Bennett County, South Dakota: Difference between revisions
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== History== |
== History== |
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This land was for centuries traditional territory of the [[Oglala Lakota]], also known as the [[Sioux]]. First included in the [[Pine Ridge Indian Reservation]], most of the county was removed from the reservation |
This land was for centuries traditional territory of the [[Oglala Lakota]], also known as the [[Sioux]]. First included in the [[Pine Ridge Indian Reservation]], most of the county was removed from the reservation for 26 years after a 1910 act of the US Congress which "authorized and directed the Secretary of Interior to sell and dispose of all that portion of the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, in the State of South Dakota, lying and being in Bennett County and described as follows: "...except for such portions therof as have been or may be hereafter allotted to Indians or otherwise reserved, and except lands classified as timber lands: Provided,..." The lands were allotted and Bennett County was opened for settlement. The event of "hereafter allot[ing]" lands occurred in the early 1900's <ref>[http://villageearth.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Resp_UO_SpiritLake_PineRidge_Rosebud-1.pdf ''Suzanne R. Schaeffer, Assistant Solicitor, Environment, Land and Minerals Branch, Division of Indian Affairs'']</ref>. The boundaries of the future county were determined by the South Dakota state legislature in 1909. To the east is the [[Rosebud Indian Reservation]], occupied by ''[[Brulé|Sicangu Oyate]]'', also known the Upper Brulé Sioux Nation and the Rosebud Sioux Tribe (RST), a branch of the [[Lakota people]]. By Secretarial Order dated June 10, 1936, the undisposed of lands in Bennett County opened for settlement undre the 1910 Act were "restored to tribal ownership" and were "added to and made a part of the existing reservation..." <ref>[http://villageearth.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Resp_UO_SpiritLake_PineRidge_Rosebud-1.pdf ''Suzanne R. Schaeffer, Assistant Solicitor, Environment, Land and Minerals Branch, Division of Indian Affairs'']</ref> |
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The land was part of [[Fall River County, South Dakota|Fall River County]] until the European-American organization of Bennett County in 1912. That year on April 27, its first board of county commissioners was elected. In November 1912, residents chose the town of [[Martin, South Dakota|Martin]] as the county seat. |
The land was part of [[Fall River County, South Dakota|Fall River County]] until the European-American organization of Bennett County in 1912. That year on April 27, its first board of county commissioners was elected. In November 1912, residents chose the town of [[Martin, South Dakota|Martin]] as the county seat. |
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The United States participated only as amicus before the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals in Cook v. Parkinson, 525 F.2d 120 (8th Cir. 1975), a criminal case that discussed Bennett County as no longer being part of the Reservation. The United States is not bound by that decision because it did not participate in the litigation. The United States was a party in United States v. Bennett County, 394 F.2d 8 (8th Cir. 1968), in which the State of South Dakota had to obtain permission from the Department of Interior in order to fix roads or condem property in Bennett County, consistent with the property's reservation status. <ref>[http://villageearth.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Resp_UO_SpiritLake_PineRidge_Rosebud-1.pdf ''Suzanne R. Schaeffer, Assistant Solicitor, Environment, Land and Minerals Branch, Division of Indian Affairs'']</ref> |
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Both Lakota and European Americans have worked during recent decades to improve relations between the groups, which residents commonly refer to as full-bloods, mixed-bloods (usually both identified as Native American) and whites. Intermarriage continues between the groups and cooperation has been increasing.<ref name=Florio/> In the mid-1990s, residents co-sponsored a concurrent [[powwow]] and [[rodeo]] in the county.<ref name=Fluharty/> Historically ranching and dry land farming have been the chief agricultural pursuits possible given climate and soil conditions. |
Both Lakota and European Americans have worked during recent decades to improve relations between the groups, which residents commonly refer to as full-bloods, mixed-bloods (usually both identified as Native American) and whites. Intermarriage continues between the groups and cooperation has been increasing.<ref name=Florio/> In the mid-1990s, residents co-sponsored a concurrent [[powwow]] and [[rodeo]] in the county.<ref name=Fluharty/> Historically ranching and dry land farming have been the chief agricultural pursuits possible given climate and soil conditions. |
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Revision as of 00:40, 31 July 2012
Bennett County | |
|---|---|
 Location within the U.S. state of South Dakota | |
 South Dakota's location within the U.S. | |
| Coordinates: 43°11′N 101°40′W / 43.18°N 101.66°W | |
| Country |  United States |
| State |  South Dakota |
| Founded | 1909 |
| Named for | John E. Bennett or Granville C. Bennett |
| Seat | Martin |
| Largest city | Martin |
| Area | |
| • Total | 1,191 sq mi (3,084 km2) |
| • Land | 1,185 sq mi (3,070 km2) |
| • Water | 5 sq mi (14 km2) 0.45% |
| Population (2010) | |
| • Total | 3,431 |
| • Density | 3/sq mi (1/km2) |
Bennett County is a county located in the U.S. state of South Dakota. As of the 2010 census, the population was 3,431.[1] Its county seat is MartinTemplate:GR.
