List of presidents of the Philippines: Difference between revisions

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Malacañang Palace, the official residence of the president

The President of the Philippines is the head of state governing the country. According to the Philippine government, the office has been held by politicians who were inaugurated as President of the Philippines following the ratification of a constitution that explicitly declared the existence of the Philippines.

For leaders of the Philippines prior to the arrival of the Spaniards, see Datu. For leaders prior to the ratification of the 1899 constitution, see Royal Governor of the Philippines. For leaders prior to the ratification of the 1935 constitution, see Governor-General of the Philippines.

The King of Spain was the head of state during the Spanish era (1565–1898) and the President of the United States was the head of state during the American era (1898–1946). Note that the presidents under the Commonwealth of the Philippines were under United States sovereignty, and that the president of the Second Republic is considered to have been running a puppet government of the Japanese during World War II although this puppet government of Jose P. Laurel during the Japanese occupation was officially considered independent by the Japanese. Thus the Philippines had three Presidents during that war - one de facto and two de jure, and two at the same time.^[1]

Emilio Aguinaldo was president of the short-lived Malolos Republic between 1899 and 1901. Although the republic never received foreign recognition, Filipinos consider Aguinaldo to be their first president.^[2]

The colors in the following chart indicate the political party or coalition of each President at Election Day or at the time of ascendancy.

Legend

Katipunan

Kalibapi (Japanese-sponsored)

Nacionalista Party (Nationalist Party)

Liberal

Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL; New Society Movement)

Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan (PDP-Laban; Philippine Democratic Party-People's Power)

Lakas-CMD/Lakas Kampi Christian Muslim Democrats

Laban ng Makabayang Masang Pilipino (LAMMP; Struggle of the Nationalist Filipino Masses)

List of presidents

#		Took office	Left office	Party	Vice President	Term	Era
1	Emilio Aguinaldo (1869-1964)	January 23, 1899^{[L 1]}	April 1, 1901^{[L 2]}	Independent (Formerly Katipunan,^{[L 3]} Magdalo faction)	Mariano Trias Abolished	—	First Republic (Malolos Republic)
Abolished Due to the leadership of the US Civil Governors of the Philippine Islands from April 1, 1901 to November 15, 1935.
2	Manuel L. Quezon (1878-1944)	November 15, 1935	August 1, 1944^{[L 4]}	Nacionalista	Sergio Osmeña	1	Commonwealth
2	Manuel L. Quezon (1878-1944)	November 15, 1935	August 1, 1944^{[L 4]}	Nacionalista	Sergio Osmeña	2	Commonwealth
3	José P. Laurel (1891-1959)	October 14, 1943	August 17, 1945^{[L 5]}	KALIBAPI^{[L 6]} (Caretaker government under Japanese occupation)	none (The 1943 Constitution did not provide for a Vice President)	—	Second Republic
4	Sergio Osmeña (1878-1961)	August 1, 1944	May 28, 1946	Nacionalista	vacant	2	Commonwealth (Restored)
5	Manuel Roxas (1892-1948)	May 28, 1946	April 15, 1948^{[L 7]}	Liberal	Elpidio Quirino	3	Commonwealth (Restored)
5	Manuel Roxas (1892-1948)	May 28, 1946	April 15, 1948^{[L 7]}		Elpidio Quirino		Third Republic
6	Elpidio Quirino (1890-1956)	April 17, 1948	December 30, 1953		vacant
6	Elpidio Quirino (1890-1956)	April 17, 1948	December 30, 1953		Fernando Lopez	4
7	Ramon Magsaysay (1907-1957)	December 30, 1953	March 17, 1957^{[L 8]}	Nacionalista	Carlos P. Garcia	5
8	Carlos P. Garcia (1896-1971)	March 18, 1957	December 30, 1961		vacant	5
8	Carlos P. Garcia (1896-1971)	March 18, 1957	December 30, 1961		Diosdado Macapagal	6
9	Diosdado Macapagal (1910-1997)	December 30, 1961	December 30, 1965	Liberal	Emmanuel Pelaez	7
10	Ferdinand Marcos (1917-1989)	December 30, 1965	February 25, 1986^{[L 9]}	Nacionalista	Fernando Lopez	8
				Nacionalista	Fernando Lopez	9
				Kilusang Bagong Lipunan	vacant	9	Second Dictatorship "The New Society"
					vacant	10	Fourth Republic
					Arturo Tolentino	11
11	Corazon Aquino (1933-2009)	February 25, 1986^{[L 10]}	June 30, 1992	PDP-LABAN / UNIDO	Salvador Laurel
11	Corazon Aquino (1933-2009)	February 25, 1986^{[L 10]}	June 30, 1992	PDP-LABAN / UNIDO	Salvador Laurel		Fifth Republic
12	Fidel V. Ramos (born 1928)	June 30, 1992	June 30, 1998	Lakas–NUCD–UMDP	Joseph E. Estrada	12
13	Joseph Estrada (born 1937)	June 30, 1998	January 20, 2001^{[L 11]}	PMP (Under Laban ng Makabayang Masang Pilipino coalition)	Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo	13
14	Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (born 1947)	January 20, 2001	June 30, 2010	Lakas–CMD / KAMPI	vacant
				Lakas–CMD / KAMPI	Teofisto Guingona, Jr.
				Lakas Kampi CMD (Under Koalisyon ng Katapatan at Karanasan sa Kinabukasan coalition)	Noli de Castro	14
15	Benigno Aquino III (born 1960)	June 30, 2010	Incumbent (Elections in 2016)	Liberal	Jejomar Binay	15

