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[[File:Mustard Plant and Butterflies.jpg|thumb|''Mustard Plant and Butterflies'', early or middle [[Ming dynasty]] c. 1368–1550|left]]
[[File:Mustard Plant and Butterflies.jpg|thumb|''Mustard Plant and Butterflies'', early or middle [[Ming dynasty]] c. 1368–1550|left]]


Although some varieties of mustard plants were well-established crops in [[Hellenistic]] and [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times, [[Daniel Zohary|Zohary]] and Hopf note, "There are almost no [[Archaeology|archeological]] records available for any of these crops." Wild forms of mustard and its relatives, the [[radish]] and [[turnip]], can be found over West Asia and Europe, suggesting their [[domestication]] took place somewhere in that area. However, Zohary and Hopf conclude: "Suggestions as to the origins of these plants are necessarily based on [[linguistics|linguistic]] considerations."<ref>{{cite book |first1=Daniel |last1=Zohary |first2= Maria |last2=Hopf |first3= Ehud |last3=Weiss|title=Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin |edition= Fourth |publisher=Oxford: University Press |year=2012 |page=139}}</ref> The ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' states that mustard was grown by the [[Indus Valley civilisation|Indus Civilization]] of 2500–1700 BC.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-23 |title=Indus civilization {{!}} History, Location, Map, Artifacts, Language, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indus-civilization |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> According to the Saskatchewan Mustard Development Commission, "Some of the earliest known documentation of mustard's use dates back to Sumerian and Sanskrit texts from 3000 BC".<ref>"What is Mustard?". Saskatchewan Mustard Development Commission. Mustard Consumer Website. SMDC 2011. Web. 16 March 2016 <{{cite web |url=http://www.saskmustard.com/consumer/mustard/index.html |title=The Mustard Site &#124; What is Mustard? |access-date=2016-03-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325032401/http://www.saskmustard.com/consumer/mustard/index.html |archive-date=2016-03-25 }}>.</ref>
Although some varieties of mustard plants were well-established crops in [[Hellenistic]] and [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times, [[Daniel Zohary|Zohary]] and Hopf note, "There are almost no [[Archaeology|archeological]] records available for any of these crops." Wild forms of mustard and its relatives, the [[radish]] and [[turnip]], can be found over West Asia and Europe, suggesting their [[domestication]] took place somewhere in that area. However, Zohary and Hopf conclude: "Suggestions as to the origins of these plants are necessarily based on [[linguistics|linguistic]] considerations."<ref>{{cite book |first1=Daniel |last1=Zohary |first2= Maria |last2=Hopf |first3= Ehud |last3=Weiss|title=Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin |edition= Fourth |publisher=Oxford: University Press |year=2012 |page=139}}</ref> The ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' states that mustard was grown by the [[Indus Valley civilisation|Indus Civilization]] of 2500–1700 BC.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-23 |title=Indus civilization {{!}} History, Location, Map, Artifacts, Language, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indus-civilization |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> According to the Saskatchewan Mustard Development Commission, "Some of the earliest known documentation of mustard's use dates back to [[Sumer|Sumerian]] and Sanskrit texts from 3000 BC".<ref>"What is Mustard?". Saskatchewan Mustard Development Commission. Mustard Consumer Website. SMDC 2011. Web. 16 March 2016 <{{cite web |url=http://www.saskmustard.com/consumer/mustard/index.html |title=The Mustard Site &#124; What is Mustard? |access-date=2016-03-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325032401/http://www.saskmustard.com/consumer/mustard/index.html |archive-date=2016-03-25 }}>.</ref>


A wide-ranging genetic study of ''B. rapa'' announced in 2021 concluded that the species may have been domesticated as long as 6,000 years ago in [[Central Asia]], and that turnips or oilseeds may have been the first product. The results also suggested that a taxonomic re-evaluation of the species might be needed.<ref>
A wide-ranging genetic study of ''B. rapa'' announced in 2021 concluded that the species may have been domesticated as long as 6,000 years ago in [[Central Asia]], and that turnips or oilseeds may have been the first product. The results also suggested that a taxonomic re-evaluation of the species might be needed.<ref>

Revision as of 00:07, 2 August 2024

For the prepared condiment, see Mustard (condiment). For other uses of the term "mustard", see Mustard (disambiguation).
Flower of mustard plant

The mustard plant is any one of several plant species in the genera Brassica, Rhamphospermum and Sinapis in the family Brassicaceae (the mustard family). Mustard seed is used as a spice. Grinding and mixing the seeds with water, vinegar, or other liquids creates the yellow condiment known as prepared mustard. The seeds can also be pressed to make mustard oil, and the edible leaves can be eaten as mustard greens. Many vegetables are cultivated varieties of mustard plants; domestication may have begun 6,000 years ago.