The North American continental pole of inaccessibility is in Bennett County, located 1650 km (1024 mi) from the nearest coastline, between Allen and Kyle (Shannon County) at 43°22′N 101°58′W / 43.36°N 101.97°W.[2]
History
This land was for centuries traditional territory of the Oglala Lakota, also known as the Sioux. First included in the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, most of the county was removed from the reservation for 26 years after a 1910 act of the US Congress which "authorized and directed the Secretary of Interior to sell and dispose of all that portion of the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, in the State of South Dakota, lying and being in Bennett County and described as follows: "...except for such portions therof as have been or may be hereafter allotted to Indians or otherwise reserved, and except lands classified as timber lands: Provided,..." The lands were allotted and Bennett County was opened for settlement. The event of "hereafter allot[ing]" lands occurred in the early 1900's [3]. The boundaries of the future county were determined by the South Dakota state legislature in 1909. To the east is the Rosebud Indian Reservation, occupied by Sicangu Oyate, also known the Upper Brulé Sioux Nation and the Rosebud Sioux Tribe (RST), a branch of the Lakota people. By Secretarial Order dated June 10, 1936, the undisposed of lands in Bennett County opened for settlement undre the 1910 Act were "restored to tribal ownership" and were "added to and made a part of the existing reservation..." [4]
The land was part of Fall River County until the European-American organization of Bennett County in 1912. That year on April 27, its first board of county commissioners was elected. In November 1912, residents chose the town of Martin as the county seat.
The United States participated only as amicus before the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals in Cook v. Parkinson, 525 F.2d 120 (8th Cir. 1975), a criminal case that discussed Bennett County as no longer being part of the Reservation. The United States is not bound by that decision because it did not participate in the litigation. The United States was a party in United States v. Bennett County, 394 F.2d 8 (8th Cir. 1968), in which the State of South Dakota had to obtain permission from the Department of Interior in order to fix roads or condem property in Bennett County, consistent with the property's reservation status. [5]
Both Lakota and European Americans have worked during recent decades to improve relations between the groups, which residents commonly refer to as full-bloods, mixed-bloods (usually both identified as Native American) and whites. Intermarriage continues between the groups and cooperation has been increasing.[6] In the mid-1990s, residents co-sponsored a concurrent powwow and rodeo in the county.[7] Historically ranching and dry land farming have been the chief agricultural pursuits possible given climate and soil conditions.
By the 1990s, people of Native American descent comprised the majority of county residents. In the 2000 Census, 5.7% of the people in Bennett County identified as mixed-race Native American-European American (more Lakota socially identify as having mixed-race ancestry)[7] This is the highest percentage of any county within US boundaries, except northeastern Oklahoma and White Earth Indian Reservation in northwestern Minnesota.[7].
During 2002, Native Americans conducted a Democratic Party voter registration drive to encourage voting in county and state elections. That fall Oglala Lakota candidates Charles Cummings won the position of county sheriff and Gerald 'Jed' Bettelyoun was elected to one of the county commissioner seats. Their swearing in to office was marked by tribal elder Alice Young. In June 2002 Young's daughter, Sandy Flye, was elected as the first Native American to sit on the county school board.[6]
Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,191 square miles (3,084.7 km2), of which 1,185 square miles (3,069.1 km2) is land and 5 square miles (12.9 km2) (0.45%) is water.