Notes

^ Term began with the inauguration of the Malolos Republic, considered the First Philippine Republic.
^ Term ended when Aguinaldo pledged allegiance to the United States after his capture at Palanan, Isabela.
^ Founded by Andrés Bonifacio and others on July 7, 1892; converted into a revolutionary government by Bonifacio on August 24, 1986; as a government, officially replaced by the Tejeros revolutionary government on March 22, 1897 - though some sectors refused cooperation; as an organization, officially abolished by Emilio Aguinaldo on July 15, 1898
^ Died due to tuberculosis at Saranac Lake, New York.
^ Term ended with his dissolving the Philippine Republic in the wake of the surrender of Japanese forces to the Americans at World War II.
^ Originally a Nacionalista, but was elected by the National Assembly under Japanese control. All parties were merged under Japanese auspices to form Kalibapi, to which all officials belonged.
^ Died due to a heart attack at Clark Air Base.
^ Died on a plane crash at Mount Manunggal, Cebu.
^ Deposed in the 1986 People Power Revolution.
^ Assumed presidency by claiming victory in the disputed 1986 snap election.
^ Deposed after the Supreme Court declared Estrada as resigned, and the office of the presidency as vacant as a result, after the 2001 EDSA Revolution.

Timeline

Statistics

Vice Presidents who succeeded to the Presidency
1. Sergio Osmeña (1944)
2. Elpidio Quirino (1948)
3. Carlos P. Garcia (1957)
4. Diosdado Macapagal (1961)
5. Joseph Estrada (1998)
6. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (2001)
Presidents who have been re-elected
1. Manuel L. Quezon (1941)
2. Ferdinand Marcos (1969, 1981, 1986)

The 1935 constitution provided that no person shall serve as President for more than eight consecutive years.^[3] The 1973 constitution did not place restrictions on presidential re-election. ^[4] The 1987 constitution provided that the President shall not be eligible for any re-election, and that no person who has succeeded as President and has served as such for more than four years shall be qualified for election to the same office at any time.^[5] President Arroyo succeeded to the presidency on January 20, 2001 and, after having served as President for less than four years and having been elected to the office of President in the May, 2004 elections, was sworn in to a full six-year term on June 30, 2004.

Presidents who were elected while serving the remaining term of a predecessor
1. Elpidio Quirino (1949)
2. Carlos P. Garcia (1957)
3. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (2001)

Longest serving President: Ferdinand Marcos, 7,362 days
Shortest serving President: Sergio Osmeña, 665 days

Unofficial Presidents of the Philippines

Historians and other figures have identified the following people as having held the presidency of a government intended to represent the Philippines, but their terms of office are not counted by the Philippine government as part of the presidential succession.

References

^ Quezon III, Manuel (February 2, 2001). "For trivia freaks". Today. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2009). The encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American wars: a political, social, and military history. ABC-CLIO. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-85109-951-1..
^ Article VII, 1935 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines, Chan Robles Law Library.
^ Article VII, 1973 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines., Chan Robles Law Library.
^ Article VII, 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines., Chan Robles Law Library.

External links

Office of the President of the Philippines
Philippine Heads of State Timeline at www.worldstatesmen.org
The Philippine Presidency Project

[3] Term began with the inauguration of the Malolos Republic, considered the First Philippine Republic.

[4] Term ended when Aguinaldo pledged allegiance to the United States after his capture at Palanan, Isabela.

[5] Founded by Andrés Bonifacio and others on July 7, 1892; converted into a revolutionary government by Bonifacio on August 24, 1986; as a government, officially replaced by the Tejeros revolutionary government on March 22, 1897 - though some sectors refused cooperation; as an organization, officially abolished by Emilio Aguinaldo on July 15, 1898

[6] Died due to tuberculosis at Saranac Lake, New York.

[7] Term ended with his dissolving the Philippine Republic in the wake of the surrender of Japanese forces to the Americans at World War II.

