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this is a replica of information already present, sources say migration occurred to numerous places all listed in migration section, numbers in one region listed not large enough to mention compared to the places above
grammar and sources state it is spoken across ALL of neighboring states not just one region due to migration, both parts, listed a source that mentions that
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== Language ==
== Language ==
{{main|Kashmiri language}}
{{main|Kashmiri language}}
According to language research conducted by the International Institute of [[UCLA]], the [[Kashmiri language]] is "a Northwestern [[Dardic languages|Dardic language]] of the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-Iranian subfamily of the Indo-European language family." There is, however, no universally agreed genetic basis for the language. UCLA estimates the number of speakers as being around 4.4 million, with a preponderance in the [[Kashmir Valley]],<ref name=uclaii>{{cite web |title=UCLA Languages Project: Kashmiri |url=http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=198&menu=004 |publisher=UCLA International Institute |accessdate=24 March 2012}}</ref> whereas the 2001 census of India recorded 5,362,349 throughout India, and thus excluding speakers in the non-Indian Kashmiri areas.<ref name=census2001>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm |title=Abstract of speakers’ strength of languages and mother tongues – 2001 |publisher=Office of The Registrar General & Census Commissioner |year=2001 |location=New Delhi |accessdate=25 March 2012}}</ref> The Kashmiris living in [[Azad Kashmir]] speak [[Pothohari dialect]] that is also known as Pahari language. Pothohari is also spokem in [[Pothohar Plateau]] [[Punjab]] as well.
According to language research conducted by the International Institute of [[UCLA]], the [[Kashmiri language]] is "a Northwestern [[Dardic languages|Dardic language]] of the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-Iranian subfamily of the Indo-European language family." There is, however, no universally agreed genetic basis for the language. UCLA estimates the number of speakers as being around 4.4 million, with a preponderance in the [[Kashmir Valley]],<ref name=uclaii>{{cite web |title=UCLA Languages Project: Kashmiri |url=http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=198&menu=004 |publisher=UCLA International Institute |accessdate=24 March 2012}}</ref> whereas the 2001 census of India recorded 5,362,349 throughout India, and thus excluding speakers in the non-Indian Kashmiri areas.<ref name=census2001>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm |title=Abstract of speakers’ strength of languages and mother tongues – 2001 |publisher=Office of The Registrar General & Census Commissioner |year=2001 |location=New Delhi |accessdate=25 March 2012}}</ref> The Kashmiris living in [[Azad Kashmir]] speak [[Pothohari dialect]] that is also known as Pahari language. Pothohari is also spoken in neighboring regions as well.<ref>Corbridge & Hariss & Jeffrey. (2012). India today: Economy, politics and society (politics today. Polity </ref>


== Conversion to Islam ==
== Conversion to Islam ==

Revision as of 18:36, 21 September 2013

For other uses, see Kashmiri (disambiguation).
Kashmiri people
Regions with significant populations
India, Pakistan5,362,349 (as at 2001)[1]
United Kingdom115,000-150,000[2]
Languages
Kashmiri
Hindi,[3] Urdu,[3] or Punjabi[3] also spoken widely as second languages
Religion
Sunni Islam, Shi'a Islam,[4] Hinduism, Sikhism [5]
Related ethnic groups
Other Dardic peoples
Political Map: the Kashmir region districts, showing the Pir Panjal range and the Valley of Kashmir.

The Kashmiri people (Kashmiri: کٲشُر لُکھ / कॉशुर लुख) are a Dardic linguistic group living in or originating from the former British India state of Kashmir. That former state is disputed territory, comprising the Indian-administered state of Jammu and Kashmir, the Pakistani-administered territories of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan, and the People's Republic of China-administered regions of Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract.