Townships
The county is divided into two areas of unorganized territory: East Bennett and West Bennett.
Major highways
Adjacent counties
- Jackson County, South Dakota - north
- Todd County, South Dakota - east
- Cherry County, Nebraska - south
- Shannon County, South Dakota - west
National protected area
Demographics
| Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1910 | 96 | — | |
| 1920 | 1,924 | 1,904.2% | |
| 1930 | 4,590 | 138.6% | |
| 1940 | 3,983 | −13.2% | |
| 1950 | 3,396 | −14.7% | |
| 1960 | 3,053 | −10.1% | |
| 1970 | 3,088 | 1.1% | |
| 1980 | 3,044 | −1.4% | |
| 1990 | 3,206 | 5.3% | |
| 2000 | 3,574 | 11.5% | |
| 2010 | 3,431 | −4.0% | |
| 2011 (est.) | 3,441 | 0.3% | |
As of the 2010 census there were 3,431 people in Bennett County, in 1,090 households (98.9% of the population was in households). The racial and ethnic composition of the population was 33.3% non-Hispanic white, 0.1% black or African American, 60.4% non-Hispanic Native American, 1.1% Hispanic Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.2% from some other race and 4.0% from two or more races. 65.3% of the population reported being at least partly Native American and 2.0% of the population was Hispanic or any race.[8]
As of the censusTemplate:GR of 2000, there were 3,574 people, 1,123 households, and 818 families residing in the county. The population density was 3 people per square mile (1/km²). There were 1,278 housing units at an average density of 1 per square mile (0/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 40.91% White, 0.28% Black or African American, 52.07% Native American, 0.06% Asian, 0.14% Pacific Islander, 0.17% from other races, and 6.38% from two or more races. 2.01% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 14.2% were of German and 6.1% of Irish ancestry.
There were 1,123 households out of which 39.70% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.60% were married couples living together, 17.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.10% were non-families. 23.30% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.14 and the average family size was 3.74.
In the county, the population was spread out with 36.30% under the age of 18, 9.20% from 18 to 24, 25.30% from 25 to 44, 18.00% from 45 to 64, and 11.10% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females there were 98.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.90 males. The county's per-capita income makes it one of the poorest counties in the United States.
The median income for a household in the county was $25,313, and the median income for a family was $28,363. Males had a median income of $26,042 versus $17,472 for females. The per capita income for the county was $10,106. About 30.30% of families and 39.20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 48.80% of those under age 18 and 23.10% of those age 65 or over.
Cities and towns
- Allen 420
- Martin 1,071
- Vetal
- Harrington
- Tuthill
43°11′N 101°40′W / 43.18°N 101.66°W
See also
References
- ^ United States Census Bureau. "2010 Census Data". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
- ^ Garcia-Castellanos, D. (2007). "Poles of Inaccessibility: A Calculation Algorithm for the Remotest Places on Earth" (PDF). Scottish Geographical Journal. 123 (3): 227–233. doi:10.1080/14702540801897809. Retrieved 2008.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Suzanne R. Schaeffer, Assistant Solicitor, Environment, Land and Minerals Branch, Division of Indian Affairs
- ^ Suzanne R. Schaeffer, Assistant Solicitor, Environment, Land and Minerals Branch, Division of Indian Affairs
- ^ Suzanne R. Schaeffer, Assistant Solicitor, Environment, Land and Minerals Branch, Division of Indian Affairs
- ^ a b Gwen Florio, "Indians Show Political Clout; Natives Throng Polls in 'White' S.D. County", The Denver Post, January 8, 2003, accessed 8 June 2011
- ^ a b c Sterling Fluharty, "Review of Wagoner, Paula L., 'They Treated Us Just Like Indians': The Worlds of Bennett County, South Dakota", H-AmIndian, H-Net Reviews, March 2004, accessed 8 June 2011
- ^ 2010 profile of general housing and population characteristics of Bennett County from the US census
Places adjacent to Bennett County, South Dakota | ||||||||||||||||
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Municipalities and communities of Bennett County, South Dakota, United States | ||
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| City |  | |
| CDP | ||
| Unorganized territories | ||
| Unincorporated communities | ||
| Indian reservation | ||
| Footnotes | ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties | |
