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Massacres in modern and ancient Israel
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{{Expand list|date=May 2011}}
{{Expand list|date=May 2011}}


The following are a list of [[massacre]]s that have occurred in the modern state of [[Israel]] from May 15, 1948. For massacres that have occurred in the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza]], see [[List of massacres in Palestinian Territories]]:
The following are a list of [[massacre]]s that have occurred in [[Israel]] and its predecessors. For massacres that have occurred in the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza]], see [[List of massacres in Palestinian Territories]]:


{|class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
{|class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
Line 11: Line 11:
! style="width:75px;"|Deaths
! style="width:75px;"|Deaths
!class="unsortable"|Notes
!class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
|[[First Jewish-Roman War]]
|66
|[[Judaea Province]]
|[[Ancient Rome|Romans]]
|250,000-1,100,000<ref name=Lissak>Rivka Shpak Lissak, ''The Roman Policy: Elimination of the Jewish National-Cultural Entity and the Jewish Majority in the Land of Israel''. Retrieved 27 Mar 2012.</ref>
|Jews were massacred by Romans throughout the war; 97,000 enslaved; first of three major Jewish revolts against Romans; resulted in destruction of the Holy Temple
|-
|[[Bar Kokhba revolt]]
|132-136
|[[Judaea Province]]
|[[Ancient Rome|Romans]]
|580,000<ref>[http://www.roman-empire.net/highpoint/highpoint.html The 'Five Good Emperors'] (roman-empire.net)</ref>
|Decisive Roman victory. [[Roman Empire|Romans]] enslaved many [[Jew]]s of Judaea, massacred many Jews, suppressed Jewish religious and political authority, banned Jews from [[Jerusalem]], and renamed and merged Judaea into the [[Syria Palaestina]] province.
|-
|[[Siege of Jerusalem (614)]]
|614
|[[Jerusalem]]
|Persian Amy ordered by [[Shahrbaraz]]
|66,509<ref>[http://www.antiquities.org.il/article_Item_eng.asp?sec_id=17&sub_subj_id=179 "Human Skeletal Remains from the Mamilla cave, Jerusalem"] by Yossi Nagar.</ref>
|Christians were massacred by Persian invaders
|-
|[[Siege of Jerusalem (1099)]]
|15 July 1099
|Jerusalem
|European Crusaders
|over 10,000 Muslims, Jews and Christians
|
|-
|[[Siege of Acre (1189–1191)]]
|20 August 1191
|Acre
|Crusaders commanded by [[Richard I of England|Richard the Lionheart]]
|2,700
|Prisoners were executed
|-
|[[1517 Safed pogrom]]
|1517
|[[Safed]]
|Muslim mobs
|Unknown
|Many Jews subsequently fled the city<ref name="BasolaDaṿid1999">{{cite book|author1=Moses ben Mordecai Basola|author2=Avraham Daṿid|title=In Zion and Jerusalem: the itinerary of Rabbi Moses Basola (1521-1523)|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6XRtAAAAMAAJ|date=31 December 1999|publisher=C. G. Foundation Jerusalem Project Publications of the Martin (Szusz) Department of Land of Israel Studies of Bar-Ilan University|isbn=978-965-222-926-7|page=62|quote=The demographic data noted here must also be examined against the background of outbreaks of anti-Jewish violence shortly after the Ottoman conquest that caused many of Safed's Jews to flee the city in early 1517.}}</ref>
|-
|[[1660 destruction of Tiberias]]
|1660
|[[Tiberias]]
|Druze rebels
|Unknown
|Resulted in Jewish population abandoning Tiberias<ref name="Joel Rappel 1980 p.531">Joel Rappel, History of Eretz Israel from Prehistory up to 1882 (1980), Vol.2, p.531. 'In 1662 Sabbathai Sevi arrived to Jerusalem. It was the time when the Jewish settlements of Galilee were destroyed by the Druze: Tiberias was completely desolate and only a few of former Safed residents had returned..."</ref><ref name="Barnay, Y 1992 p. 149">Barnay, Y. The Jews in Palestine in the eighteenth century: under the patronage of the Istanbul Committee of Officials for Palestine (University of Alabama Press 1992) ISBN 978-0-8173-0572-7 p. 149</ref>
|-
|[[1660 destruction of Safed]]
|1660
|[[Safed]]
|Arab rioters
|Unknown, estimated thousands<ref name=haas>{{cite book |author=[[Jacob De Haas]] |coauthors= |title=History of Palestine |year=1934 |publisher= |page=345 |quote=Safed, hotbed of mystics, is not mentioned in the Zebi adventure. Its community had been massacred in 1660, when the town was destroyed by Arabs, and only one Jew escaped. | url=http://books.google.com/?id=cTYcAAAAMAAJ&q=Safed,+hotbed+of+mystics,+is+not+mentioned&dq=Safed,+hotbed+of+mystics,+is+not+mentioned |isbn= }}</ref>
|
|-
|[[Siege of Jaffa]]
|7 March 1799
|[[Jaffa]]
|[[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon's]] Army
|2,440-4,100
|[[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] prisoners were executed on the beaches south of the town
|-
|[[1834 Safed pogrom]]
|1834
|[[Safed]]
|Arab rioters
|unknown
|Reports detail torture and mass-rape of Jewish population<ref name="Sicker1999">{{cite book|author=Martin Sicker|title=Reshaping Palestine: from Muhammad Ali to the British Mandate, 1831-1922|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TWBxUi5fVS0C&pg=PA13|year=1999|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-96639-3|page=13|quote=However, the insurrection soon lost its original purpose and turned into bloody rioting and excesses directed against the Jewish population. Arab villagers joined with the townspeople to attack the Jews, raping, looting and destroying synagogues. The rioting was most severe in Safed, where assaults and vandalism forced many Jews to flee to safety amount the friendly Arabs of the nearby village of Ein Zetim. Others were afraid to remain in the remote area and decided to relocate to Jerusalem. During the course of the disturbances, some 500 Torah scrolls were destroyed in Safed alone. The rioting continued for thirty-three days, until a contingent of Druse troops from Ibrahim's army arrived to restore order. The governor of Safed and thirteen of the ringleaders were taken captive, summarily tried, and put to death.}}</ref>
|-
|[[1838 Druze massacre of Safed]]
|1838
|[[Safed]]
|Druze rebels
|Unknown
|Druze rebels and Muslim mobs plundered Jewish quarters for three days<ref name="Lieber1992">{{cite book|author=Sherman Lieber|title=Mystics and missionaries: the Jews in Palestine, 1799-1840|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mrltAAAAMAAJ|year=1992|publisher=University of Utah Press|isbn=978-0-87480-391-4|page=334|quote=The Druze and local Muslims vandalised the Jewish quarter. During three days they enacted a replay of the 1834 plunder, looting homes and desecrating synagogues — but no deaths were reported. What could not be stolen was smashed and burned. Jews caught outdoors were robbed and beaten.}}</ref><ref name="Finkelstein1960">{{cite book|author=Louis Finkelstein|title=The Jews: their history, culture, and religion|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=838GAQAAIAAJ|year=1960|publisher=Harper|page=679|quote=In the summer of 1838 the Druses revolted against Ibrahim Pasha, and once more the Jews were the scapegoat. The Moslems joined the Druses in repeating the slaughter and plunder of 1834.}}</ref>
|-
|[[1920 Nebi Musa riots]]
|April 4-7 1920
|[[Jerusalem]]
|Muslim mobs
|9<ref>{{citation|last=Segev|first=Tom|authorlink=Tom Segev |title=One Palestine, Complete: Jews and Arabs Under the British Mandate |year=2001|publisher=Owl Books |isbn=0-8050-6587-3}}</ref>
|Looting, burglary, rape, and murder continued after martial law was declared; several homes were set on fire, and tombstones were shattered; several hundreds injured
|-
|[[Jaffa riots]]
|May 1-7, 1921
|[[Jaffa]]
|Arab rioters, British authorities and police
|95<ref>[http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:hcpp&rft_dat=xri:hcpp:rec:1921-024927 Report of the Commission of Enquiry into the disturbances in Palestine in May, 1921], with correspondence relating thereto (Disturbances), 1921, Cmd. 1540, p. 60.</ref>
|219 injured
|-
|[[1929 Hebron massacre]]
|August 24, 1929
|[[Hebron]]
|Arab rioters, neighbors of the victims
|67
|dozens injured; synagogues and homes ransacked
|-
|[[1929 Safed pogrom]]
|August 29, 1929
|[[Safed]]
|Arab rioters
|18-20<ref>Kaplan, Neil (1983) ''Early Arab-Zionist Negotiation Attempts, 1913-1931''. London: Routledge, ISBN 0-7146-3214-7, p. 82.</ref>
|80 injured
|-

|[[Islam and war|Jaffa massacre]]
|April 19, 1936
|[[Jaffa]]
|Arab rioters
|16<ref name="icon">p. 70</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Mufti of Jerusalem: Al-Hajj Amin al-Husayni and the Palestinian National Movement
Studies of the Middle East Institute | last=Mattar | first=Philip Edition revised |year=1992 | publisher=Columbia University Press|page=48 |isbn=0231064632}}</ref>
|
|-
|1938 Haifa riots
|July 6, 1938
|[[Haifa]]
|[[Irgun]], bomb and snipers
|20
|38 people seriously injured; bomb thrown into the Old Market, roiting along Kingsway<ref>The Times, Thursday July 7 1938.</ref>
|-
|1938 Jerusalem bomb
|July 15, 1938
|[[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City Jerusalem]]
|[[Irgun]]
|11
|28 injured; bomb left in vegetable market<ref>The Times Saturday July 17 1938</ref>
|-
|1938 Haifa bomb
|July 25 1938
|Haifa
|[[Irgun]]
|49
|Bomb thrown into melon market, Kingsway.<ref>The Times Tuesday July 26 1938</ref>
|-
|[[1938 Tiberias pogrom]]
|October 2, 1938
|[[Tiberias]]
|Arab rioters
|19<ref>[http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1938.htm League of Nations Archives]</ref>
|Most were stabbed to death; 11 victims were children
|-
|[[Haifa Oil Refinery massacre]]
|December 30, 1947
|[[Haifa]]
|[[Irgun]], Arab civilians
|39<ref>Commission of enquiry report, ''Palestine Post'', 20 Feb 1948.</ref>
|Arab workers beat 39 Jewish workers to death at the British-owned Haifa Oil Refinery and wounded 49 in the immediate aftermath of an [[Irgun]] grenade attack which killed 6 and wounded 40.