Language

Main article: Kashmiri language

According to language research conducted by the International Institute of UCLA, the Kashmiri language is "a Northwestern Dardic language of the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-Iranian subfamily of the Indo-European language family." There is, however, no universally agreed genetic basis for the language. UCLA estimates the number of speakers as being around 4.4 million, with a preponderance in the Kashmir Valley,[6] whereas the 2001 census of India recorded 5,362,349 throughout India, and thus excluding speakers in the non-Indian Kashmiri areas.[1] The Kashmiris living in Azad Kashmir speak Pothohari dialect that is also known as Pahari language. Pothohari is also spoken in neighboring regions as well.[7]

Conversion to Islam

By the 14th century CE, Islam had supplanted Hinduism as the dominant religion in Kashmir Valley, starting with the conversion in 1323 of Rincana, the first king of a new dynasty from Ladakh, at the hands of the saint, Bulbul Shah. After conversion to Islam He called himself Malik Sadur-ud-Din and was the first Muslim ruler of Kashmir. He was subsequently killed by the Kashmiris. The majority of the Hindu Brahmins of Kashmir (commonly known as Kashmiri Pandits) converted to Islam, and a few from Afghanistan and Iran also settled in Kashmir and vice-versa. Many of these people retain their identity. The Muslims and Hindus of Kashmir lived in relative harmony as under the Sufi (Islam) and Reshi (Hindu) tradition of Kashmir. Few Kashmiri Muslim rulers such as Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin, were tolerant of all religions in a manner comparable to Akbar. In the late 18th century during the reign of Emperor Alamgir, many converted to Islam. Today most of the kashmiris are muslim but a sizeable number of Kashmiri Hindu community exists called Kasmiri Pandits.All Kashmiri Pandits are Brahmins and follow Shavism.

Migration

Main article: Kashmiri diaspora

Drought of 1800

During 1800, a severe drought swept across Kashmir, which caused many in the region to migrate out of the Kashmir Valley, and south of the Jhelum River into what the Punjab region.[8] Those who migrated entered mainly into agriculture, and by the 1820s, after the drought passed, many of the Kashmiri immigrants returned to the Kashmir Valley. Some, however, remained in Punjab as they had settled comfortably. Some chose to continue migrating southwards, eventually settling in the old city of Lahore mainly at Delhi gate and Bhatti gate.[9]

Culture

The social structure is based on the extended family. However the wider kinship network of biraderi and how it impacts on relations and mobilization is equally important. The extended family is of fundamental importance as a unit of decision making and with respect to the relations of its members with wider society. The institution of biraderi*mdash;which loosely means brotherhood—provides a useful collective framework for promoting mutual well-being. This is achieved through help and co-operation in social, economic and political spheres and it reinforces a sense of belonging and collective self-assurance.[10]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kashmiri people.

References

  1. ^ a b "Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2001". New Delhi: Office of The Registrar General & Census Commissioner. 2001. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
  2. ^ http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/communities/pdf/1170952.pdf
  3. ^ a b c "Kashmiri: A language of India". Ethnologue. Retrieved 14 May 2008.
  4. ^ The Problems Of The Northern Areas
  5. ^ "Safety fears for Kashmir's Sikhs". BBC News. 21 March 2000. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
  6. ^ "UCLA Languages Project: Kashmiri". UCLA International Institute. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
  7. ^ Corbridge & Hariss & Jeffrey. (2012). India today: Economy, politics and society (politics today. Polity
  8. ^ Kashmiris’ contribution to Ludhianvi culture. The Tribune. Retrieved 25 March 2007. In fact, the Ludhiana hosiery industry owes its origin to Kashmiris. According to the Ludhiana District Gazetteer, during a devastating famine in the 19th century a number of Kashmiris migrated to Ludhiana. They are known world over for their handicraft skills. They started weaving woollen fabric here. Slowly the trade got popular and Ludhiana started to be identified with hosiery only.
  9. ^ http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume9/June-August2004/hilali.pdf
  10. ^ Diasporic Communities and Identity Formation:

Further reading

  • Kashmir freedom movement and indian occpuition By Yodhishter Kahul, Yudhistar ed Kahol
  • The Crisis in and struggle for freedom in Kashmir: Portents of War, Hopes of Peace By Šumit Ganguly
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