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The NCRI is also recognized as the MEK's diplomatic wing.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813|title=The Mojahedin-e Khalq versus the Islamic Republic of Iran: from war to propaganda and the war on propaganda and diplomacy|year=2018|doi=10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813|last1=Cohen|first1=Ronen A.|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=54|issue=6|pages=1000–1014|s2cid=149542445}}</ref><ref name="Katzman2012" >Kenneth Katzman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=cfdMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA317 Document No.9 Iran:U.S. Concerns and Policy: Responses, CRS Report RL32048], in Kristen Boon, Aziz Z. Huq, Douglas Lovelace (eds.) ''Global Stability and U.S. National Security,'' [[Oxford University Press]], 2012 pp.297-383 p.317.</ref><ref name="Fayazmanesh" >Sasan Fayazmanesh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=SMiTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA79 ''The United States and Iran: Sanctions, Wars and the Policy of Dual Containment,''] [[Routledge]], 2008 pp.79,81.</ref> In 2002, the NCRI exposed the existence of an undisclosed uranium enrichment facility in [[Natanz]], leading to concerns about [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iran's nuclear program]].<ref>{{cite book |page=115-120|title=Nuclear Safeguards, Security, and Nonproliferation: Achieving Security with Technology and Policy |year=2019 |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |page=148 |title=The Trajectory of Iran's Nuclear Program|year=2015 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0zW5BgAAQBAJ&q=national+council+resistance+iran&pg=PA47 |title=Smart Security Council? Analyzing the effectiveness of targeted sanctions|isbn=978-3-95489-521-2|last1=Friedrichs|first1=Gordon|date=February 2014|publisher=Anchor Academic }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=February 13, 2013|title=The National Council of Resistance of Iran: A Revolutionary Group in Exile|url=https://www.civilaffairsassoc.org/post/the-national-council-of-resistance-of-iran-a-revolutionary-group-in-exile|website=Civil Affairs Association|access-date=November 17, 2023}}</ref> It was listed as a foreign terrorist organization in 1997, but was removed from this list in 2012 by the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. government]].<ref name="Katzman2012" /><ref name="Shane">{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/22/world/middleeast/iranian-opposition-group-mek-wins-removal-from-us-terrorist-list.html|work=New York Times|first=Scott|last=Shane|title=Iranian Dissidents Convince U.S. to Drop Terror Label|date=September 21, 2012}}</ref>
The NCRI is also recognized as the MEK's diplomatic wing.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813|title=The Mojahedin-e Khalq versus the Islamic Republic of Iran: from war to propaganda and the war on propaganda and diplomacy|year=2018|doi=10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813|last1=Cohen|first1=Ronen A.|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=54|issue=6|pages=1000–1014|s2cid=149542445}}</ref><ref name="Katzman2012" >Kenneth Katzman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=cfdMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA317 Document No.9 Iran:U.S. Concerns and Policy: Responses, CRS Report RL32048], in Kristen Boon, Aziz Z. Huq, Douglas Lovelace (eds.) ''Global Stability and U.S. National Security,'' [[Oxford University Press]], 2012 pp.297-383 p.317.</ref><ref name="Fayazmanesh" >Sasan Fayazmanesh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=SMiTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA79 ''The United States and Iran: Sanctions, Wars and the Policy of Dual Containment,''] [[Routledge]], 2008 pp.79,81.</ref> In 2002, the NCRI exposed the existence of an undisclosed uranium enrichment facility in [[Natanz]], leading to concerns about [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iran's nuclear program]].<ref>{{cite book |page=115-120|title=Nuclear Safeguards, Security, and Nonproliferation: Achieving Security with Technology and Policy |year=2019 |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |page=148 |title=The Trajectory of Iran's Nuclear Program|year=2015 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0zW5BgAAQBAJ&q=national+council+resistance+iran&pg=PA47 |title=Smart Security Council? Analyzing the effectiveness of targeted sanctions|isbn=978-3-95489-521-2|last1=Friedrichs|first1=Gordon|date=February 2014|publisher=Anchor Academic }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=February 13, 2013|title=The National Council of Resistance of Iran: A Revolutionary Group in Exile|url=https://www.civilaffairsassoc.org/post/the-national-council-of-resistance-of-iran-a-revolutionary-group-in-exile|website=Civil Affairs Association|access-date=November 17, 2023}}</ref> It was listed as a foreign terrorist organization in 1997, but was removed from this list in 2012 by the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. government]].<ref name="Katzman2012" /><ref name="Shane">{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/22/world/middleeast/iranian-opposition-group-mek-wins-removal-from-us-terrorist-list.html|work=New York Times|first=Scott|last=Shane|title=Iranian Dissidents Convince U.S. to Drop Terror Label|date=September 21, 2012}}</ref>