|-
|[[Balad al-Shaykh massacre]]
|December 31, 1947
|[[Balad al-Shaykh]]
|[[Palmach]]
|20-71
|Town was attacked while residents were asleep, in retribution for the Haifa Oil Refinery massacre.<ref>[[Benny Morris]], ''1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War, Yale University Press, p.103.</ref>
|-
|1st Kfar Etzion attack
|January 9, 1948
|[[Kfar Etzion]]
|Arab militiants
|35<ref name="RAABIC">{{cite book | last = Gilbert| first = Martin| title = Routledge Atlas of the Arab-Israeli Conflict | year = 2005 | publisher = [[Routledge]] | isbn = 0415359015}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[Ben Yehuda Street bombings#1948 bombing|Ben Yehuda Street bombing]]
|Feb 23, 1948
|[[Jerusalem]]
|Arab militants, British deserters
|58<ref name="RAABIC"/>
|Same location has been attacked multiple times since 1948
|-
|Jewish Agency bombing
|March 11, 1948
|[[Jerusalem]]
|Arab militiants
|13<ref name="RAABIC"/>
|
|-
|[[Yehiam convoy|Yehiam convoy ambush]]
|March 27, 1948
|Near [[Al-Kabri]]
|Arab militiants
|53<ref>[[The Scotsman]], Monday 29 March 1948. Reporter: Eric Downton</ref>
|
|-
|[[Deir Yassin massacre]]
|April 9, 1948
|[[Deir Yassin]]
|
|107
|Events were embellished and used by various parties to attack each other<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=M7tr9_rCwD0C&pg=PA209 Morris 2001, p. 209].
*[http://www.ee.bgu.ac.il/~censor/katz-directory/05-12-14gelber-palestine-1948-appendix-II-what-happened-in-deir-yassin-english.pdf Gelber 2006], p. 315.</ref>
|-
|[[Hadassah medical convoy massacre]]
|April 13, 1948
|[[Mount Scopus]]
|Arab forces in Jerusalem
|79<ref name="autogenerated3">[http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1207486207992&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull Victims of Hadassah massacre to be memorialized], Judy Siegel-Itzkovich. April 7, 2008, [[The Jerusalem Post]].</ref>
|20 injured; many victims were doctors and nurses
|-
|[[Kfar Etzion massacre]]
|May 13, 1948
|[[Kfar Etzion]]
|Arab armed forces
|157<ref>Allon, Yigal, (1970) "Shield of David - The Story of Israel's Armed Forces". Weidenfeld and Nicolson. SBN 297 00133 7. Page 196.</ref><ref>Gilbert, Martin (1977) "Jerusalem - Illustrated History Atlas". Published in conjunction with the Board of Deputies of British Jews. Map 50, page 93.</ref>
|Bodies lay in the fields for some time; a year and a half after the massacre, Transjordan permitted Israel to retrieve the corpses and to bury them
|-
|-
|[[al-Dawayima massacre]]
|[[al-Dawayima massacre]]

Revision as of 23:59, 12 May 2012

The following are a list of massacres that have occurred in Israel and its predecessors. For massacres that have occurred in the West Bank and Gaza, see List of massacres in Palestinian Territories:

Name Date Location Responsible Party Deaths Notes
First Jewish-Roman War 66 Judaea Province Romans 250,000-1,100,000[1] Jews were massacred by Romans throughout the war; 97,000 enslaved; first of three major Jewish revolts against Romans; resulted in destruction of the Holy Temple
Bar Kokhba revolt 132-136 Judaea Province Romans 580,000[2] Decisive Roman victory. Romans enslaved many Jews of Judaea, massacred many Jews, suppressed Jewish religious and political authority, banned Jews from Jerusalem, and renamed and merged Judaea into the Syria Palaestina province.
