}, with the appearance of ''[[Proailurus]]'' and ''[[Pseudaelurus]]''. The latter [[species complex]] was ancestral to two main lines of felids: the cats in the extant subfamilies and a group of [[extinct]] cats of the subfamily [[Machairodontinae]], which include the [[saber-toothed cat]]s such as the ''[[Smilodon]]''. The "false sabre-toothed cats", the [[Barbourofelidae]] and [[Nimravidae]], are not true cats, but are closely related. Together with the Felidae, [[Viverridae]], [[hyaena]]s and [[mongoose]]s, they constitute the [[Feliformia]].<ref name=Werdelin_al2010/> |
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* They are [[digitigrade]], have five toes on their forefeet and four on their hind feet. Their curved claws are [[Protraction|protractile]] and attached to the terminal [[phalanges|bones of the toe]] with [[ligament]]s and [[tendon]]s. The claws are guarded by [[cutaneous]] [[tendon sheath|sheath]]s, except in the ''[[Acinonyx]]''.<ref name=Pocock1917>{{cite journal |author=Pocock, R. I. |year=1917 |title=VII.—On the external characters of the Felidæ |journal=The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology |series=8 |volume=19 |issue=109 |pages=113−136 |url=https://archive.org/details/ser8annalsmagazi19londuoft/page/112 |doi=10.1080/00222931709486916}}</ref> |
* They are [[digitigrade]], have five toes on their forefeet and four on their hind feet. Their curved claws are [[Protraction|protractile]] and attached to the terminal [[phalanges|bones of the toe]] with [[ligament]]s and [[tendon]]s. The claws are guarded by [[cutaneous]] [[tendon sheath|sheath]]s, except in the ''[[Acinonyx]]''.<ref name=Pocock1917>{{cite journal |author=Pocock, R. I. |year=1917 |title=VII.—On the external characters of the Felidæ |journal=The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology |series=8 |volume=19 |issue=109 |pages=113−136 |url=https://archive.org/details/ser8annalsmagazi19londuoft/page/112 |doi=10.1080/00222931709486916}}</ref> |
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* The [[wikt:plantar#Adjective|plantar]] pads of both fore and hind feet form compact three-lobed cushions.<ref name=Pocock1939/> |
* The [[wikt:plantar#Adjective|plantar]] pads of both fore and hind feet form compact three-lobed cushions.<ref name=Pocock1939/> |
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* They actively protract the claws by contracting muscles in the toe,<ref name=WCoW>{{cite book |author=Sunquist, M. |author2=Sunquist, F. |name-list-style=amp |year=2002 |title=Wild Cats of the World |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-226-77999-7 |chapter=What is a Cat? |pages=5–18 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hFbJWMh9-OAC&pg=PA3}}</ref> and they passively retract them. The [[dewclaw]]s are expanded but do not protract.<ref name=Kitchener2010>{{cite book |last1=Kitchener |first1=A. C. |last2=Van Valkenburgh |first2=B. |last3=Yamaguchi |first3=N. |name-list-style=amp |year=2010 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266753114 |chapter=Felid form and function |title=Biology and Conservation of wild felids |editor1-first=D. |editor1-last=Macdonald |editor2-last=Loveridge |editor2-first=A. |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |pages=83−106}}</ref> |
* They actively protract the claws by contracting muscles in the toe,<ref name=WCoW>{{cite book |author=Sunquist, M. |author2=Sunquist, F. |name-list-style=amp |year=2002 |title=Wild Cats of the World |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-226-77999-7 |chapter=What is a Cat? |pages=5–18 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hFbJWMh9-OAC&pg=PA3 |access-date=2020-12-31 |archive-date=2021-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331062330/https://books.google.com/books?id=hFbJWMh9-OAC&pg=PA3 |url-status=live }}</ref> and they passively retract them. The [[dewclaw]]s are expanded but do not protract.<ref name=Kitchener2010>{{cite book |last1=Kitchener |first1=A. C. |last2=Van Valkenburgh |first2=B. |last3=Yamaguchi |first3=N. |name-list-style=amp |year=2010 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266753114 |chapter=Felid form and function |title=Biology and Conservation of wild felids |editor1-first=D. |editor1-last=Macdonald |editor2-last=Loveridge |editor2-first=A. |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |pages=83−106 |access-date=2018-09-11 |archive-date=2021-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216135340/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266753114_Felid_form_and_function |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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* They have lithe and flexible bodies with muscular limbs.<ref name=WCoW/> |
* They have lithe and flexible bodies with muscular limbs.<ref name=WCoW/> |
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* Their skull is foreshortened with a rounded profile and large orbits.<ref name=Kitchener2010/> |
* Their skull is foreshortened with a rounded profile and large orbits.<ref name=Kitchener2010/> |
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* They have well-developed and highly sensitive [[whiskers]] above the eyes, on the cheeks, on the [[snout|muzzle]], but not below the chin.<ref name=Pocock1917/> Whiskers help to navigate in the dark and to capture and hold prey.<ref name=Kitchener2010/> |
* They have well-developed and highly sensitive [[whiskers]] above the eyes, on the cheeks, on the [[snout|muzzle]], but not below the chin.<ref name=Pocock1917/> Whiskers help to navigate in the dark and to capture and hold prey.<ref name=Kitchener2010/> |
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* Their [[pinna (anatomy)|external ears]] are large and especially sensitive to high-frequency sounds in the smaller cat species. This sensitivity allows them to locate small [[rodent]] prey.<ref name=WCoW/> |
* Their [[pinna (anatomy)|external ears]] are large and especially sensitive to high-frequency sounds in the smaller cat species. This sensitivity allows them to locate small [[rodent]] prey.<ref name=WCoW/> |
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* The penis is subconical,<ref name=Pocock1917/> facing backward when not erect.<ref name=Morais2008>{{cite book |title=Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of South American Wild Animals |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |place=New York |year=2008|isbn=9780470376980|editor1=Fowler, M. E. |editor2=Cubas, Z. S. |edition=Second |page=312–316 |author=de Morais, R. N. |chapter=Reproduction in small felid males|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_Wn3wfd0SQC&pg=PA312}}</ref> The [[baculum]] is small or vestigial, and shorter than in the [[Canidae]].<ref name="Ewer1973">{{cite book |author=Ewer, R. F. |year=1973 |title=The Carnivores |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IETMd3-lSlkC |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca, New York |isbn=978-0-8014-8493-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Lariviere, S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Ferguson, S. H. |year=2002 |title=On the evolution of the mammalian baculum: vaginal friction, prolonged intromission or induced ovulation? |journal=Mammal Review |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=283–294 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2907.2002.00112.x |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227798788}}</ref> |