History

Mustard Plant and Butterflies, early or middle Ming dynasty c. 1368–1550

Although some varieties of mustard plants were well-established crops in Hellenistic and Roman times, Zohary and Hopf note, "There are almost no archeological records available for any of these crops." Wild forms of mustard and its relatives, the radish and turnip, can be found over West Asia and Europe, suggesting their domestication took place somewhere in that area. However, Zohary and Hopf conclude: "Suggestions as to the origins of these plants are necessarily based on linguistic considerations."[1] The Encyclopædia Britannica states that mustard was grown by the Indus Civilization of 2500–1700 BC.[2] According to the Saskatchewan Mustard Development Commission, "Some of the earliest known documentation of mustard's use dates back to Sumerian and Sanskrit texts from 3000 BC".[3]

A wide-ranging genetic study of B. rapa announced in 2021 concluded that the species may have been domesticated as long as 6,000 years ago in Central Asia, and that turnips or oilseeds may have been the first product. The results also suggested that a taxonomic re-evaluation of the species might be needed.[4]

Species

Wild white mustard (Sinapis alba)

White mustard (Sinapis alba) grows wild in North Africa, West Asia, and Mediterranean Europe, and has spread farther by long cultivation; brown mustard (Brassica juncea), originally from the foothills of the Himalayas, is grown commercially in India, Canada, the United Kingdom, Denmark, Bangladesh[5] and the United States; black mustard (Brassica nigra) is grown in Argentina, Chile, the US, and some European countries. Canada and Nepal are the world's major producers of mustard seed, between them accounting for around 57% of world production in 2010.[6] White mustard is commonly used as a cover crop in Europe (between UK and Ukraine). Many varieties exist, e.g., in Germany[7] and the Netherlands,[8] mainly differing in lateness of flowering and resistance against white beet-cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii). Farmers prefer late-flowering varieties, which do not produce seeds; they may become weeds in the subsequent year. Early vigor is important to cover the soil quickly and suppress weeds and protect the soil against erosion. In rotations with sugar beets, suppression of the white beet-cyst nematode is an important trait. Resistant white mustard varieties reduce nematode populations by 70–90%.[citation needed]

Mustard species' are a common host plant to Phaedon cochleariae, a beetle native to Europe.[9][10]Because of their particular diet, they've been colloquially referred to as mustard leaf beetles.[11]

Recent research has studied varieties of mustards with high oil contents for use in the production of biodiesel, a renewable liquid fuel similar to diesel fuel. The biodiesel made from mustard oil has good flow properties and cetane ratings. The leftover meal after pressing out the oil has also been found to be an effective pesticide.[12]

  • Mustard field
    Mustard field
  • Flower
    Flower
  • Flower close-up
    Flower close-up
  • Close-up of black mustard seeds (each about 2–3 mm in diameter)
    Close-up of black mustard seeds (each about 2–3 mm in diameter)
  • Bangladeshi mustard plants
    Bangladeshi mustard plants

See also

References

  1. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Hopf, Maria; Weiss, Ehud (2012). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin (Fourth ed.). Oxford: University Press. p. 139.
  2. ^ "Indus civilization | History, Location, Map, Artifacts, Language, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2024-02-23. Retrieved 2024-03-01.
  3. ^ "What is Mustard?". Saskatchewan Mustard Development Commission. Mustard Consumer Website. SMDC 2011. Web. 16 March 2016 <"The Mustard Site | What is Mustard?". Archived from the original on 2016-03-25. Retrieved 2016-03-16.>.
  4. ^ Alex C McAlvay, Aaron P Ragsdale, Makenzie E Mabry, Xinshuai Qi, Kevin A Bird, Pablo Velasco, Hong An, J Chris Pires, Eve Emshwiller, Brassica rapa Domestication: Untangling Wild and Feral Forms and Convergence of Crop Morphotypes, Molecular Biology and Evolution, msab108, https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab108, 30 April 2021.
  5. ^ "Excellent mustard production likely in Rangpur region". Dhaka Tribune. 2021-01-21. Retrieved 2023-02-07.
  6. ^ "FAOSTAT Countries by Commodity". UN Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 2012-05-08.
  7. ^ BSL Getreide 2015 getreide 2015.pdf www.bundessortenamt.de/bsa/media/Files/BSL/bsl_getreide_2015.pdf
  8. ^ "Brancheorganisatie Akkerbouw" (PDF). www.kennisakker.nl. Retrieved 2023-02-07.
  9. ^ Reifenrath, Kerstin; Müller, Caroline (March 2008). "Multiple feeding stimulants in Sinapis alba for the oligophagous leaf beetle Phaedon cochleariae". Chemoecology. 18 (1): 19–27. Bibcode:2008Checo..18...19R. doi:10.1007/s00049-007-0389-5. ISSN 0937-7409.
  10. ^ Warchałowski, Andrzej (2003). Chrysomelidae : the leaf-beetles of Europe and the Mediterranean area. Warsawa: Natura Optima dux Foundation. ISBN 978-83-918040-0-1. OCLC 77850541.
  11. ^ Reifenrath, Kerstin; Müller, Caroline (March 2008). "Multiple feeding stimulants in Sinapis alba for the oligophagous leaf beetle Phaedon cochleariae". Chemoecology. 18 (1): 19–27. Bibcode:2008Checo..18...19R. doi:10.1007/s00049-007-0389-5. ISSN 0937-7409.
  12. ^ "Industrial mustard crops for biodiesel and biopesticides" (PDF). 17 November 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 November 2004.
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