Siege of Jerusalem (614) 614 Jerusalem Persian Amy ordered by Shahrbaraz 66,509[3] Christians were massacred by Persian invaders
Siege of Jerusalem (1099) 15 July 1099 Jerusalem European Crusaders over 10,000 Muslims, Jews and Christians
Siege of Acre (1189–1191) 20 August 1191 Acre Crusaders commanded by Richard the Lionheart 2,700 Prisoners were executed
1517 Safed pogrom 1517 Safed Muslim mobs Unknown Many Jews subsequently fled the city[4]
1660 destruction of Tiberias 1660 Tiberias Druze rebels Unknown Resulted in Jewish population abandoning Tiberias[5][6]
1660 destruction of Safed 1660 Safed Arab rioters Unknown, estimated thousands[7]
Siege of Jaffa 7 March 1799 Jaffa Napoleon's Army 2,440-4,100 Ottoman prisoners were executed on the beaches south of the town
1834 Safed pogrom 1834 Safed Arab rioters unknown Reports detail torture and mass-rape of Jewish population[8]
1838 Druze massacre of Safed 1838 Safed Druze rebels Unknown Druze rebels and Muslim mobs plundered Jewish quarters for three days[9][10]
1920 Nebi Musa riots April 4-7 1920 Jerusalem Muslim mobs 9[11] Looting, burglary, rape, and murder continued after martial law was declared; several homes were set on fire, and tombstones were shattered; several hundreds injured
Jaffa riots May 1-7, 1921 Jaffa Arab rioters, British authorities and police 95[12] 219 injured
1929 Hebron massacre August 24, 1929 Hebron Arab rioters, neighbors of the victims 67 dozens injured; synagogues and homes ransacked
1929 Safed pogrom August 29, 1929 Safed Arab rioters 18-20[13] 80 injured
Jaffa massacre April 19, 1936 Jaffa Arab rioters 16[14][15]
1938 Haifa riots July 6, 1938 Haifa Irgun, bomb and snipers 20 38 people seriously injured; bomb thrown into the Old Market, roiting along Kingsway[16]
1938 Jerusalem bomb July 15, 1938 Old City Jerusalem Irgun 11 28 injured; bomb left in vegetable market[17]
1938 Haifa bomb July 25 1938 Haifa Irgun 49 Bomb thrown into melon market, Kingsway.[18]
1938 Tiberias pogrom October 2, 1938 Tiberias Arab rioters 19[19] Most were stabbed to death; 11 victims were children
Haifa Oil Refinery massacre December 30, 1947 Haifa Irgun, Arab civilians 39[20] Arab workers beat 39 Jewish workers to death at the British-owned Haifa Oil Refinery and wounded 49 in the immediate aftermath of an Irgun grenade attack which killed 6 and wounded 40.
Balad al-Shaykh massacre December 31, 1947 Balad al-Shaykh Palmach 20-71 Town was attacked while residents were asleep, in retribution for the Haifa Oil Refinery massacre.[21]
1st Kfar Etzion attack January 9, 1948 Kfar Etzion Arab militiants 35[22]
Ben Yehuda Street bombing Feb 23, 1948 Jerusalem Arab militants, British deserters 58[22] Same location has been attacked multiple times since 1948
Jewish Agency bombing March 11, 1948 Jerusalem Arab militiants 13[22]
Yehiam convoy ambush March 27, 1948 Near Al-Kabri Arab militiants 53[23]
Deir Yassin massacre April 9, 1948 Deir Yassin 107 Events were embellished and used by various parties to attack each other[24]
Hadassah medical convoy massacre April 13, 1948 Mount Scopus Arab forces in Jerusalem 79[25] 20 injured; many victims were doctors and nurses
Kfar Etzion massacre May 13, 1948 Kfar Etzion Arab armed forces 157[26][27] Bodies lay in the fields for some time; a year and a half after the massacre, Transjordan permitted Israel to retrieve the corpses and to bury them
al-Dawayima massacre 28 October 1948 al-Dawayima Israeli Army 70-80 Accounts of the incident vary greatly; some report that bodies were put in a well.
Safsaf massacre October 29, 1948 Safsaf Israel Defense Force 52-64
Eilabun massacre October 30, 1948 Eilabun Israel Defense Force 14 2 Arab Christians killed before surrender, 12 after
Ma'ale Akrabim massacre March 16-17, 1954 Scorpions Pass Arab gang originating from either Jordan or Egypt 11[28] 2 injured
Kafr Qasim massacre October 29, 1956 Kafr Qasim Israel Border Police 48 Reports of 49 casualties are common, due to a pregnant woman being included twice for her unborn child. Israeli President Shimon Peres issued a formal apology in December 2007[29]
Avivim school bus massacre May 8, 1970 near Avivim PFLP-GC[30] 12[31] 25 wounded; 9 victims were children
Lod Airport massacre May 30, 1972 Lod Three members of the Japanese Red Army, on behalf of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 26[32] 80 injured
Kiryat Shmona massacre April 11, 1974 Kiryat Shmona, Israel Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Command 18[33] 15 injured
Ma'alot massacre[34] May 15, 1974 Ma'alot[35] Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine[36] 29[37] 68 injured; victims were mostly children
Savoy Hotel massacre March 4-5, 1975 Tel Aviv Palestine Liberation Organization 11
Coastal Road massacre March 11, 1978 near Tel Aviv Palestinian Liberation Organization 38[38] 38 people were killed on bus. Victims include 13 children. Other people killed nearby. 71 wounded.