* The penis is subconical,<ref name=Pocock1917/> facing backward when not erect.<ref name=Morais2008>{{cite book |title=Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of South American Wild Animals |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |place=New York |year=2008 |isbn=9780470376980 |editor1=Fowler, M. E. |editor2=Cubas, Z. S. |edition=Second |page=312–316 |author=de Morais, R. N. |chapter=Reproduction in small felid males |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_Wn3wfd0SQC&pg=PA312 |access-date=2020-08-25 |archive-date=2021-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212220647/https://books.google.com/books?id=P_Wn3wfd0SQC&pg=PA312 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[baculum]] is small or vestigial, and shorter than in the [[Canidae]].<ref name="Ewer1973">{{cite book |author=Ewer, R. F. |year=1973 |title=The Carnivores |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IETMd3-lSlkC |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca, New York |isbn=978-0-8014-8493-3 |archive-date=28 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528110801/http://books.google.com/books?id=IETMd3-lSlkC&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Lariviere, S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Ferguson, S. H. |year=2002 |title=On the evolution of the mammalian baculum: vaginal friction, prolonged intromission or induced ovulation? |journal=Mammal Review |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=283–294 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2907.2002.00112.x |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227798788 |access-date=2020-08-25 |archive-date=2021-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212220657/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227798788_On_the_evolution_of_the_mammalian_baculum_Vaginal_friction_prolonged_intromission_or_induced_ovulation |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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* Felids have a [[vomeronasal organ]] in the roof of the mouth, allowing them to "taste" the air.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Salazar |first1=I. |last2=Quinteiro |first2=P. |last3=Cifuentes |first3=J. M. |last4=Caballero |first4=T. G. |name-list-style=amp |year=1996 |title=The vomeronasal organ of the cat |journal=Journal of Anatomy |volume=188 |issue=2 |pages=445–454 |pmc=1167581 |pmid=8621344 }}</ref> The use of this organ is associated with the [[Flehmen response]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hart |first1=B. L. |last2=Leedy |first2=M. G. |name-list-style=amp |year=1987 |title=Stimulus and hormonal determinants of flehmen behavior in cats |journal=Hormones and Behavior |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=44−52 |doi=10.1016/0018-506X(87)90029-8 |pmid=3557332 |s2cid=6039377 |url=https://libres.uncg.edu/ir/asu/f/Leedy_Gail_1987_Stimulus_and_Hormonal_Determinants.pdf}}</ref> |
* Felids have a [[vomeronasal organ]] in the roof of the mouth, allowing them to "taste" the air.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Salazar |first1=I. |last2=Quinteiro |first2=P. |last3=Cifuentes |first3=J. M. |last4=Caballero |first4=T. G. |name-list-style=amp |year=1996 |title=The vomeronasal organ of the cat |journal=Journal of Anatomy |volume=188 |issue=2 |pages=445–454 |pmc=1167581 |pmid=8621344 }}</ref> The use of this organ is associated with the [[Flehmen response]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hart |first1=B. L. |last2=Leedy |first2=M. G. |name-list-style=amp |year=1987 |title=Stimulus and hormonal determinants of flehmen behavior in cats |journal=Hormones and Behavior |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=44−52 |doi=10.1016/0018-506X(87)90029-8 |pmid=3557332 |s2cid=6039377 |url=https://libres.uncg.edu/ir/asu/f/Leedy_Gail_1987_Stimulus_and_Hormonal_Determinants.pdf |access-date=2019-03-27 |archive-date=2019-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608065844/https://libres.uncg.edu/ir/asu/f/Leedy_Gail_1987_Stimulus_and_Hormonal_Determinants.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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* They cannot detect the [[sweetness]] of sugar, as they lack the sweet-[[taste receptor]].<ref name =PLOS>{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=X. |last2=Li, W. |last3=Wang, H. |last4=Cao, J. |last5=Maehashi, K. |last6=Huang, L. |last7=Bachmanov, A. A. |last8=Reed, D. R. |last9=Legrand-Defretin, V. |last10=Beauchamp, G. K. |last11=Brand, J. G. |name-list-style=amp |year=2005 |title=Pseudogenization of a Sweet-Receptor Gene Accounts for Cats' Indifference toward Sugar |journal= PLOS Genetics |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=27–35 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.0010003 |pmid=16103917 |pmc=1183522}}</ref> |
* They cannot detect the [[sweetness]] of sugar, as they lack the sweet-[[taste receptor]].<ref name =PLOS>{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=X. |last2=Li, W. |last3=Wang, H. |last4=Cao, J. |last5=Maehashi, K. |last6=Huang, L. |last7=Bachmanov, A. A. |last8=Reed, D. R. |last9=Legrand-Defretin, V. |last10=Beauchamp, G. K. |last11=Brand, J. G. |name-list-style=amp |year=2005 |title=Pseudogenization of a Sweet-Receptor Gene Accounts for Cats' Indifference toward Sugar |journal= PLOS Genetics |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=27–35 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.0010003 |pmid=16103917 |pmc=1183522}}</ref> |
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* They share a broadly similar set of vocalisations, but with some variation between species. In particular, the pitch of calls varies, with larger species producing deeper sounds; overall, the frequency of felid calls ranges between 50 and 10,000 hertz.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sunquist |first1=M. |last2=Sunquist |first2=F. |name-list-style=amp |date=2002 |title=Wild Cats of the World |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-226-51823-7 |chapter=Appendix 4. Vocal communication in felids |pages=421–424 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IF8nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA421}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Graf |first=R. F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o2I1JWPpdusC&pg=PA43 |title=Modern Dictionary of Electronics |date=1999 |publisher=Newnes |isbn=978-0-7506-9866-5}}</ref> The standard sounds made by all felids include meowing, spitting, hissing, snarling and [[growling]]. Meowing is the main contact sound, whereas the others signify an aggressive motivation.<ref name=WCoW/> |