Its current program is outlined in Maryam Rajavi's 10 point plan, calling for universal suffrage, freedom of speech, commitment to human rights, separation of religion and state, gender equality, independent judiciary, protection of national and ethnic minorities, equal opportunities in employment entrepreneurship, protection of the environment, and a non-nuclear Iran.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Making Sense of The MeK|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/middle-east-watch/making-sense-mek-65496 |magazine=The National Interest|author= Ilan Berman|date=4 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ncr-iran.org/en/maryam-rajavis-ten-point-plan-for-future-iran/|title=Maryam Rajavi’s Ten Point Plan for the Future of Iran|work=National Council of Resistance of Iran|access-date=2024-02-18}}</ref>
==Platform's core concepts==
The core concepts of the organization's platform (to date) include:

*Elections based on the principle of universal suffrage;
*a pluralistic political system with free assembly, freedom of expression and respect for individual freedoms;
*
*a separation of mosque and state, and prohibitions against religious discrimination;

*a westernization of the Iranian justice system, the elimination of sharia law, and reforms that provide for an array of western legal protections;
*adherence to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international instruments that enshrine protections for the population, and a commitment to the equality of all nationalities (in particular autonomy for Iranian Kurdistan);
*safeguards for private property, investment and employment, and support for a market economy;
*a foreign policy based on the principle of "peaceful coexistence" with other countries;
*a rejection of nuclear development and possession of weapons of mass destruction as a whole.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Making Sense of The MeK|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/middle-east-watch/making-sense-mek-65496 |magazine=The National Interest|author= Ilan Berman|date=4 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=ISIS: Defining the Enemy: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Nonproliferation, and Trade |year= 2015 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=INSU4tbeRugC&q=ncri+Elections+based+on+the+principle+of+universal+suffrage&pg=PA41}}</ref>


==History==
==History==

Revision as of 18:16, 18 February 2024

Not to be confused with National Resistance Movement of Iran or National Council of Iran.
National Council of Resistance of Iran
شورای ملی مقاومت ایران (Persian)
Conseil national de la résistance iranienne (French)
Këshilli Kombëtar i Rezistencës së Iranit (Albanian)
AbbreviationNCRI
SpokespersonAlireza Jafarzadeh[2]
President-electMaryam Rajavi
FounderMassoud Rajavi and Abolhassan Banisadr[3]
FoundedJuly 20, 1981; 43 years ago (1981-07-20)
HeadquartersParis, France[3]
Tirana, Albania
Mother PartyPeople's Mojahedin Organization of Iran
AnthemEy Iran
Party flag
Website
ncr-iran.org

The National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI; Template:Lang-fa) is an Iranian political organization based in France and Albania and was founded by Massoud Rajavi and Abolhassan Banisadr.[4] The organization is a political coalition calling to overthrow the Islamic Republic of Iran. The coalition is made up of different Iranian dissident groups, with its main member being the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK).[5][6][7] Both organizations are considered to be led by Maryam Rajavi.[8]

The NCRI is also recognized as the MEK's diplomatic wing.[9][10][11] In 2002, the NCRI exposed the existence of an undisclosed uranium enrichment facility in Natanz, leading to concerns about Iran's nuclear program.[12][13][14][15] It was listed as a foreign terrorist organization in 1997, but was removed from this list in 2012 by the U.S. government.[10][16]

Its current program is outlined in Maryam Rajavi's 10 point plan, calling for universal suffrage, freedom of speech, commitment to human rights, separation of religion and state, gender equality, independent judiciary, protection of national and ethnic minorities, equal opportunities in employment entrepreneurship, protection of the environment, and a non-nuclear Iran.[17][18]

History

See also: People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran § History