1979 Nahariya massacre April 22, 1979 Nahariya Palestine Liberation Front 4 2 victims were children; perpetrators were later released in a prisoner swap between Israel and Lebanese militiant organizations
Tel Aviv Jerusalem bus 405 massacre July 6, 1989 Kiryat Yearim Palestinian Islamic Jihad 16[39] First Palestinian suicide attack; 27 injured
Beit Lid massacre[40][41][42][43] January 22, 1995 Beit Lid Junction Palestinian Islamic Jihad 23[44] death toll includes 2 perpetrators; 69 injured; first suicide attack by Palestinian Islamic Jihad
Jaffa Road bus bombings February 25-March 3, 1996 Jerusalem Hamas 45[45] 55 injured
Dizengoff Center massacre March 4, 1996 Tel Aviv Hamas 13[46] Victims include 5 children; 130 injured
Island of Peace massacre March 13, 1997 Island of Peace Jordanian Army Corporal Ahmed Daqamseh 7[46] Jordanian soldier opened fire on a large group of Israeli schoolgirls[46]
1997 Mahane Yehuda Market Bombings July 30, 1997 Mahane Yehuda Market, Jerusalem Hamas 16[47] 178 injured
Dolphinarium discotheque massacre June 1, 2001 Tel Aviv Hamas 21[48][49][50] 132 injured; victims were teenagers[51]
Sbarro restaurant massacre August 9, 2001 Jerusalem Hamas 15[52] 130 injured; 7 victims were children
Ben Yehuda Street bombings December 1, 2001 Jerusalem Hamas 11[53] 188 injured
Haifa bus 16 suicide bombing December 2, 2001 Haifa Hamas 15[54] 40 injured[54]
Bat Mitzvah massacre January 18, 2002 Hadera al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades 7[54] 33 wounded[54]
Yeshivat Beit Yisrael massacre March 2, 2002 Beit Yisrael, Jerusalem Fatah al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades 11[55] Victims included 7 children, 2 of which were infants
Cafe Moment massacre March 9, 2002 Jerusalem Hamas 11[56] 54 injured[57]
Passover massacre[58] March 27, 2002 Netanya Hamas[59] 30[60] 140 injured; some victims were Holocaust survivors; considered the deadliest single attack against Israeli civilians during the Second Intifada
Elon Moreh massacre March 28, 2002 Elon Moreh Palestinian gunman 4[1] Palestinian militiant infiltrated the village and opened fire on a family in their home
Matza restaurant massacre March 31, 2002 Haifa Hamas 16[61] 40+ injured[62]
2002 Rishon LeZion bombing May 7, 2002 Rishon LeZion Hamas 15[63][64][65] 57 injured
Patt Junction Bus massacre June 18, 2002 Jerusalem Hamas 19[66] 74+ injured
2002 French Hill Junction massacre June 19, 2002 French Hill neighborhood, Jerusalem Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades 7[67] 35 injured
2002 Immanuel bus attack July 16, 2002 Immanuel Palestinian terrorists 9[68][69][70] 3 victims were children, 2 of them infants, among them the youngest casualty of the Second Intifada; 20 injured
Hebrew University massacre July 31, 2002 Hebrew University of Jerusalem Hamas 9[71] 5 victims were Americans; 100+ injured[72]
Meron Junction Bus 361 attack August 4, 2002 Near Safed Hamas 9[73] 38 injured
Jerusalem bus 20 massacre November 21, 2002 Kiryat Menachem, Jerusalem Hamas 11[74] 50+ injured; 4 victims were children
Tel-Aviv central bus station massacre January 5, 2003 Southern Tel Aviv Fatah al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades 23[75] Over 100 injured
Jerusalem bus 2 massacre August 19, 2003 Jerusalem Hamas 23[76] Over 130 injured; 7 victims were children, including infants[77]
Maxim restaurant massacre October 4, 2003 Haifa Islamic Jihad 21.[78] 51 injured; victims include 4 young children
Jerusalem bus 19 massacre January 29, 2004 Jerusalem Al Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades and Hamas 11[57] 50+ injured
Ashdod Port massacre March 14, 2004 Port of Ashdod Hamas and Fatah al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades 10[54] 16 injured[54]
Beersheba massacre August 31, 2004 Rager Boulevard, Beersheba Hamas 16[79] 80 injured[54]
2006 Tel Aviv shawarma restaurant massacre April 17, 2006 Tel Aviv Islamic Jihad 11[80] 70 injured
Mercaz HaRav massacre March 6, 2008 Kiryat Moshe, Jerusalem Palestinian gunman 8[81] Attack took place at a school, and 7 victims were students

See also

References

  1. ^ Rivka Shpak Lissak, The Roman Policy: Elimination of the Jewish National-Cultural Entity and the Jewish Majority in the Land of Israel. Retrieved 27 Mar 2012.
  2. ^ The 'Five Good Emperors' (roman-empire.net)
  3. ^ "Human Skeletal Remains from the Mamilla cave, Jerusalem" by Yossi Nagar.