* They share a broadly similar set of vocalisations, but with some variation between species. In particular, the pitch of calls varies, with larger species producing deeper sounds; overall, the frequency of felid calls ranges between 50 and 10,000 hertz.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sunquist |first1=M. |last2=Sunquist |first2=F. |name-list-style=amp |date=2002 |title=Wild Cats of the World |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-226-51823-7 |chapter=Appendix 4. Vocal communication in felids |pages=421–424 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IF8nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA421 |access-date=2020-12-25 |archive-date=2021-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223074738/https://books.google.com/books?id=IF8nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA421 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Graf |first=R. F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o2I1JWPpdusC&pg=PA43 |title=Modern Dictionary of Electronics |date=1999 |publisher=Newnes |isbn=978-0-7506-9866-5 |access-date=2020-12-31 |archive-date=2021-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223074729/https://books.google.com/books?id=o2I1JWPpdusC&pg=PA43 |url-status=live }}</ref> The standard sounds made by all felids include meowing, spitting, hissing, snarling and [[growling]]. Meowing is the main contact sound, whereas the others signify an aggressive motivation.<ref name=WCoW/> |
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* They can [[purr]] during both phases of [[Respiration (physiology)|respiration]], though pantherine cats seem to purr only during [[oestrus]] and [[copulation (zoology)|copulation]], and as cubs when suckling. Purring is generally a low pitch sound of less than 2 [[kHz]] and mixed with other vocalization types during the expiratory phase.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Peters |first1=G. |year=2002 |title=Purring and similar vocalizations in mammals |journal=Mammal Review |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=245−271 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2907.2002.00113.x}}</ref> The ability to roar comes from an elongated and specially adapted larynx and [[hyoid bone|hyoid apparatus]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Weissengruber |first=G. E. |author2=Forstenpointner, G. |author3=Peters, G. |author4=Kübber-Heiss, A. |author5=Fitch, W.T. |name-list-style=amp |title=Hyoid apparatus and pharynx in the lion (''Panthera leo''), jaguar (''Panthera onca''), tiger (''Panthera tigris''), cheetah (''Acinonyx jubatus'') and the domestic cat (''Felis silvestris f. catus'') | journal = Journal of Anatomy | publisher=Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland | pages=195–209 |volume=201 |issue=3 |year=2002 |doi=10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00088.x |pmc=1570911 |pmid=12363272}}</ref> When air passes through the larynx on the way from the lungs, the cartilage walls of the larynx vibrate, producing sound. Only lions, leopards, tigers, and jaguars are truly able to roar, although the loudest mews of snow leopards have a similar, if less structured, sound.<ref name=WCoW/> |
* They can [[purr]] during both phases of [[Respiration (physiology)|respiration]], though pantherine cats seem to purr only during [[oestrus]] and [[copulation (zoology)|copulation]], and as cubs when suckling. Purring is generally a low pitch sound of less than 2 [[kHz]] and mixed with other vocalization types during the expiratory phase.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Peters |first1=G. |year=2002 |title=Purring and similar vocalizations in mammals |journal=Mammal Review |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=245−271 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2907.2002.00113.x}}</ref> The ability to roar comes from an elongated and specially adapted larynx and [[hyoid bone|hyoid apparatus]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Weissengruber |first=G. E. |author2=Forstenpointner, G. |author3=Peters, G. |author4=Kübber-Heiss, A. |author5=Fitch, W.T. |name-list-style=amp |title=Hyoid apparatus and pharynx in the lion (''Panthera leo''), jaguar (''Panthera onca''), tiger (''Panthera tigris''), cheetah (''Acinonyx jubatus'') and the domestic cat (''Felis silvestris f. catus'') | journal = Journal of Anatomy | publisher=Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland | pages=195–209 |volume=201 |issue=3 |year=2002 |doi=10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00088.x |pmc=1570911 |pmid=12363272}}</ref> When air passes through the larynx on the way from the lungs, the cartilage walls of the larynx vibrate, producing sound. Only lions, leopards, tigers, and jaguars are truly able to roar, although the loudest mews of snow leopards have a similar, if less structured, sound.<ref name=WCoW/> |
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The colour, length and density of their fur is very diverse. Fur colour covers the gamut from white to black, and fur pattern from distinctive small spots, stripes to small blotches and [[Rosette (zoology)|rosette]]s. Most cat species are born with a spotted fur, except the [[jaguarundi]] (''Herpailurus yagouaroundi''), [[Asian golden cat]] (''Catopuma temminckii'') and [[caracal]] (''Caracal caracal''). The spotted fur of lion (''Panthera leo'') and [[cougar]] (''Puma concolor'') cubs change to a uniform fur during their [[ontogeny]].<ref name=Peters1982/> Those living in cold environments have thick fur with long hair, like the [[snow leopard]] (''Panthera uncia'') and the [[Pallas's cat]] (''Otocolobus manul'').<ref name=Kitchener2010/> Those living in tropical and hot climate zones have short fur.<ref name=WCoW/> Several species exhibit [[melanism]] with all-black individuals.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Eizirik, E. |author2=Yuhki, N. |author3=Johnson, W. E. |author4=Menotti-Raymond, M. |author5=Hannah, S. S. |author6=O'Brien, S. J. |s2cid=19021807 |name-list-style=amp |title=Molecular Genetics and Evolution of Melanism in the Cat Family |journal=Current Biology |year=2003 |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=448–453 |doi=10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00128-3 |pmid=12620197|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
The colour, length and density of their fur is very diverse. Fur colour covers the gamut from white to black, and fur pattern from distinctive small spots, stripes to small blotches and [[Rosette (zoology)|rosette]]s. Most cat species are born with a spotted fur, except the [[jaguarundi]] (''Herpailurus yagouaroundi''), [[Asian golden cat]] (''Catopuma temminckii'') and [[caracal]] (''Caracal caracal''). The spotted fur of lion (''Panthera leo'') and [[cougar]] (''Puma concolor'') cubs change to a uniform fur during their [[ontogeny]].<ref name=Peters1982/> Those living in cold environments have thick fur with long hair, like the [[snow leopard]] (''Panthera uncia'') and the [[Pallas's cat]] (''Otocolobus manul'').<ref name=Kitchener2010/> Those living in tropical and hot climate zones have short fur.<ref name=WCoW/> Several species exhibit [[melanism]] with all-black individuals.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Eizirik, E. |author2=Yuhki, N. |author3=Johnson, W. E. |author4=Menotti-Raymond, M. |author5=Hannah, S. S. |author6=O'Brien, S. J. |s2cid=19021807 |name-list-style=amp |title=Molecular Genetics and Evolution of Melanism in the Cat Family |journal=Current Biology |year=2003 |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=448–453 |doi=10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00128-3 |pmid=12620197|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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In the great majority of cat species, the tail is between a third and a half of the body length, although with some exceptions, like the ''[[Lynx]]'' species and [[margay]] (''Leopardus wiedii'').<ref name=WCoW/> Cat species vary greatly in body and skull sizes, and weights: |