[8] Originally a Nacionalista, but was elected by the National Assembly under Japanese control. All parties were merged under Japanese auspices to form Kalibapi, to which all officials belonged.

[9] Died due to a heart attack at Clark Air Base.

[10] Died on a plane crash at Mount Manunggal, Cebu.

[11] Deposed in the 1986 People Power Revolution.

[12] Assumed presidency by claiming victory in the disputed 1986 snap election.

[13] Deposed after the Supreme Court declared Estrada as resigned, and the office of the presidency as vacant as a result, after the 2001 EDSA Revolution.

[1] Quezon III, Manuel (February 2, 2001). "For trivia freaks". Today. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

[2] Tucker, Spencer C. (2009). The encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American wars: a political, social, and military history. ABC-CLIO. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-85109-951-1..

[14] Article VII, 1935 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines, Chan Robles Law Library.

[15] Article VII, 1973 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines., Chan Robles Law Library.

[16] Article VII, 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines., Chan Robles Law Library.

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@@ Line 46: / Line 46: @@
 | [[Sergio Osmeña#Presidency|4]] ||style="background:#98fb98"| ||[[Image:VP Osmeña in Washington cropped.jpg|100px]] || [[Sergio Osmeña]]</br><small>(1878-1961)</small><br/> ||  August 1, 1944 || May 28, 1946 || [[Nacionalista Party (Philippines)|Nacionalista]] || <small>''vacant''</small>|| 2 || rowspan=2| [[Commonwealth of the Philippines|Commonwealth]]<br /><small>(Restored)<small>
 |- align=center
-| rowspan=2| [[Manuel Roxas#Presidency|5]]||rowspan=2 style="background:#f0e68c"| || rowspan=2| [[Image:President Manuel A Roxas.jpg|100px]] ||rowspan=2| [[Manuel Roxas]]</br><small>()</small> <br/> || rowspan=2|  May 28, 1946 || rowspan=2| April 15, 1948<ref group="L">Died due to a heart attack at [[Clark Air Base]].</ref> || rowspan=4| [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal]] || rowspan=2| [[Elpidio Quirino]] || rowspan=3| [[Philippine presidential election, 1946|3]]
+| rowspan=2| [[Manuel Roxas#Presidency|5]]||rowspan=2 style="background:#f0e68c"| || rowspan=2| [[Image:President Manuel A Roxas.jpg|100px]] ||rowspan=2| [[Manuel Roxas]]</br><small>(1892-1948)</small> <br/> || rowspan=2|  May 28, 1946 || rowspan=2| April 15, 1948<ref group="L">Died due to a heart attack at [[Clark Air Base]].</ref> || rowspan=4| [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal]] || rowspan=2| [[Elpidio Quirino]] || rowspan=3| [[Philippine presidential election, 1946|3]]
 |-
 | rowspan=9| [[History of the Philippines (1946–1965)|Third Republic]]

v t e Presidents of the Philippines
First Republic (1899–1901)	Emilio Aguinaldo
Commonwealth (1935–1946)	Manuel L. Quezon (1935–1944) Sergio Osmeña (1944–1946) Manuel Roxas (1946)
Second Republic (1943–1945)	Jose P. Laurel
Third Republic (1946–1973)	Manuel Roxas (1946–1948) Elpidio Quirino (1948–1953) Ramon Magsaysay (1953–1957) Carlos P. Garcia (1957–1961) Diosdado Macapagal (1961–1965) Ferdinand Marcos (1965–1973)
Martial law era (1973–1981)	Ferdinand Marcos
Fourth Republic (1981–1986)	Ferdinand Marcos (1981–1986) Corazon Aquino (1986)
Fifth Republic (1986–present)	Corazon Aquino (1986–1992) Fidel V. Ramos (1992–1998) Joseph Estrada (1998–2001) Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001–2010) Benigno Aquino III (2010–2016) Rodrigo Duterte (2016–2022) Bongbong Marcos (2022–present)
Category List

v t e Leaders of Southeast Asian countries
Heads of state	Brunei (Monarch) Cambodia (Monarch) East Timor (President) Indonesia (President) (list) Laos (President) Malaysia (Monarch) Myanmar (President) (list) Philippines (President) (list) Singapore (President) Thailand (Monarch) (list) Vietnam (President) (list)
Heads of government	Brunei Cambodia (list) East Timor Indonesia (list) Laos Malaysia Myanmar (list) Philippines (list) Singapore Thailand (list) Vietnam (list)
Supreme leaders	Laos Myanmar Vietnam
Defunct heads of state and government	Burma (Monarch) Dutch East Indies (Governor-General) Indonesia (Prime Minister) Laos (Monarch) Myanmar (State Counsellor) Philippines (Governor-General) (Prime Minister) South Vietnam (leaders)
ASEAN