While the MEK supported Ruhollah Khomeini in 1979, after the Iranian Revolution, the government of Khomeini prevented Massoud Rajavi and MEK members from participating in the elections. In June 1981, Khomeini ousted president Abolhassan Banisadr through an impeachment. The MEK launched a campaign of attacks against the Islamic Republican Party, including the Haft-e Tir bombing. Escaping the crackdown that followed, Rajavi and Banisadr exiled to Paris and founded the National Council of Resistance of Iran.[19][20][21][22] The coalition was also joined by the National Democratic Front and the Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran.[22]

The MEK alliance with Iraq in the Iran–Iraq War, and Rajavi increasing consolidation of power within the NCRI, led to several NCRI members departing the organization.[23][24] Banisadr left the coalition in March 1983. The Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran also left.[23] By 1985, the NCRI was formed by the MEK, its fronts, the National Democratic Front, the Hoviyat Group and the Workers’ Party.[25]

In 1986, persuaded by the Islamic Republic, the French government closed down NCRI headquarters in Paris and expelled Rajavi from the country. Rajavi and the NCRI moved their main operations to Baghdad, Iraq.[26][22][27]

In 1993, assassins killed NCRI representative Mohammad Hossein Naqdi in Italy. As a result, the European Parliament issued a condemnation of political murder against the Islamic Republic of Iran.[28][29][30]

In 2002 the NCRI exposed nuclear facilities in Natanz and Arak in Iran. Iran was then declared "in breach of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons", which began to limit the nuclear program in Iran.[31]

In 2003, French police rounded up 167 PMOI sympathizers and placed 24 people under formal investigation, including the NCRI president Maryam Rajavi. In 2014, after an 11-year probe, the French courts dropped the charges.[32]

Christopher Harmon claims that there are a number of organisations set up by the NCRI, including Organization of Iranian American Communities, the Association of Iranian Scholars and Professionals, Association of Iranian Women, California Society for Democracy, Muslim Student Association, National Association of Iranian Academics in Britain, Towhidi Society of Guilds, Movement of Muslim Teachers, and others.[33]

MEK leader Maryam Rajavi is the designated "president-elect" of the organization, The NCRI has in the past three decades recorded and reported human rights violations in Iran to UN Special Rapporteurs, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Amnesty International and other international human rights organisations.[34][35][36][37]

In June 2020, a majority of members of the US House of Representatives backed a "bipartisan resolution" supporting Maryam Rajavi and the NCRI's "call for a secular, democratic Iran" while "condemning Iranian state-sponsored terrorism". The resolution, backed by 221 lawmakers (including Louie Gohmert and Sheila Jackson Lee), gave support to the Rajavi's 10-point plan for Iran's future (which include "a universal right to vote, market economy, and a non-nuclear Iran") while calling on the prevention of "malign activities of the Iranian regime's diplomatic missions." A NCRI representative said that "The fact that out of ten diplomats or agents of the Iranian regime expelled or jailed in Europe and the U.S. for terror plots over the past two years, eight of them were tied to operations against our movement, is a vivid testimony that the NCRI is the alternative to this regime." The resolution also called on the U.S. to stand "with the people of Iran who are continuing to hold legitimate and peaceful protests" against the Iranian government.[38][39]

In February 2021 Belgian court in Antwerp sentenced Assadollah Assadi, who worked at the Iranian embassy in Vienna, to 20-year jail term for plotting to bomb a rally of NCRI outside Paris in June 2018. He was arrested in Germany in June 2018. A Belgian couple of Iranian origin was also arrested with explosives and a detonator. A fourth man, Belgian-Iranian poet Merhad Arefani, was arrested in Paris and accused of being an accomplice. All three were convicted in a Belgian court for taking part in the plot and given jail terms of 15 to 18 years.[40]

Global reception

The NCRI received support from US Congress and US officials including Tom Ridge, Howard Dean, Michael Mukasey, Louis Freeh, Hugh Shelton, Rudy Giuliani, John Bolton, Bill Richardson, James L. Jones, Edward G. Rendell, Brian Binley, and Lt. General Thomas Mclenerney.[41][42][43]