In the great majority of cat species, the tail is between a third and a half of the body length, although with some exceptions, like the ''[[Lynx]]'' species and [[margay]] (''Leopardus wiedii'').<ref name=WCoW/> Cat species vary greatly in body and skull sizes, and weights: |
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* The largest cat species is the [[tiger]] (''Panthera tigris''), with a head-to-body length of up to {{cvt|390|cm}}, a weight range of at least {{cvt|65|to|325|kg}}, and a skull length ranging from {{cvt|316|to|413|mm}}.<ref name=WCoW/><ref name="Hewett&Hewett1938">{{cite book |author1=Hewett, J. P. |author2=Hewett Atkinson, L. |name-list-style=amp |year=1938 |title=Jungle trails in northern India: reminiscences of hunting in India |publisher=Metheun and Company Limited |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.209125}}</ref> Although the maximum skull length of a lion is slightly greater at {{cvt|419|mm}}, it is generally smaller in head-to-body length than the former.<ref name="Geptner1972">{{cite book |last1=Heptner |first1=V. G. |last2=Sludskij |first2=A. A. |name-list-style=amp |orig-year=1972 |year=1992 |title=Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola |trans-title=Mammals of the Soviet Union. Volume II, Part 2. Carnivora (Hyaenas and Cats) |publisher=Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation |location=Washington DC |chapter=Tiger |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/mammalsofsov221992gept#page/94/mode/2up |pages=95–202}}</ref> |
* The largest cat species is the [[tiger]] (''Panthera tigris''), with a head-to-body length of up to {{cvt|390|cm}}, a weight range of at least {{cvt|65|to|325|kg}}, and a skull length ranging from {{cvt|316|to|413|mm}}.<ref name=WCoW/><ref name="Hewett&Hewett1938">{{cite book |author1=Hewett, J. P. |author2=Hewett Atkinson, L. |name-list-style=amp |year=1938 |title=Jungle trails in northern India: reminiscences of hunting in India |publisher=Metheun and Company Limited |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.209125}}</ref> Although the maximum skull length of a lion is slightly greater at {{cvt|419|mm}}, it is generally smaller in head-to-body length than the former.<ref name="Geptner1972">{{cite book |last1=Heptner |first1=V. G. |last2=Sludskij |first2=A. A. |name-list-style=amp |orig-year=1972 |year=1992 |title=Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola |trans-title=Mammals of the Soviet Union. Volume II, Part 2. Carnivora (Hyaenas and Cats) |publisher=Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation |location=Washington DC |chapter=Tiger |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/mammalsofsov221992gept#page/94/mode/2up |pages=95–202}}</ref> |
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* The smallest cat species are the [[rusty-spotted cat]] (''Prionailurus rubiginosus'') and the [[black-footed cat]] (''Felis nigripes''). The former is {{cvt|35|-|48|cm}} in length and weighs {{cvt|0.9|-|1.6|kg}}.<ref name=WCoW/> The latter has a head-to-body length of {{cvt|36.7|-|43.3|cm}} and a maximum recorded weight of {{cvt|2.45|kg}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mills |first1=M. G. L. |year=2005 |title=The mammals of the southern African subregion |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521844185 |editor1-last=Skinner |editor1-first=J. D. |editor2-last=Chimimba |editor2-first=C. T. |name-list-style=amp |edition=Third |chapter=''Felis nigripes'' Burchell, 1824 Black-footed cat |pages=405−408 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iqwEYkTDZf4C&pg=PA405}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sliwa |first1=A. |year=2004 |title=Home range size and social organization of black-footed cats (''Felis nigripes'') |journal=Mammalian Biology |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=96–107 |doi=10.1078/1616-5047-00124}}</ref> |
* The smallest cat species are the [[rusty-spotted cat]] (''Prionailurus rubiginosus'') and the [[black-footed cat]] (''Felis nigripes''). The former is {{cvt|35|-|48|cm}} in length and weighs {{cvt|0.9|-|1.6|kg}}.<ref name=WCoW/> The latter has a head-to-body length of {{cvt|36.7|-|43.3|cm}} and a maximum recorded weight of {{cvt|2.45|kg}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mills |first1=M. G. L. |year=2005 |title=The mammals of the southern African subregion |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521844185 |editor1-last=Skinner |editor1-first=J. D. |editor2-last=Chimimba |editor2-first=C. T. |name-list-style=amp |edition=Third |chapter=''Felis nigripes'' Burchell, 1824 Black-footed cat |pages=405−408 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iqwEYkTDZf4C&pg=PA405 |access-date=2020-12-31 |archive-date=2021-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412215230/https://books.google.com/books?id=iqwEYkTDZf4C&pg=PA405 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sliwa |first1=A. |year=2004 |title=Home range size and social organization of black-footed cats (''Felis nigripes'') |journal=Mammalian Biology |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=96–107 |doi=10.1078/1616-5047-00124}}</ref> |
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Most cat species have a [[haploid]] number of 18 or 19. Central and South American cats have a haploid number of 18, possibly due to the combination of two smaller [[chromosome]]s into a larger one.<ref name=robinson>{{cite book| last1=Vella |first1=C. |last2=Shelton |first2=L. M. |last3=McGonagle |first3=J. J. |last4=Stanglein |first4=T. W. |name-list-style=amp |title=Robinson's Genetics for Cat Breeders and Veterinarians |edition=Forth |publisher=Butterworh-Heinemann Ltd. |year=2002 |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-7506-4069-5}}</ref> |
Most cat species have a [[haploid]] number of 18 or 19. Central and South American cats have a haploid number of 18, possibly due to the combination of two smaller [[chromosome]]s into a larger one.<ref name=robinson>{{cite book| last1=Vella |first1=C. |last2=Shelton |first2=L. M. |last3=McGonagle |first3=J. J. |last4=Stanglein |first4=T. W. |name-list-style=amp |title=Robinson's Genetics for Cat Breeders and Veterinarians |edition=Forth |publisher=Butterworh-Heinemann Ltd. |year=2002 |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-7506-4069-5}}</ref> |
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In the [[Early Miocene]] about {{mya|20|16.6}}, ''[[Pseudaelurus]]'' lived in Africa. Its fossil jaws were also excavated in [[geological formation]]s of Europe's [[Vallesian]], Asia's [[Middle Miocene]] and North America's late [[Hemingfordian]] to late [[Barstovian]] epochs.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rothwell |first1=T. |year=2003 |title=Phylogenetic systematics of North American Pseudaelurus (Carnivora: Felidae) |journal=American Museum Novitates |issue=3403 |pages=1−64 |doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2003)403<0001:PSONAP>2.0.CO;2 |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/2829/v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/nov/N3403.pdf |hdl=2246/2829}}</ref> |
