History of the Philippine Army

Philippine Commonwealth Army Commonwealth Army of the Philippines Hukbong Katihan ng Komonwelt ng Pilipinas Ejercito Mancomunidad Filipina Ejercito Mancomunidad de Filipinas
File:Philippine Commonwealth Army.logo.jpg Philippine Commonwealth Army Emblem and Insignia from 1935 to 1946
Active	December 21, 1935 - June 30, 1946
Country	Commonwealth of the Philippines (1935-1946)
Type	Army
Role	Military Ground Force
Size	100,000-300,000 troops (1935-1942) 400,000-600,000 troops (1942-1944) 500,000-800,000 troops (1944-1946)
Part of	Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) (1935-1946) United States Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) (1941-1946) United States Armed Forces in the Philippines - Northern Luzon (USAFIP-NL) (1942-1946)
Garrison/HQ	Manila, Commonwealth of the Philippines (1935-1942, 1945-1946), Inactive around the mainly Philippine provinces during the Commonwealth era and fought against the Japanese Occupation (1935-1946)
Engagements	World War II Philippines Campaign (1941–42) Japanese Occupation of the Philippines Philippines Campaign (1944–45)
Decorations	Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal Philippine Defense Medal Philippine Independence Medal Philippine Liberation Medal Philippine Medal of Valor Philippine Presidential Unit Citation WWII Victory Medal
Commanders
Notable commanders	Major General Jose J. Delos Reyes, AFP (1936) Major General Paulino Santos, AFP (1936) Major General Basilio J. Valdez, AFP (1939-1945) Major General Rafael Jalandoni, AFP (1945-1946)

The Philippine Commonwealth Army (PCA), also known as the Commonwealth Army of the Philippines (CAP) (official name Hukbong Katihan ng Komonwelt ng Pilipinas in Filipino and Ejercito Mancomunidad Filipina or Ejercito Mancomunidad de Filipinas in Spanish) is the main branch and ground force of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) (1935-1946), United States Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) (1941-1946) and the United States Armed Forces in the Philippines - Northern Luzon (USAFIP-NL) (1942-1946) are responsible for including the land and air warfare operations.

It was founded on December 21, 1935 at the general headquarters on Manila, Commonwealth of the Philippines (1935-1942, 1945-1946) and some mainly general headquarters are inactive around the provinces in the Philippines during the Commonwealth era (1935-1946) and fought against the Japanese Occupation during World War II (1942-1945) from the mainly engagements of the Anti-Imperial Japanese military operations in the Philippines are supporting the local troops of the Philippine Constabulary, the guerrilla units and the U.S. military forces was fought against the Imperial Japanese Armed Forces.

The commanding generals of the Philippine Commonwealth Army included Major General Jose J. Delos Reyes (January– May 1936), Major General Paulino Santos (May–December 1936), Major General Basilio J. Valdez (1939-1945) and Major General Rafael Jalandoni (1945-1946). The American General Douglas MacArthur was commander of the United States Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) and became the Field Marshal of the Philippine Commonwealth Army.

History

During the Philippine Commonwealth era (1935-1946)

The Commonwealth of the Philippines was formed in November 15, 1935 as an interim position to move the Philippines to independence from the United States that had governed the islands since 1898.

The Philippine Commonwealth Army was known as the Commonwealth Army of the Philippines has the initially organized under the National Defense Act of 1935 (Commonwealth Act No. 1). The act specified that in so far as may be practicable, original appointments by the President in grades above third lieutenant should be made from among former holders of reserve commissions in the United States Army, from among former officers of the Philippine Scouts and Philippine Constabulary.

After the founding establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines on November 15, 1935 under the American colonial regime at the Legislative Building in Manila, President Manuel L. Quezon are become the first president of the Commonwealth and now to second president of the Philippines has sought the services of General Douglas MacArthur to evolve a national defense plan. The official rebirth of the Philippine Commonwealth Army occurred with the passage of Commonwealth Act No. 1, are began to approved on December 21, 1935, is renamed the Philippine Commonwealth Army to the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) are which effected the organization of a Council of National Defense and an Army of the Philippines. The act set forth the organizational structure of the army in some detail, set forth enlistment procedures, and established mobilization procedures.

Philippine Commonwealth Army personnel in Davao

The development of the Philippine Commonwealth Army was slow. The year 1936 was devoted to the building of general headquarters, camps, organization of cadres, and the special training of instructors, drawn largely from the Philippine Constabulary. The commander of the Philippine Department provided Philippine Scouts as instructors and detailed U.S. Army officers to assist in the inspection, instruction, and administration of the program. By the end of the year instructors had been trained and camps included general headquarters are founded and established.

The first group of 20,000 to 40,000 men was called up on January 1, 1937 and by the end of 1939 there were 4,800 officers and 104,000 men in the reserves. Infantry training was given at camps and with the general headquarters are scattered throughout the Philippines; field artillery training was concentrated in the vicinity of the U.S. Army's Fort Stotsenburg near Angeles City in the province of Pampanga, about fifty miles north of Manila, and specialized training was given at Fort William McKinley just south of Manila. Coast artillery instruction was carried on at Fort Stotsenburg and at Grande Island in Subic Bay by personnel supplied largely by the American commander at Corregidor.

A decade later, with the threat of war with the Empire of Japan becoming imminent, on July 26, 1941 a new U.S. command in the Far East was created, known as the United States Army Forces Far East (USAFFE) under the command of General Douglas MacArthur are became the Field Marshal of the Commonwealth Army. On the same date, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, issued a Presidential Order (6 Fed. Reg. 3825) which called the Philippine Commonwealth Army into the service of the Armed Forces of the United States. The Presidential Order did not order all the military forces of the Philippine Commonwealth government into the service of the United States Armed Forces. Only those units and personnel indicated in orders issued by a general officer of the United States Army were mobilized and made an integral part of the United States Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) was helding from the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP), and only those members of a unit who physically reported for duty were inducted. With an annual appropriation of almost 16 million pesos, the mobilized units trained new Filipino members in defending the nation and protecting its people.

World War II and the Japanese Invasion (1941-1942)

Japanese Imperial forces invaded the Commonwealth of the Philippines on December 8, 1941; the day after the attack on Pearl Harbor. The Commonwealth of the Philippines declared war against the Empire of Japan and Nazi Germany. President Manuel L. Quezon speeches at Malacanang Palace in Manila was signed the Commonwealth government to joining the Allies are became to engagement to fought against the enemy included the Empire of Japan as the Axis Powers.

Around 100,000 to 300,000 active troops and officers was held from the general headquarters and camps of the Philippine Commonwealth Army are garrisoned and located in the capital city of Manila and from the inactive of some to around the provinces and archipelago in the Philippines between Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao.

At this time, there were two regular and ten reserve divisions of the Philippine Commonwealth Army defending the Philippines. This included North Luzon Force (under then Major General Jonathan M. Wainwright), South Luzon Force (activated December 13, 1941) under Brig. Gen. George M. Parker Jr., the Visayan-Mindanao Force under Colonel W.F. Sharp in the southern islands (61st, 81st, and 101st Infantry Divisions plus three other infantry regiments), and the Reserve Force. North Luzon Force included the 11th, 21st, and 31st Infantry Divisions, all reserve. South Luzon Force include the 1st Division (regular), and the 41st, 51st, and 71st (reserve) Infantry Divisions. These divisions were incorporated into the United States Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE).

The Philippine Commonwealth government went into exile in 1942 to 1944; moving to Washington D.C. in the United States, while the Philippines was under Japanese occupation. President Quezon and his family including Vice President Sergio Osmena and Major General Basilio J. Valdes is a Commanding General of the Commonwealth Army and Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines with the Commonwealth government and military officials and cabinet those the escape from this country and ride goes the submarine going to Australia and based from the United States.

While to General Douglas MacArthur and his family including the American military officers and cabinet are becomes to escape again in this country and ride the PT Boats are those for did not and never arrested and capturing from the Japanese military hands and arrival in Australia on March, 1942.

Start the Another Operations and Engagements

Advancing Japanese troops moving toward Manila.

While the another military operations and engagements from the units of the Philippine Commonwealth Army and the USAFFE through aided of supporting the Philippine Scouts, Philippine Constabulary and the American ground troops of the United States Armed Forces has lead the conquest of all invaded and attack from the entering landings by the Imperial Japanese forces under General Masaharu Homma and succeed to this country and become the battleground parts of the Japanese attack and invasion are including the Batan Island, Vigan, Aparri, Camiguin Island, Gonzaga, Legaspi, Naga, Davao, Bacnotan, Lingayen Gulf, Sipoco and Jolo Island on December 1941 before the main conquest for the defenders of Bataan and Corregidor in 1942.

Battle of Bataan (January 7, to April 9, 1942)

While the Battle of Bataan on January 7, through April 9, 1942, the military and combat clearing operations of the Philippine Commonwealth Army and the USAFFE in Bataan Peninsula was catching to supporting the Philippine Scouts, Philippine Constabulary and the American ground troops of the United States Armed Forces was routed to ground attack from the Japanese Imperial Armed Forces was under to General Masaharu Homma and other Japanese military officers was fought them to engagements. While the fighting and main battleground retreat of all stronghold troops of the Philippine Commonwealth Army and the USAFFE has around to Bataan Peninsula are included the Layac Line from 1941 through the junction battles and sieges of Layac Line, Porac and Guagua Line, Abucay-Mauban Line, Battle of Trail 2, Battle of the Pockets and Points, Orion-Bagac Line and the Fall of Bataan from the invading Japanese Imperial forces.

While on April 3, 1942, the invasion of the Imperial Japanese forces between infantry and tanks was lined the battlegrounds at Mount Samat was operated by attacking the defenders of all stronghold Filipino and American forces on Orion-Bagac Line in Bataan and included the military force of the Philippine Commonwealth Army and USAFFE units has forced to clearing are becomes to retreating.

In the aftermath of the Battle of Bataan on April 9, 1942 came the Bataan Death March. All 60,000-80,000 Filipino and American troops including the Commonwealth Army and USAFFE units becomes to surrender from the hand of Japanese Imperial forces and they captive on Bataan Peninsula and along the faring march of captured and surrendering Filipino and American troops as prisoners of war from the Japanese Hands are going to Mariveles, Bataan to San Fernando, Pampanga, from the railway station in San Fernando are those prisoners of war are ride the train are loading the boxes are brought and going to the Japanese internment camps at Camp O'Donnell in Capas, Tarlac are finally to ground to march are inactive.

Approximately 2,500–10,000 Filipino and 100–650 American prisoners of war died due to maltreatment before reached their destination in Bataan.

Battle of Corregidor (May 5, to May 6, 1942)

After the Battle of Bataan and Death March was sustaining of defeat and surrender of all defending Filipino and American forces from the Japanese hands on last four month on inch year. While the military and combat clearing operations of the Philippine Commonwealth Army and the USAFFE in the island of Corregidor from the engaging are fought against the enemy ground force and begins the Battle of Corregidor. The Japanese Imperial forces was landed at Corregidor and from the conquest inside the main island by the attack of all stronghold Filipino and American forces including the Commonwealth Army and USAFFE units are invaded battles to attack from the Japanese forces on May 5, 1942. Meanwhile, the fall of the island of Corregidor are engage to defeat and surrender of all defending Filipino and American forces including the units of the Philippine Commonwealth Army and the United States Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) as capture in action from the Japanese military hands on May 6, 1942 and capturing from the Japanese in this main island. Almost of all approximately of about 4,000 of the 11,000 American and Filipino military forces and between the Commonwealth Army and USAFFE units as prisoners of war from the island of Corregidor were marched through the streets of Manila to incarceration at Fort Santiago in Intramuros and Bilibid Prison in Muntinlupa, Rizal, criminal detention centers turned into Japanese POW camps.

Aftermath of the Japanese Invasion

After the Fall of the Philippines on May 6, 1942, the Imperial Japanese Armed Forces are headed to General Masaharu Homma has sustained to become taken and captured around in the Philippines from the defeated and surrendering Filipino and American military forces and with the units of the Commonwealth Army and USAFFE troops to engage the captive from the Japanese hands. Almost of many individuals continued fighting as the guerrillas and later the incoming and ongoing active troops and officers of the Philippine Commonwealth Army units before the conflicts and counter-insurgencies against the Japanese Military Occupation between the local soldiers and guerrilla fighters are fought against the enemy.

Counter-insurgency against the Japanese occupation and Allied liberation (1942-1945)

Propaganda poster depicting the Philippine resistance movement

In the aftermath of the Japanese conquest of the Philippines from 1941 to 1942 are goes to defeated and surrendering Filipino and American military forces in this country from the enemy of the Japanese military hands, while the Empire of Japan goes to invaded and occupied the Commonwealth of the Philippines was around to taken captive from the enemy hands.

The Japanese occupation of the Philippines from 1942 to 1944 and later in 1945 led to fighting sieges and battles between the Japanese Imperial forces, the Bureau of Constabulary under Japanese control and the Makapili militias (from 1944) and the joint force of the incoming and ongoing Filipino soldiers under the Philippine Commonwealth Army and incoming Philippine Constabulary units and the guerrillas.