  4. ^ Moses ben Mordecai Basola; Avraham Daṿid (31 December 1999). In Zion and Jerusalem: the itinerary of Rabbi Moses Basola (1521-1523). C. G. Foundation Jerusalem Project Publications of the Martin (Szusz) Department of Land of Israel Studies of Bar-Ilan University. p. 62. ISBN 978-965-222-926-7. The demographic data noted here must also be examined against the background of outbreaks of anti-Jewish violence shortly after the Ottoman conquest that caused many of Safed's Jews to flee the city in early 1517.
  5. ^ Joel Rappel, History of Eretz Israel from Prehistory up to 1882 (1980), Vol.2, p.531. 'In 1662 Sabbathai Sevi arrived to Jerusalem. It was the time when the Jewish settlements of Galilee were destroyed by the Druze: Tiberias was completely desolate and only a few of former Safed residents had returned..."
  6. ^ Barnay, Y. The Jews in Palestine in the eighteenth century: under the patronage of the Istanbul Committee of Officials for Palestine (University of Alabama Press 1992) ISBN 978-0-8173-0572-7 p. 149
  7. ^ Jacob De Haas (1934). History of Palestine. p. 345. Safed, hotbed of mystics, is not mentioned in the Zebi adventure. Its community had been massacred in 1660, when the town was destroyed by Arabs, and only one Jew escaped. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  8. ^ Martin Sicker (1999). Reshaping Palestine: from Muhammad Ali to the British Mandate, 1831-1922. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-275-96639-3. However, the insurrection soon lost its original purpose and turned into bloody rioting and excesses directed against the Jewish population. Arab villagers joined with the townspeople to attack the Jews, raping, looting and destroying synagogues. The rioting was most severe in Safed, where assaults and vandalism forced many Jews to flee to safety amount the friendly Arabs of the nearby village of Ein Zetim. Others were afraid to remain in the remote area and decided to relocate to Jerusalem. During the course of the disturbances, some 500 Torah scrolls were destroyed in Safed alone. The rioting continued for thirty-three days, until a contingent of Druse troops from Ibrahim's army arrived to restore order. The governor of Safed and thirteen of the ringleaders were taken captive, summarily tried, and put to death.
  9. ^ Sherman Lieber (1992). Mystics and missionaries: the Jews in Palestine, 1799-1840. University of Utah Press. p. 334. ISBN 978-0-87480-391-4. The Druze and local Muslims vandalised the Jewish quarter. During three days they enacted a replay of the 1834 plunder, looting homes and desecrating synagogues — but no deaths were reported. What could not be stolen was smashed and burned. Jews caught outdoors were robbed and beaten.
  10. ^ Louis Finkelstein (1960). The Jews: their history, culture, and religion. Harper. p. 679. In the summer of 1838 the Druses revolted against Ibrahim Pasha, and once more the Jews were the scapegoat. The Moslems joined the Druses in repeating the slaughter and plunder of 1834.
  11. ^ Segev, Tom (2001), One Palestine, Complete: Jews and Arabs Under the British Mandate, Owl Books, ISBN 0-8050-6587-3
  12. ^ Report of the Commission of Enquiry into the disturbances in Palestine in May, 1921, with correspondence relating thereto (Disturbances), 1921, Cmd. 1540, p. 60.
  13. ^ Kaplan, Neil (1983) Early Arab-Zionist Negotiation Attempts, 1913-1931. London: Routledge, ISBN 0-7146-3214-7, p. 82.
  14. ^ p. 70
  15. ^ Mattar, Philip Edition revised (1992). The Mufti of Jerusalem: Al-Hajj Amin al-Husayni and the Palestinian National Movement Studies of the Middle East Institute. Columbia University Press. p. 48. ISBN 0231064632. {{cite book}}: line feed character in |title= at position 86 (help)
  16. ^ The Times, Thursday July 7 1938.
  17. ^ The Times Saturday July 17 1938
  18. ^ The Times Tuesday July 26 1938
  19. ^ League of Nations Archives
  20. ^ Commission of enquiry report, Palestine Post, 20 Feb 1948.
  21. ^ Benny Morris, 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War, Yale University Press, p.103.
  22. ^ a b c Gilbert, Martin (2005). Routledge Atlas of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Routledge. ISBN 0415359015.
  23. ^ The Scotsman, Monday 29 March 1948. Reporter: Eric Downton
  24. ^ Morris 2001, p. 209.
  25. ^ Victims of Hadassah massacre to be memorialized, Judy Siegel-Itzkovich. April 7, 2008, The Jerusalem Post.
  26. ^ Allon, Yigal, (1970) "Shield of David - The Story of Israel's Armed Forces". Weidenfeld and Nicolson. SBN 297 00133 7. Page 196.
  27. ^ Gilbert, Martin (1977) "Jerusalem - Illustrated History Atlas". Published in conjunction with the Board of Deputies of British Jews. Map 50, page 93.