In the [[Early Miocene]] about {{mya|20|16.6}}, ''[[Pseudaelurus]]'' lived in Africa. Its fossil jaws were also excavated in [[geological formation]]s of Europe's [[Vallesian]], Asia's [[Middle Miocene]] and North America's late [[Hemingfordian]] to late [[Barstovian]] epochs.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rothwell |first1=T. |year=2003 |title=Phylogenetic systematics of North American Pseudaelurus (Carnivora: Felidae) |journal=American Museum Novitates |issue=3403 |pages=1−64 |doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2003)403<0001:PSONAP>2.0.CO;2 |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/2829/v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/nov/N3403.pdf |hdl=2246/2829}}</ref> |
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In the Early or Middle Miocene, the sabre-toothed [[Machairodontinae]] evolved in Africa and migrated northwards in the [[Late Miocene]].<ref name=HoekOstende_al2006>{{cite journal |last1=van den Hoek Ostende |first1=L. W. |last2=Morlo, M. |last3=Nagel, D. |name-list-style=amp |title=Majestic killers: the sabre-toothed cats |journal=Geology Today |series=Fossils explained 52 |volume=22 |issue=4 |year=2006 |pages=150–157 |url=http://www.academia.edu/download/42176444/Fossils_explained_52_Majestic_killers_th20160205-14155-1yutmva.pdf |access-date=2008-06-30 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2451.2006.00572.x}}</ref> With their large upper [[Canine tooth|canine]]s, they were adapted to prey on large-bodied [[Megafauna|megaherbivores]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Randau, M. |author2=Carbone, C. |author3=Turvey, S. T. |name-list-style=amp |year=2013 |title=Canine evolution in sabretoothed carnivores: natural selection or sexual selection? |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=8 |page=e72868 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0072868|pmid=23951334 |pmc=3738559 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...872868R|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Piras, P. |last2=Silvestro, D. |last3=Carotenuto, F. |last4=Castiglione, S. |last5=Kotsakis, A. |last6=Maiorino, L. |last7=Melchionna, M. |last8=Mondanaro, A. |last9=Sansalone, G. |last10=Serio, C. |last11=Vero, V. A. |name-list-style=amp |year=2018 |title=Evolution of the sabertooth mandible: A deadly ecomorphological specialization |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=496 |pages=166−174 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.01.034 |bibcode=2018PPP...496..166P}}</ref> ''[[Miomachairodus]]'' is the oldest known member of this subfamily. ''[[Metailurus]]'' lived in Africa and Eurasia about {{mya|8|6}}. Several ''[[Paramachaerodus]]'' skeletons were found in Spain. ''[[Homotherium]]'' appeared in Africa, Eurasia and North America around {{mya|3.5}}, and ''[[Megantereon]]'' about {{mya|3}}. ''[[Smilodon]]'' lived in North and South America from about {{mya|2.5}}. This subfamily became extinct in the [[Late Pleistocene]].<ref name=HoekOstende_al2006/> |
In the Early or Middle Miocene, the sabre-toothed [[Machairodontinae]] evolved in Africa and migrated northwards in the [[Late Miocene]].<ref name=HoekOstende_al2006>{{cite journal |last1=van den Hoek Ostende |first1=L. W. |last2=Morlo, M. |last3=Nagel, D. |name-list-style=amp |title=Majestic killers: the sabre-toothed cats |journal=Geology Today |series=Fossils explained 52 |volume=22 |issue=4 |year=2006 |pages=150–157 |url=http://www.academia.edu/download/42176444/Fossils_explained_52_Majestic_killers_th20160205-14155-1yutmva.pdf |access-date=2008-06-30 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2451.2006.00572.x }}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> With their large upper [[Canine tooth|canine]]s, they were adapted to prey on large-bodied [[Megafauna|megaherbivores]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Randau, M. |author2=Carbone, C. |author3=Turvey, S. T. |name-list-style=amp |year=2013 |title=Canine evolution in sabretoothed carnivores: natural selection or sexual selection? |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=8 |page=e72868 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0072868|pmid=23951334 |pmc=3738559 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...872868R|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Piras, P. |last2=Silvestro, D. |last3=Carotenuto, F. |last4=Castiglione, S. |last5=Kotsakis, A. |last6=Maiorino, L. |last7=Melchionna, M. |last8=Mondanaro, A. |last9=Sansalone, G. |last10=Serio, C. |last11=Vero, V. A. |name-list-style=amp |year=2018 |title=Evolution of the sabertooth mandible: A deadly ecomorphological specialization |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=496 |pages=166−174 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.01.034 |bibcode=2018PPP...496..166P}}</ref> ''[[Miomachairodus]]'' is the oldest known member of this subfamily. ''[[Metailurus]]'' lived in Africa and Eurasia about {{mya|8|6}}. Several ''[[Paramachaerodus]]'' skeletons were found in Spain. ''[[Homotherium]]'' appeared in Africa, Eurasia and North America around {{mya|3.5}}, and ''[[Megantereon]]'' about {{mya|3}}. ''[[Smilodon]]'' lived in North and South America from about {{mya|2.5}}. This subfamily became extinct in the [[Late Pleistocene]].<ref name=HoekOstende_al2006/> |
||
Results of [[Mitochondrial DNA|mitochondrial]] analysis indicate that the living Felidae species descended from a [[common ancestor]], which originated in Asia in the Late Miocene epoch. They migrated to Africa, Europe and the Americas in the course of at least 10 [[Migration (ecology)|migration]] waves during the past ~11 million years. Low sea levels, [[interglacial]] and [[glacial period]]s facilitated these migrations.<ref name=Johnson06>{{cite journal |author1=Johnson, W. E. |author2=Eizirik, E. |author3=Pecon-Slattery, J. |author4=Murphy, W. J. |author5=Antunes, A. |author6=Teeling, E. |author7=O'Brien, S. J. |name-list-style=amp |title=The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: a genetic assessment |journal=Science |volume=311 |issue=5757 |pages=73–77 |year=2006 |pmid=16400146 |doi=10.1126/science.1122277|bibcode=2006Sci...311...73J |s2cid=41672825 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1230866}}</ref> ''[[Panthera blytheae]]'' is the oldest known pantherine cat dated to the late [[Messinian]] to early [[Zanclean]] ages about {{mya|5.95|4.1}}. A fossil skull was excavated in 2010 in [[Zanda County]] on the [[Tibetan Plateau]].<ref name=Tseng_al2014>{{Cite journal |last1=Tseng, Z. J. |last2=Wang, X. |last3=Slater, G. J. |last4=Takeuchi, G. T. |last5=Li, Q. |last6=Liu, J. |last7=Xie, G. |name-list-style=amp |date=2014 |title=Himalayan fossils of the oldest known pantherine establish ancient origin of big cats |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B |volume=281 |issue=1774 |pages=20132686 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2013.2686 |pmc=3843846 |pmid=24225466 |url=}}</ref> ''[[Panthera palaeosinensis]]'' from North China probably dates to the Late Miocene or [[Early Pliocene]]. The skull of the [[holotype]] is similar to that of a lion or leopard.