The NCRI, along with the MEK is regarded by the governments of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Republic of Iraq as a terrorist organization,[44] and was classified as a Foreign Terrorist Organisation by the United States, alleging that the NCRI "is not a separate organization, but is instead, and has been, an integral part of the MEK at all relevant times" and that the NCRI is "the political branch" of the MEK.[45] However, it is no longer considered terrorist. On September 28, 2012, the US State Department formally removed MEK from its list of terrorist organizations in a decision made by then-Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, ahead of an October 1 deadline set by a US appeals court.[16]

Dick Armey (the former House majority leader 1995–2003) suggested that the State Department wrongly included MEK in the terrorist list from the beginning.[46] Alireza Jafarzadeh was its official representative in the US until the Washington office was closed by the US State Department in 2002 on the grounds that it was only a front group for the MEK by then listed as a terrorist organisation in the US.[47] It has been alleged that the inclusion of NCRI and MEK in the list was a token offered to the Iranian government rather than based on the facts of the matter. According to the Wall Street Journal[48] "Senior diplomats in the Clinton administration say the MEK figured prominently as a bargaining chip in a bridge-building effort with Tehran." The Journal added that: In 1997, the State Department added the MEK to a list of global terrorist organizations as "a signal" of the US's desire for rapprochement with Tehran's reformists, said Martin Indyk, who at the time was assistant secretary of state for Near East Affairs. President Khatami's government "considered it a pretty big deal," Indyk said.

The European Union in May 2004 implied that NCRI is part of the People's Mujahedin of Iran and excluded the NCRI itself from a list of organisations considered to be terrorist organisations, including the People's Mujahedin of Iran "minus the National Council of Resistance of Iran" on its list of terrorist organisations.[49] On January 26, 2009, EU Council of Ministers agreed to remove the MEK from the EU terror list. The group said it was the outcome of a "seven-year-long legal and political battle".[50][51][52][53] The European Union had previously listed the MEK on its list but excluded the NCRI itself from the list of organizations considered to be terrorist organizations.[54] According to some sources, it has an active global network, and engages in propaganda and lobbying in many Western capitals.[55][2] [56]

The Middle East department of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) in the United Kingdom stated in early 2006 that it is widely understood that "Iran's [nuclear] program, which was kept secret from the IAEA for 18 years, became public knowledge largely because of revelations of the NCRI, and this led to heightened international concern."[57] At the same time Michael Axworthy, former head of the Iran section at the FCO, claimed that the NCRI is a "tightly disciplined front organization for the MEK" and deemed them unreliable.[58]

In a meeting at the Council of Europe in April 2006, Maryam Rajavi elaborated on the movement's vision for a future Iran and presented a Ten Point Plan for Future Iran, according to the organisation's website.[59][34][60][61][62] The plan has been supported by British MPs,[34] some arguing that it is a potential programme that "would transform Iran" since it calls for the abolition of the death penalty, the creation of a modern legal system and the independence of judges.[34] At a debate on the human rights situation in Iran in the House of Lords on December 8, 2016, Lord Alton of Liverpool said, "The manifesto says: Cruel and degrading punishments will have no place in the future Iran. Madam Rajavi would end Tehran's funding of Hamas, Hezbollah and other militant groups and is committed to peaceful coexistence, relations with all countries and respect for the United Nations charter."[63]

According to a RAND report, the NCRI was transformed from an umbrella organization into a MEK subsidiary. The NCRI says it fights for the establishment of a democratic and secular republic in Iran, on a platform espousing such political values as secular government, democratic elections, freedom of expression, equal rights for women and human rights.[2] Also according to the RAND report, the NCRI has hidden the Marxist-Islamic elements,[64] and practices gender segregation.[65]