The American and Allied liberation force landing in the Philippines on October 17 1944 to September 2, 1945 were aided by the local Filipino military forces under the Philippine Commonwealth Army and Philippine Constabulary units and the guerrillas in the liberation of the Philippines against the Imperial Japanese forces under General Tomoyuki Yamashita..

Built and Rebuilt of the General Headquarters of the Commonwealth Army during the Invaded Against the Japanese Occupation

During the Japanese occupation, the built and re-built of the general headquarters and military camps and garrison of the Philippine Commonwealth Army has the several military regular units are included the pre-war and ongoing of ten Military Districts and almost pre-war and incoming 100 Infantry Divisions are just aided the 5 Reconnaissance Battalion and some many others and between them of its subordinate units the several Infantry Regiment, Field Artillery Regiment, Tank Regiment, Engineer and Combat Battalion, Military Police Battalion, Quartermaster Battalion, Medical Battalion, Replacement and Casualty Battalion and some many others was military located and re-located them of active and re-active of almost of all the provinces of the Philippine Archipelago between the collected of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao are founded on 1942 through the ended on 1946 and has did not and never taken and capturing the around Commonwealth Army Headquarters in this archipelago from the suspending Japanese Imperial forces between Infantry, Tanks and Fighter and Bomber Planes and still be retreated and afraid of this enemy are did not the main battles and sieges are stopped, the ongoing military troops of the Commonwealth government in this country was our enemy against the Japanese. Meanwhile, the Philippine Commonwealth Army headquarters was located in the capital city of Manila are closed them and now becomes the capturing the Imperial Japanese forces until 1942 and sustaining built of the Imperial Japanese Army General Headquarters in Fort Santiago in Intramuros and almost around the Japanese Military Garrisons of all the archipelago.

Almost of all over 400,000 to 600,000 civilian men and including 30,000 to 100,000 male guerrillas and resistance officers are outgoing and just replaced are who were organized as the active stronghold soldiers and military officers are joined under the military units of the Philippine Commonwealth Army was held at the general headquarters and military camps and garrisons are located around the province in this country of the Archipelago from the mainly engagements of the military and combat clearing operations in the Philippines between Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao are caused them to aided and supporting the ongoing local guerrillas and the ongoing ground troops of the Philippine Constabulary units and followed the American troops under the United States Armed Forces before Liberation are fought against the Imperial Japanese Armed Forces and Kempeitai military police forces including the collaboration are supported by the Japanese-formed Bureau of Constabulary forces and the Makapili militia groups beginning the conflicts and counter insurgencies against the Japanese Occupation from 1942 to 1945.

Military and Combat Operations of the Commonwealth Army during the Conflicts and Counter-Insurgencies against the Japanese Occupation

The Philippine Commonwealth Army was maintained the sending military and combat clearing operations are almost of all 400,000 to 600,000 active troops and military officers has around from the parts in this country in the Philippines is sustained the engagements of the enemy conflicts and counter-insurgencies from Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao are supporting the joint ground force of the incoming Philippine Constabulary units, the groups of the guerrilla unit and the American military forces of the United States Armed Forces through to before the Liberation are become the conquests to attack by the Imperial Japanese Armed Forces and the Kempeitai gendarmery forces are aided by the ground forces of the Japanese-formed Bureau of Constabulary and the Makapili militia groups are beginning the three year battles and sieges from 1942 to last ended on 1945.

Meanwhile, followed by the groups of the guerrillas before to needing help by the local ground forces of the Commonwealth Army and Constabulary units was aftermath of almost three years are sustained by repeated and capturing from the Japanese Imperial forces including infantry, tanks and fighters and bombers, while the strong guerrilla resistance forces are surrender by the Japanese troops and initially from the strong military force of the Commonwealth Army and Constabulary units are did not and never surrender from the enemy force and continued until the Liberation from the Allied Forces before 1944 and the American liberation forces returns in this country by helping the local Filipino soldiers and guerrilla resistance fighters by cause the enemy against the Imperial Japanese forces.

While the death of President Manuel L. Quezon on August 1, 1944 in Saranac Lake, New York and become replaced of Vice President Sergio Osmena has inaugurated as the Second President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines and now to Fourth President was held in Washington D.C. in the United States. The establishment of the Second Philippine Republic from the puppet state of the Empire of Japan on October 14, 1943 at the Legislative Building in Manila. President Jose P. Laurel are become the President of the Second Republic and now to Third President including with the Filipino collaborators are who occupied from the Japanese Imperial forces in this country during World War II.