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mazak, J. H. |year=2010 |title=What is ''Panthera palaeosinensis''? |journal=Mammal Review |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=90−102 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2907.2009.00151.x}}</ref> ''[[Panthera zdanskyi]]'' dates to the [[Gelasian]] about {{mya|2.55|2.16}}. Several fossil skulls and jawbones were excavated in northwestern China.<ref name=Mazák_al2011>{{cite journal |last1=Mazák, J. H. |last2=Christiansen, P. |last3=Kitchener, A. C. |name-list-style=amp |year=2011 |title=Oldest Known Pantherine Skull and Evolution of the Tiger |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=10 |pages=e25483 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0025483 |pmid=22016768 |pmc=3189913 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...625483M|doi-access=free }}</ref> ''[[Panthera gombaszoegensis]]'' is the earliest known pantherine cat that lived in Europe about {{mya|1.95|1.77}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Argant, A. |last2=Argant, J. |name-list-style=amp |year=2011 |title=The ''Panthera gombaszogensis'' story: The contribution of the Château Breccia (Saône-Et-Loire, Burgundy, France) |journal=Quaternaire |volume=Hors-série |issue=4 |pages=247–269}}</ref> |
Results of [[Mitochondrial DNA|mitochondrial]] analysis indicate that the living Felidae species descended from a [[common ancestor]], which originated in Asia in the Late Miocene epoch. They migrated to Africa, Europe and the Americas in the course of at least 10 [[Migration (ecology)|migration]] waves during the past ~11 million years. Low sea levels, [[interglacial]] and [[glacial period]]s facilitated these migrations.<ref name=Johnson06>{{cite journal |author1=Johnson, W. E. |author2=Eizirik, E. |author3=Pecon-Slattery, J. |author4=Murphy, W. J. |author5=Antunes, A. |author6=Teeling, E. |author7=O'Brien, S. J. |name-list-style=amp |title=The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: a genetic assessment |journal=Science |volume=311 |issue=5757 |pages=73–77 |year=2006 |pmid=16400146 |doi=10.1126/science.1122277 |bibcode=2006Sci...311...73J |s2cid=41672825 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1230866 |access-date=2019-08-12 |archive-date=2020-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004075725/https://zenodo.org/record/1230866 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Panthera blytheae]]'' is the oldest known pantherine cat dated to the late [[Messinian]] to early [[Zanclean]] ages about {{mya|5.95|4.1}}. A fossil skull was excavated in 2010 in [[Zanda County]] on the [[Tibetan Plateau]].<ref name=Tseng_al2014>{{Cite journal |last1=Tseng, Z. J. |last2=Wang, X. |last3=Slater, G. J. |last4=Takeuchi, G. T. |last5=Li, Q. |last6=Liu, J. |last7=Xie, G. |name-list-style=amp |date=2014 |title=Himalayan fossils of the oldest known pantherine establish ancient origin of big cats |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B |volume=281 |issue=1774 |pages=20132686 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2013.2686 |pmc=3843846 |pmid=24225466 |url=}}</ref> ''[[Panthera palaeosinensis]]'' from North China probably dates to the Late Miocene or [[Early Pliocene]]. The skull of the [[holotype]] is similar to that of a lion or leopard.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mazak, J. H. |year=2010 |title=What is ''Panthera palaeosinensis''? |journal=Mammal Review |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=90−102 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2907.2009.00151.x}}</ref> ''[[Panthera zdanskyi]]'' dates to the [[Gelasian]] about {{mya|2.55|2.16}}. Several fossil skulls and jawbones were excavated in northwestern China.<ref name=Mazák_al2011>{{cite journal |last1=Mazák, J. H. |last2=Christiansen, P. |last3=Kitchener, A. C. |name-list-style=amp |year=2011 |title=Oldest Known Pantherine Skull and Evolution of the Tiger |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=10 |pages=e25483 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0025483 |pmid=22016768 |pmc=3189913 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...625483M|doi-access=free }}</ref> ''[[Panthera gombaszoegensis]]'' is the earliest known pantherine cat that lived in Europe about {{mya|1.95|1.77}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Argant, A. |last2=Argant, J. |name-list-style=amp |year=2011 |title=The ''Panthera gombaszogensis'' story: The contribution of the Château Breccia (Saône-Et-Loire, Burgundy, France) |journal=Quaternaire |volume=Hors-série |issue=4 |pages=247–269}}</ref> |
||
Living felids fall into eight [[Lineage (evolution)|evolutionary lineages]] or species [[clade]]s.<ref name=Johnson97>{{cite journal |pmid=9071018 |year=1997 |last1=Johnson|first1=W. E. |last2=O'Brien|first2=S. J. |title=Phylogenetic reconstruction of the Felidae using 16S rRNA and NADH-5 mitochondrial genes|volume=44 |issue=Supplement 1 |pages=S98–S116 |journal=Journal of Molecular Evolution |doi=10.1007/PL00000060 |bibcode=1997JMolE..44S..98J |s2cid=40185850 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1232587}}</ref><ref name=Johnson05>{{cite journal |author=O'Brien, S. J. |author2=Johnson, W. E. |name-list-style=amp |title=Big cat genomics |journal=Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics |volume=6 |pages=407–429 |year=2005 |pmid=16124868 |doi=10.1146/annurev.genom.6.080604.162151 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1235009}}</ref> [[Genotyping]] of [[nuclear DNA]] of all 41 felid species revealed that [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridization]] between species occurred in the course of evolution within the majority of the eight lineages.<ref name=Li_al2016>{{cite journal |author=Li, G. |author2=Davis, B. W. |author3=Eizirik, E. |name-list-style=amp |author4=Murphy, W. J. |year=2016 |title=Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae) |journal=Genome Research |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1101/gr.186668.114 |pmid=26518481 |pmc=4691742}}</ref> |
Living felids fall into eight [[Lineage (evolution)|evolutionary lineages]] or species [[clade]]s.<ref name=Johnson97>{{cite journal |pmid=9071018 |year=1997 |last1=Johnson |first1=W. E. |last2=O'Brien |first2=S. J. |title=Phylogenetic reconstruction of the Felidae using 16S rRNA and NADH-5 mitochondrial genes |volume=44 |issue=Supplement 1 |pages=S98–S116 |journal=Journal of Molecular Evolution |doi=10.1007/PL00000060 |bibcode=1997JMolE..44S..98J |s2cid=40185850 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1232587 |access-date=2019-08-12 |archive-date=2020-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004075723/https://zenodo.org/record/1232587 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Johnson05>{{cite journal |author=O'Brien, S. J. |author2=Johnson, W. E. |name-list-style=amp |title=Big cat genomics |journal=Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics |volume=6 |pages=407–429 |year=2005 |pmid=16124868 |doi=10.1146/annurev.genom.6.080604.162151 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1235009 |access-date=2019-08-12 |archive-date=2020-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128143307/https://zenodo.org/record/1235009 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Genotyping]] of [[nuclear DNA]] of all 41 felid species revealed that [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridization]] between species occurred in the course of evolution within the majority of the eight lineages.<ref name=Li_al2016>{{cite journal |author=Li, G. |author2=Davis, B. W. |author3=Eizirik, E. |name-list-style=amp |author4=Murphy, W. J. |year=2016 |title=Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae) |journal=Genome Research |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1101/gr.186668.114 |pmid=26518481 |pmc=4691742}}</ref> |