  28. ^ Rosalyn Higgins (1981) United Nations Peacekeeping, 1946–1967: Documents and Commentary under the auspices of the Royal Institute of International Affairs by Oxford University Press, pp 121–122
  29. ^ President Peres apologizes for Kafr Qasem massacre of 1956 Haaretz, 21 December 2007
  30. ^ PLO strategy and politics By Aryeh Y. Yodfat, Yuval Arnon-Ohanna
  31. ^ Moshav Avivim still stands determined during tensions, 20 July 2006
  32. ^ "In what became known as the Lod Airport Massacre three members of the terrorist group, Japanese Red Army, arrived at the airport aboard Air France Flight 132 from Rome. Once inside the airport they grabbed automatic firearms from their carry-on cases and fired at airport staff and visitors. In the end, 26 people died and 80 people were injured." CBC News, The Fifth Estate, "Fasten Your Seatbelts: Ben Gurion Airport in Israel", 2007. Accessed June 2, 2008.
  33. ^ Modern Israel & the Diaspora (1970-1979) Jewish Virtual Library
  34. ^ Sources describing the event as a "massacre":
    • "The day after the Ma'alot massacre, condemned by Pope Paul VI and most Western leaders as "an evil outrage…" Frank Gervasi. Thunder Over the Mediterranean, McKay, 1975, p. 443.
    • "The previous day Israel had been traumatized by the Ma'alot massacre, which had resulted in the deaths of numerous schoolchildren." William B. Quandt. Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict Since 1967, Brookings Institution Press, 2001, p. 432.
    • "Faced with a public outcry over the Ma'alot massacre, they demanded of Syria a pledge to forbid terrorist to cross the Golan into Israel." Milton Viorst. Sands of Sorrow: Israel's Journey from Independence, I.B. Tauris, 1987, p. 192.
    • "...Organization (PLO) crimes, like the massacre of Israeli athletes at the Munich Olympic Games in 1972 and the Ma'alot massacre of children in 1974." Richard J. Chasdi. Tapestry of Terror: A Portrait of Middle East Terrorism, 1994–1999, Lexington Books, 2002, p. 6.
    • "The PFLP was responsible for the Ma'alot massacre on May IS, 1974 during which 22 Israeli children were killed." Alex Peter Schmid, A. J. Jongman, Michael Stohl. Political Terrorism: A New Guide to Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories, & Literature, Transaction Publishers, 2005, p. 639.
    • "On 22 November 1974, six months after the Ma'alot massacre, the United Nations General Assembly voted to accept the Palestine Liberation Organisation as an..." Martin Gilbert. The Jews in the Twentieth Century: An Illustrated History, Schocken Books, 2001, p. 327.
    • Khoury, Jack. "U.S. filmmakers plan documentary on Ma'alot massacre", Haaretz, March 7, 2007.
  35. ^ Mayhew, Iain. "Israel’s Front Line Children", Daily Mirror, August 10, 2006.
  36. ^ Khoury, Jack. "U.S. filmmakers plan documentary on Ma'alot massacre", Haaretz, March 7, 2007.
  37. ^ "Bullets, Bombs and a Sign of Hope", TIME, May 27, 1974.
  38. ^ "1978, March 11. The Coastal Road Massacre" Richard Ernest Dupuy, Trevor Nevitt Dupuy. The Encyclopedia of Military History from 3500 B.C. to the Present, Harper & Row, 1986, ISBN 0061812358, p. 1362.
  39. ^ גדות, יפעת (July 6, 2009). "פיגוע אוטובוס 405 [1989]" (in Hebrew). News1. Retrieved 2012-04-06.
  40. ^ "But after the Beit Lid massacre, the government approved the construction and sale of 4000 units in occupied land around Jerusalem." Beyer, Lisa. "Can Peace Survive", Time, February 06, 1995.
  41. ^ "When Arafat called Rabin to express his condolences on the Beit Lid massacre, the prime minister was understandably furious." Karsh, Efraim, Arafat's War: The Man and His Battle for Israeli Conquest, Grove Press, 2003, p. 116. ISBN 0802117589
  42. ^ "The reaction of peace processors in Jerusalem and Washington to the Beit Lid massacre, in which Islamic suicide bombers wiped out a score of Israelis, has been shock, anger, sorrow -- but a determination that terrorist attacks not be allowed to stop the peace process." Safire, William. "Essay; Responding to Terror", The New York Times, January 26, 1995.
  43. ^ "President Ezer Weizman, a super-dove who initially supported the agreement wholeheartedly, called for a temporary suspension of talks following the Beit Lid massacre on January 22 and again after the February 6 killing in Gaza." Bar-Ilan, David. "Rain of terror - Israeli politics", National Review, March 6, 1995, p. 2.
  44. ^ "Fatal Terrorist Attacks in Israel Since the Declaration of Principles". MFA. 24 Sep 2000. Retrieved 2011-09-22.