References

  1. ^ Anne Singleton (2003), Saddam's Private Army: How Rajavi changed Iran's Mojahedin from armed revolutionaries to an armed cult, Iran Chamber, retrieved 14 December 2016
  2. ^ a b c Goulka et al. 2009.
  3. ^ a b Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). "Chronology of Iranian History Part 4". Encyclopædia Iranica. Bibliotheca Persica Press. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
  4. ^ "Massoud Rajavi | Iranian revolutionary | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-02-13.
  5. ^ Exiled Iranian opposition group in Paris for talks, 22 June 2013
  6. ^ Senior US Senators Meet Iran Opposition Leader In Albania, 12 August 2017
  7. ^ Iranian dissidents plot a revolution from Albania, archived from the original on 2020-09-18, retrieved 2020-04-04
  8. ^ Nicla Pedde p.118:'Despite this multiform structure, however, the pyramid of power behind the MEK (or MKO Mojahedin e-Khalg Organization) is quite small and precisely identified: Massoud and Maryam Rajavi. The truth however is that MEK has been transformed in a sort of closed and vertical structure totally dominated by Massoud and Maryam Rajavi, where Massoud still holds the real power on the entire structure.
  9. ^ Cohen, Ronen A. (2018), "The Mojahedin-e Khalq versus the Islamic Republic of Iran: from war to propaganda and the war on propaganda and diplomacy", Middle Eastern Studies, 54 (6): 1000–1014, doi:10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813, S2CID 149542445
  10. ^ a b Kenneth Katzman, Document No.9 Iran:U.S. Concerns and Policy: Responses, CRS Report RL32048, in Kristen Boon, Aziz Z. Huq, Douglas Lovelace (eds.) Global Stability and U.S. National Security, Oxford University Press, 2012 pp.297-383 p.317.
  11. ^ Sasan Fayazmanesh, The United States and Iran: Sanctions, Wars and the Policy of Dual Containment, Routledge, 2008 pp.79,81.
  12. ^ Nuclear Safeguards, Security, and Nonproliferation: Achieving Security with Technology and Policy. Butterworth-Heinemann. 2019. p. 115-120.
  13. ^ The Trajectory of Iran's Nuclear Program. Palgrave Macmillan. 2015. p. 148.
  14. ^ Friedrichs, Gordon (February 2014), Smart Security Council? Analyzing the effectiveness of targeted sanctions, Anchor Academic, ISBN 978-3-95489-521-2
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  16. ^ a b Shane, Scott (September 21, 2012). "Iranian Dissidents Convince U.S. to Drop Terror Label". New York Times.
  17. ^ Ilan Berman (4 July 2019). "Making Sense of The MeK". The National Interest.
  18. ^ "Maryam Rajavi's Ten Point Plan for the Future of Iran". National Council of Resistance of Iran. Retrieved 2024-02-18.
  19. ^ Goulka et al. 2009, pp. 2–3.
  20. ^ Katzman 2001, p. 101.
  21. ^ Abrahamian 1989, p. 243.
  22. ^ a b c Keddie 2006, p. 253.
  23. ^ a b Goulka et al. 2009, pp. 59–60.
  24. ^ Clark 2016, p. 70.
  25. ^ Abrahamian 1989, p. 247-248.
  26. ^ Abrahamian 1989, p. 258.
  27. ^ Goulka et al. 2009, p. 68.
  28. ^ Cohen, Ronen (August 2018). "The Mojahedin-e Khalq versus the Islamic Republic of Iran: from war to propaganda and the war on propaganda and diplomacy". Middle Eastern Studies. 54 (6): 1000–1014. doi:10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813. S2CID 149542445.
  29. ^ Chicago Tribune wires, 'Iraq Denies Link with Death of Opposition Leader in Rome', Chicago Tribune (17 March 1993), p.4.
  30. ^ Safa Haeri, 'A bad month', Middle East International, No. 463 (19 November 1993), p.11.
  31. ^ "Chronology of Iran's Nuclear Program". The New York Times. 2005-08-08. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-09-23.
  32. ^ "France drops case against Iranian dissidents after 11-year probe". Reuters. September 17, 2014 – via www.reuters.com.
  33. ^ Christopher C. Harmon; Randall G. Bowdish (2018), The Terrorist Argument: Modern Advocacy and Propaganda, Brookings Institution Press, p. 301, ISBN 978-0-8157-3219-8
  34. ^ a b c d UK House of Commons, Foreign Affairs Committee publication, 10 June 2013,
  35. ^ "Iranian dissident and French lawmakers urge new policy on Iran". Reuters. 5 December 2012.
  36. ^ "Time to bring Iranian regime to justice". Arab News. 2 September 2021.
  37. ^ "Iranian exiles file rights abuse claim in UK against Raisi". France 24. 13 October 2021.