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Modelling of felid coat pattern transformations revealed that nearly all patterns evolved from small spots.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Werdelin |first1= L. |last2= Olsson |first2= L. |name-list-style=amp |year=2008 |title=How the leopard got its spots: a phylogenetic view of the evolution of felid coat patterns |journal= Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=383–400 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.1997.tb01632.x |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229884719 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |
Modelling of felid coat pattern transformations revealed that nearly all patterns evolved from small spots.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Werdelin |first1= L. |last2= Olsson |first2= L. |name-list-style=amp |year=2008 |title=How the leopard got its spots: a phylogenetic view of the evolution of felid coat patterns |journal= Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=383–400 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.1997.tb01632.x |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229884719 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |
Revision as of 07:47, 23 December 2021
Felidae[2] | |
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Scientific classification ![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Order: | Carnivora |
Suborder: | Feliformia |
Superfamily: | Feloidea |
Family: | Felidae Fischer von Waldheim, 1817 |
Type genus | |
Felis | |
Subfamilies | |
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Distribution of Felinae (blue) and Pantherinae (green) |
Felidae (/ˈfɛlɪdiː/) is a family of mammals in the order Carnivora, colloquially referred to as cats, and constitutes a clade. A member of this family is also called a felid (/ˈfiːlɪd/).[4][5][6][7] The term "cat" refers both to felids in general and specifically to the domestic cat (Felis catus).[8]
Felidae species exhibit the most diverse fur pattern of all terrestrial carnivores.[9] Cats have retractile claws, slender muscular bodies and strong flexible forelimbs. Their teeth and facial muscles allow for a powerful bite. They are all obligate carnivores, and most are solitary predators ambushing or stalking their prey. Wild cats occur in Africa, Europe, Asia and the Americas. Some wild cat species are adapted to forest habitats, some to arid environments, and a few also to wetlands and mountainous terrain. Their activity patterns range from nocturnal and crepuscular to diurnal, depending on their preferred prey species.[10]
Reginald Innes Pocock divided the extant Felidae into three subfamilies: the Pantherinae, the Felinae and the Acinonychinae, differing from each other by the ossification of the hyoid apparatus and by the cutaneous sheaths which protect their claws.[11] This concept has been revised following developments in molecular biology and techniques for analysis of morphological data. Today, the living Felidae are divided in two subfamilies: the Pantherinae and Felinae, with the Acinonychinae subsumed into the latter. Pantherinae includes five Panthera and two Neofelis species, while Felinae includes the other 34 species in ten genera.[12]
The first cats emerged during the Oligocene about 25 million years ago, with the appearance of Proailurus and Pseudaelurus. The latter species complex was ancestral to two main lines of felids: the cats in the extant subfamilies and a group of extinct cats of the subfamily Machairodontinae, which include the saber-toothed cats such as the Smilodon. The "false sabre-toothed cats", the Barbourofelidae and Nimravidae, are not true cats, but are closely related. Together with the Felidae, Viverridae, hyaenas and mongooses, they constitute the Feliformia.[8]
Characteristics
All members of the cat family have the following characteristics in common:
- They are digitigrade, have five toes on their forefeet and four on their hind feet. Their curved claws are protractile and attached to the terminal bones of the toe with ligaments and tendons. The claws are guarded by cutaneous sheaths, except in the Acinonyx.[13]
- The plantar pads of both fore and hind feet form compact three-lobed cushions.[14]
- They actively protract the claws by contracting muscles in the toe,[10] and they passively retract them. The dewclaws are expanded but do not protract.[15]
- They have lithe and flexible bodies with muscular limbs.[10]
- Their skull is foreshortened with a rounded profile and large orbits.[15]
- They have 30 teeth with a dental formula of 3.1.3.13.1.2.1. The upper third premolar and lower molar are adapted as carnassial teeth, suited to tearing and cutting flesh.[14] The canine teeth are large, reaching exceptional size in the extinct saber-toothed species. The lower carnassial is smaller than the upper carnassial and has a crown with two compressed blade-like pointed cusps.[10]
- Their tongue is covered with horny papillae, which rasp meat from prey and aid in grooming.[15]
- Their nose projects slightly beyond the lower jaw.[13]
- Their eyes are relatively large, situated to provide binocular vision. Their night vision is especially good due to the presence of a tapetum lucidum, which reflects light back inside the eyeball, and gives felid eyes their distinctive shine. As a result, the eyes of felids are about six times more light-sensitive than those of humans, and many species are at least partially nocturnal. The retina of felids also contains a relatively high proportion of rod cells, adapted for distinguishing moving objects in conditions of dim light, which are complemented by the presence of cone cells for sensing colour during the day.[10]
- They have well-developed and highly sensitive whiskers above the eyes, on the cheeks, on the muzzle, but not below the chin.[13] Whiskers help to navigate in the dark and to capture and hold prey.[15]
- Their external ears are large and especially sensitive to high-frequency sounds in the smaller cat species. This sensitivity allows them to locate small rodent prey.[10]
- The penis is subconical,[13] facing backward when not erect.[16] The baculum is small or vestigial, and shorter than in the Canidae.[17][18]
- Felids have a vomeronasal organ in the roof of the mouth, allowing them to "taste" the air.[19] The use of this organ is associated with the Flehmen response.[20]