Operations of the Commonwealth Army during the Allied Liberation (1944-1945)

General Douglas MacArthur, President Sergio Osmeña, and staff land at Palo, Leyte on October 20, 1944

Beginning the Allied Liberation of the Philippines from October 17, 1944 to September 2. 1945, when the American liberation forces was become return and given back from this country and we need help and aiding support by the local Filipino troops under the Commonwealth Army and Constabulary units including the guerrilla force are fought the attacked and defeat of the Japanese Imperial forces. While General Douglas MacArthur and President Sergio Osmena including the Commonwealth government and military officials and cabinet are supported by Major General Basilio J. Valdes and Brigadier General Carlos P. Romulo is a Commanding General and Military Commander of the Commonwealth Army together with the U.S. military forces are landing beaches at Red Beach in Palo, Leyte on October 20, 1944. President Sergio Osmena and Major General Basilio J. Valdes was ordered the re-establishment and translated of the general headquarters of the Philippine Commonwealth Army and the United States Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) in Tacloban, Leyte on October 23, 1944 and Signed of President Osmena's Executive Order 21, was dated on October 28 1944 between the went of the Philippine Constabulary are active service with the Philippine Commonwealth Army during the Liberation from the Allies. While the Philippine Commonwealth Army was maintained the sending military and combat clearing operations are almost of all 500,000 to 800,000 civilian men and over the outgoing 100,000 to 400,000 male guerrillas and resistance officers are replaced are organized to joined the active troops and military officers has around from the parts in this country in the Philippines is sustained the engagements from the Allied Liberation and some parts of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao from October 17, 1944 to September 2, 1945 are aiding the local stronghold troops of the Philippine Constabulary and the USAFIP-NL military units, the groups of the guerrilla units and the American liberation forces of the United States Armed Forces was sustaining the mainly attack and defeating fought against the Imperial Japanese Armed Forces and the Kempeitai Gendarmerie troops with supported by the collaborators of the unstronghold troops of the Bureau of Constabulary and the Makapili militia forces under the Japanese military control.

Battle of Leyte, Samar and Mindoro (October–December 1944)

Allied liberation forces, chiefly American but including Australian naval and air force units, reached the Philippines on October 17, 1944. The resulting Battle of Leyte Gulf destroyed the Imperial Japanese Navy in the area. The Sixth United States Army landed on Leyte, fighting was mostly complete on New Year's Eve by December 31, 1944.

Supporting Filipino soldiers under the Commonwealth Army and Constabulary and the guerrillas against the Japanese during the Main Battles of Leyte and Samar. Almost of number of all 285,000 to 480,000 active troops and military officers was lead the military units of the Philippine Commonwealth Army from the General Headquarters and Military Camps are around the two main island provinces in Leyte and Samar in Eastern Visayas to the following the sending military and combat clearing operations and engagements of this of two main provinces are supported by the ongoing local troops of the Philippine Constabulary, local guerrilla forces led to Colonel Ruperto Kangleon and the American liberation forces of the United States Armed Forces was the conquest to invaded and attack of all and almost of number of over 70,000 Imperial Japanese Armed Forces was surrounded for around the main island province in Eastern Visayas.

While the local ground troops of the Philippine Commonwealth Army was supported by the 1st and 2nd Filipino Infantry Regiments of the United States Army are projected against the enemy. While the ended of the Battle for the Liberation of Leyte and Samar was aftermath on December 31, 1944 and the combined Filipino and Allied military forces are become the successfully victory to captured and retaken in two island provinces in Eastern Visayas from the defeat of all Japanese Imperial forces.

Almost of military and guerrilla casualties of over 45,790 Filipino troops under the Commonwealth Army and Constabulary units including the United States Army 1st and Filipino Infantry Regiments of over 25,450 Filipino and Filipino-American troops were killed and wounded in action, 4,800 local guerrillas are died and wounded in battle, while the American troops under the United States Armed Forces are over 28,549 killed, wounded and missing in main battle including the Australian troops of the Australian forces of over almost 12,400 killed and wounded in battle and over 80,600 Imperial Japanese forces are killed without wounded and captured in action.