  38. ^ "Majority of House members back resolution supporting Iranian opposition, condemning regime's terror". Fox News. 17 June 2020.
  39. ^ "'The world is watching': Lawmakers tout bipartisan resolution condemning Iran". 17 June 2020.
  40. ^ "France bomb plot: Iran diplomat Assadollah Assadi sentenced to 20 years". BBC News. 4 February 2021.
  41. ^ Tomblay, Darren (2001). Political Influence Operations: How Foreign Actors Seek to Shape U.S. Policy Making. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-1-5381-0331-9.
  42. ^ "Who are the Iranian opposition and who will rule if the regime falls?". News Week. 5 January 2018.
  43. ^ Guskin, Justin (2007). The Politics of Immigration: Questions and Answers. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-58367-155-9.
  44. ^ United Nations Committee against Torture (2008), Jose Antonio Ocampo (ed.), Selected Decisions of the Committee Against Torture: Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman Or Degrading Treatment Or Punishment, vol. 1, United Nations Publications, p. 212, Communication N 2582004 section 7.2, ISBN 978-92-1-154185-4, E 08 XIV4; HR/CAT/PUB/1, The MEK has been involved in terrorist activities and is therefore a less legitimate replacement for the current regime.
  45. ^ "DC Court of Appeals Rules Against NCRI Petition for Review of "Foreign Terrorist Organization" Designation" (PDF). United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia. July 9, 2004. Retrieved 2006-12-28.
  46. ^ "Empowering the democratic opposition in Iran". The Hill. July 24, 2007. Archived from the original on 2008-12-07. Retrieved 2012-12-04.
  47. ^ Lorimer, Doug (February 22, 2006). "IRAN: US relies on terrorists for nuke 'intelligence'". Green Left Weekly. Archived from the original on March 8, 2006. Retrieved 2006-05-01.
  48. ^ Andrew Higgins and Jay Solomon (2006-11-29), "Iranian Imbroglio Gives New Boost To Odd Exile Group", Wall Street Journal
  49. ^ "Council Common Position 2004/500/CESP of 17 May 2004" (PDF). Council of the European Union. May 17, 2004. Retrieved 2006-12-28.
  50. ^ Runner, Philippa (2012-11-20). "/ Foreign Affairs / EU ministers drop Iran group from terror list". Euobserver.com. Retrieved 2012-12-04.
  51. ^ "EU removes PMOI from terrorist list". UPI.com. 2009-01-26. Retrieved 2012-12-04.
  52. ^ John, Mark (January 26, 2009). "EU takes Iran opposition group off terror list". Reuters. Archived from the original on 3 February 2009.
  53. ^ "Council Common Position 2004/500/CESP of 17 May 2004" (PDF). Council of the European Union. May 17, 2004. Retrieved 2006-12-28.
  54. ^ "COUNCIL DECISION" (PDF). Official Journal of the European Union. 28 June 2007. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
  55. ^ Anthony H. Cordesman, Adam C. Seitz Iranian Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Birth of a Regional Nuclear Arms Race?. Praeger Security International Series ABC-CLIO, 2009 p.327.
  56. ^ El País: El exilio iraní financió el 80% de la campaña de Vox de 2014
  57. ^ "RESISTANCE GROUP CLAIMS EVIDENCE OF IRANIAN BOMB AMBITIONS". The Media Line. Archived from the original on 5 October 2006. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
  58. ^ Kliger, Rachelle (January 11, 2006). "Resistance group claims evidence of Iranian bomb ambitions". The Media Line. Archived from the original on January 19, 2010. Retrieved 2006-12-28.
  59. ^ NCRI Website: Maryam Rajavi's Ten Point Plan for Future Iran
  60. ^ "Iran Rebels See Hardliner Ebrahim Raisi as Chance to Bring Down Regime". NewsWeek. 9 July 2021.
  61. ^ "US Congress introduces resolution in support of push for democracy and freedom in Iran". Arab News. 8 February 2023.
  62. ^ Berman, Ilan (5 July 2019). "Making Sense of The MeK". National Interest.
  63. ^ House of Lords Hansard Volume 777, Lords Chamber, Iran: Human Rights, 08 December 2016
  64. ^ Goulka et al. 2009, p. 59. "In another survival shift for Rajavi, the NCRI hid the MeK's Marxist-Islamic philosophy from European and American view and instead promoted a new platform espousing such political values as secular government, democratic elections, freedom of expression, equal rights for women, human rights, and a free-market economy, only some of which the MeK had previously endorsed."
  65. ^ Goulka et al. 2009, p. 72.

Bibliography

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