- They cannot detect the sweetness of sugar, as they lack the sweet-taste receptor.[21]
- They share a broadly similar set of vocalisations, but with some variation between species. In particular, the pitch of calls varies, with larger species producing deeper sounds; overall, the frequency of felid calls ranges between 50 and 10,000 hertz.[22][23] The standard sounds made by all felids include meowing, spitting, hissing, snarling and growling. Meowing is the main contact sound, whereas the others signify an aggressive motivation.[10]
- They can purr during both phases of respiration, though pantherine cats seem to purr only during oestrus and copulation, and as cubs when suckling. Purring is generally a low pitch sound of less than 2 kHz and mixed with other vocalization types during the expiratory phase.[24] The ability to roar comes from an elongated and specially adapted larynx and hyoid apparatus.[25] When air passes through the larynx on the way from the lungs, the cartilage walls of the larynx vibrate, producing sound. Only lions, leopards, tigers, and jaguars are truly able to roar, although the loudest mews of snow leopards have a similar, if less structured, sound.[10]
The colour, length and density of their fur is very diverse. Fur colour covers the gamut from white to black, and fur pattern from distinctive small spots, stripes to small blotches and rosettes. Most cat species are born with a spotted fur, except the jaguarundi (Herpailurus yagouaroundi), Asian golden cat (Catopuma temminckii) and caracal (Caracal caracal). The spotted fur of lion (Panthera leo) and cougar (Puma concolor) cubs change to a uniform fur during their ontogeny.[9] Those living in cold environments have thick fur with long hair, like the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) and the Pallas's cat (Otocolobus manul).[15] Those living in tropical and hot climate zones have short fur.[10] Several species exhibit melanism with all-black individuals.[26]
In the great majority of cat species, the tail is between a third and a half of the body length, although with some exceptions, like the Lynx species and margay (Leopardus wiedii).[10] Cat species vary greatly in body and skull sizes, and weights:
- The largest cat species is the tiger (Panthera tigris), with a head-to-body length of up to 390 cm (150 in), a weight range of at least 65 to 325 kg (143 to 717 lb), and a skull length ranging from 316 to 413 mm (12.4 to 16.3 in).[10][27] Although the maximum skull length of a lion is slightly greater at 419 mm (16.5 in), it is generally smaller in head-to-body length than the former.[28]
- The smallest cat species are the rusty-spotted cat (Prionailurus rubiginosus) and the black-footed cat (Felis nigripes). The former is 35–48 cm (14–19 in) in length and weighs 0.9–1.6 kg (2.0–3.5 lb).[10] The latter has a head-to-body length of 36.7–43.3 cm (14.4–17.0 in) and a maximum recorded weight of 2.45 kg (5.4 lb).[29][30]
Most cat species have a haploid number of 18 or 19. Central and South American cats have a haploid number of 18, possibly due to the combination of two smaller chromosomes into a larger one.[31]
Most cat species are also induced ovulators, although the margay appears to be a spontaneous ovulator.[16]
Evolution
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Feliform_Timeline.svg/220px-Feliform_Timeline.svg.png)
The family Felidae is part of the Feliformia, a suborder that diverged probably about 50.6 to 35 million years ago into several families.[32] The Felidae and the Asiatic linsangs are considered a sister group, which split about 35.2 to 31.9 million years ago.[33]
The earliest cats probably appeared about 35 to 28.5 million years ago. Proailurus is the oldest known cat that occurred after the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event about 33.9 million years ago; fossil remains were excavated in France and Mongolia's Hsanda Gol Formation.[8] Fossil occurrences indicate that the Felidae arrived in North America earliest 25 million years ago. This is about 20 million years ago later than the Ursidae and the Nimravidae, and about 10 million years later than the Canidae.[34]
In the Early Miocene about 20 to 16.6 million years ago, Pseudaelurus lived in Africa. Its fossil jaws were also excavated in geological formations of Europe's Vallesian, Asia's Middle Miocene and North America's late Hemingfordian to late Barstovian epochs.[35]
In the Early or Middle Miocene, the sabre-toothed Machairodontinae evolved in Africa and migrated northwards in the Late Miocene.[36] With their large upper canines, they were adapted to prey on large-bodied megaherbivores.[37][38] Miomachairodus is the oldest known member of this subfamily. Metailurus lived in Africa and Eurasia about 8 to 6 million years ago. Several Paramachaerodus skeletons were found in Spain. Homotherium appeared in Africa, Eurasia and North America around 3.5 million years ago, and Megantereon about 3 million years ago. Smilodon lived in North and South America from about 2.5 million years ago. This subfamily became extinct in the Late Pleistocene.[36]
Results of mitochondrial analysis indicate that the living Felidae species descended from a common ancestor, which originated in Asia in the Late Miocene epoch. They migrated to Africa, Europe and the Americas in the course of at least 10 migration waves during the past ~11 million years. Low sea levels, interglacial and glacial periods facilitated these migrations.[39] Panthera blytheae is the oldest known pantherine cat dated to the late Messinian to early Zanclean ages about 5.95 to 4.1 million years ago. A fossil skull was excavated in 2010 in Zanda County on the Tibetan Plateau.[40] Panthera palaeosinensis from North China probably dates to the Late Miocene or Early Pliocene. The skull of the holotype is similar to that of a lion or leopard.[41] Panthera zdanskyi dates to the Gelasian about 2.55 to 2.16 million years ago. Several fossil skulls and jawbones were excavated in northwestern China.[42] Panthera gombaszoegensis is the earliest known pantherine cat that lived in Europe about 1.95 to 1.77 million years ago.[43]
Living felids fall into eight evolutionary lineages or species clades.[44][45] Genotyping of nuclear DNA of all 41 felid species revealed that hybridization between species occurred in the course of evolution within the majority of the eight lineages.[46]
Modelling of felid coat pattern transformations revealed that nearly all patterns evolved from small spots.[47]
Classification
Traditionally, five subfamilies have been distinguished within the Felidae based on phenotypical features: the Pantherinae, the Felinae, the Acinonychinae,[11] and the extinct Machairodontinae and Proailurinae.[3]
Phylogeny
The following cladogram based on Piras et al. (2013) depicts the phylogeny of basal living and extinct groups.[48]
Felidae |
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The phylogenetic relationships of living felids are shown in the following cladogram:[39][46]
Felidae |
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See also
References
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External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Felidae at Curlie
- Keller, E. (2015). "Secrets of the World's 38 Species of Wild Cats". National Geographic Society.