  45. ^ Suicide and Other Bombing Attacks in Israel Since the Declaration of Principles (Sept 1993). Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
  46. ^ a b c Serge Schmemann (5 March 2010). "Bombing in Israel:The Overiew;4th Terror Blast in Israel Kills 14 at Mall in Tel Aviv; Nine-Day Toll Grows to 61". The New York Times. Cite error: The named reference "nyt" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  47. ^ "Terrorist Attacks in Israel, 1994-2006". The Israel Project. May 2, 2006. Retrieved 2010–06–17. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  48. ^ The Palestinian Authority-Hamas Collusion - From Operational Cooperation to Propaganda Hoax
  49. ^ O'Sullvian, Arieh (2001-11-25). "No. 1 Hamas terrorist killed. Followers threaten revenge in Tel Aviv". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2009-01-30.
  50. ^ Fisher, Ian (2006-01-29). "In Hamas's Overt Hatred, Many Israelis See Hope". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-01-30.
  51. ^ Ynet - פיגוע בדולפינריום - חדשות
  52. ^ Death of Innocents
  53. ^ http://www.mfa.gov.il
  54. ^ a b c d e f g http://old.btselem.org/statistics/english/casualties.asp?sD=29&sM=09&sY=2000&eD=26&eM=12&eY=2008&filterby=event&oferet_stat=before Cite error: The named reference "B'Tselem" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  55. ^ Suicide bombing in the Beit Yisrael neighborhood i
  56. ^ Goldenberg, Suzanne (2002-03-11). "Bombing shatters illusions in an oasis of civility: The killing of 11 people in a cafe used by liberal Israelis shows no one is safe". The Guardian (UK).
  57. ^ a b "Suicide bombing at Cafe Moment in Jerusalem". 2002-03-09. Cite error: The named reference "MFA" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  58. ^ Sources describing the incident as the "Passover massacre":
    • "Alleged Passover massacre plotter arrested", CNN, 26 March 2008.
    • Ohad Gozani, "Hotel blast survivors relive the Passover massacre", The Daily Telegraph, 29/03/2002.
    • "This reached a peak following the Passover massacre in the seaside resort of Netanya..." David Newman, "The consequence or the cause? Impact on the Israel-Palestine Peace Process", in Mary E. A. Buckley, Mary Buckley, Rick Fawn. Global Responses to Terrorism: 9/11, the War in Afghanistan, and Beyond, Rouledge, 2003, ISBN 0-415-31429-1, p. 158.
    • "They faced stiff resistance from Palestinian gunmen who began preparing the camp's defenses as early as the Passover massacre in Netanya..." Todd C. Helmus, Russell W. Glenn. Steeling the Mind: Combat Stress Reactions and Their Implications for Urban Warfare Rand Corporation, 2005, ISBN 0-8330-3702-1, p. 58.
    • "It can therefore be asked whether the 'human bomb' offensive starting with the Passover massacre on 27 March 2002..." Brigitte L. Nacos, "The Terrorist Calculus Behind 9–11: A Model for Future Terrorism?" in Gus Martin. The New Era of Terrorism: Selected Readings, Sage Publications Inc, 2004, ISBN0761988734, p. 176.
  59. ^ Israel seals off territories for Passover, BBC News, 16 April 2003.
  60. ^ Linda Grant. "Defenders of the faith", The Guardian, 6 July 2002.
  61. ^ Bennet, James (2002-04-01). "MIDEAST TURMOIL: THE VIOLENCE; Bomber Strikes Jews and Arabs At Rare Refuge". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-07-13.
  62. ^ http://haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1077927.html
  63. ^ "CNN.com – Attacks since start of Al Aqsa intifada – June 21, 2002". cnn.com. 2011 [last update]. Retrieved 16 October 2011. Rish {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)
  64. ^ "BBC News | MIDDLE EAST | In pictures: Israel bomb blast". BBC News. London, UK: BBC. Retrieved 16 October 2011. {{cite news}}: Text "London]]" ignored (help)
  65. ^ The Day – Google News Archive Search
  66. ^ MIDEAST TURMOIL: THE MOOD; In Jerusalem, Despair and Determination
  67. ^ Gila Sara Kessler
  68. ^ NewsLibrary.com - newspaper archive, clipping service - newspapers and other news sources
  69. ^ "Terrorist Attack on Bus at Emmanuel". Israeli Foreign Ministry. 2002-07-16. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
  70. ^ The Day - Google News Archive Search
  71. ^ Israel arrests suspects in university bombing, CNN 21-08-2002
  72. ^ Remembering Israel's campus blast, BBC 30-07-2003
  73. ^ Mordechai Yehuda Friedman
  74. ^ AT LEAST 10 KILLED IN SUICIDE BOMBING OF JERUSALEM BUS – New York Times
  75. ^ Mordechai Evioni
  76. ^ Israel shocked at child toll of Jerusalem bus bombing CNN, 20 August 2003
  77. ^ Remember these children
  78. ^ Suicide bombing of Maxim restaurant in Haifa – October 4, 2003
  79. ^ 16 killed in suicide bombings on buses in Israel – published on CNN on September 1, 2004
  80. ^ Philip Balhasan
  81. ^ "Mercaz Harav hit by worst terror attack since April 2006". www.jpost.com. Retrieved 2008-03-07. {{cite web}}: Text "Jerusalem Post" ignored (help)
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