While again by the American liberation forces are landing beaches in the island province of Mindoro on December 13 to December 16, 1944 and aiding them by the Filipino soldiers under the Commonwealth Army and Constabulary and the guerrillas against the Japanese Imperial forces are start the battle. The General Headquarters and Military Camps of the Philippine Commonwealth Army here is this island province of Mindoro and almost of all 86,000 active troops and military officers under the Commonwealth Army including the Constabulary troops of over 17,000 are sending military and combat clearing operations in this of main island provinces and help them by the local guerrilla forces and the American liberation forces of the United States Armed Forces was the conquest to invaded and attack of all and almost of number of over 7,000 Japanese troops was surrounded. After the Battle of Mindoro, Filipino and American forces led to victory and captive in the island province of Mindoro and almost of all casualties of over 600 Filipino troops and guerrillas died and injured in battle, 105 American troops killed and wounded in action and over 1.800 Japanese troops killed, wounded and captured in action.

Battle of Luzon (January 9, to September 2, 1945)

Main article: Battle of Luzon

The liberating forces landed on beaches of the Lingayen Gulf in the province of Pangasinan and around in Luzon on January 09. Supported by the soldiers of the Commonwealth Army and Constabulary units and the local guerrilla force units they engaged the Imperial Japanese forces.

Almost of number of all 300,000 to 700,000 civilian men and almost 60,000 to 150,000 guerrilla men and resistance officers are outgoing replaced are organized to joining the active troops and military officers was lead the military units of the Philippine Commonwealth Army from the General Headquarters and Military Camps are around the major islands of Luzon including the main of plain provinces of Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union, Pangasinan, Abra, Mountain Province, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Tarlac, Zambales, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, Tayabas, Albay, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur and Sorsogon and other main of island provinces of Batanes, Marinduque, Romblon, Palawan and Masbate are supported by the local guerrilla forces the Communist Hukbalahap resistance force and the American liberation forces of the United States Armed Forces was the conquest to invaded and attack of all and almost of number of over 400,000 Imperial Japanese Armed Forces was surrounded for around the major islands and main lslands of Luzon.

The joint military force of the local ground troops of the Commonwealth Army and Constabulary units and the American forces of the United States Armed Forces including the guerrilla fighters was surrounded to supporting Hukbalahap Communist fighters are protected them around the parts in Central Luzon against the Japanese. When the fall for the liberated in Luzon was ending aftermath, Filipino and Allied military forces are captured and retaking of some parts of Luzon in the main and major provinces in this region by defeated and surrendering Imperial Japanese troops.

Over 68,000 Filipino troops (Commonwealth Army and Constabulary) were killed and wounded in battle, 27,000 guerrillas around the plains on Luzon and 16,000 Hukbalahap Communists in Central Luzon were killed and wounded in action, over 40,700 troops of the United States armed forces were killed and injured in the main battle and almost 378,000 Imperial Japanese troops were killed, wounded and captured in the action.

Clearing Operations of the Commonwealth Army during the Recapture of Bataan and Corregidor and Invasion of Palawan (January–April 1945)

While the summer in 1945, The U.S. and Filipino soldiers of the United States Army and Philippine Commonwealth Army including the Philippine Constabulary was recaptured them on Bataan and Corregidor on the month of January to February and the Invasion of Palawan on February to April this year and aided by the local guerrilla resistance fighters and engaged to invading attack of almost over 12,000 Japanese troops. The General Headquarters and Military Camps of the Philippine Commonwealth Army was located in Central Luzon and Palawan and almost of stronghold of all over 150,000 to 275,000 active troops and military officers under the Commonwealth Army including of all 89,000 troops under the Philippine Constabulary were sending the clearing operations from the engagement of fall of the enemy and supporting the local guerrila fighters and American liberation ground force in Bataan was recaptured on January 31, to February 21, 1945 and Palawan was invaded on February 28, to April 22, 1945 against the Imperial Japanese forces led by Lieutenant General Rikichi Tsukada and General Sosaku Suzuki. The supplying of all 12,000 local troops of the Commonwealth Army are sending operations in the island of Corregidor from February 16, to February 26, 1945 are supporting the American paratrooper forces of the United States Army's 503rd Infantry Regiment was invading them against the Japanese are become recaptured. The aftermath for the recaptured on Bataan Peninsula and invasion of Palawan was ended, while of combined Filipino and American troops and aiding local guerrilla force to cleared and taken from Bataan and Palawan from the Japanese soldiers are become defeated. Almost of casualties for the recaptured on Bataan Peninsula and invasion of the island province of Palawan of over 9,000 Filipino soldiers under the Commonwealth Army and Constabulary units including the guerrillas were killed and wounded in action, 1,500 American troops died and injured in battle and almost 6,000 Japanese Imperial forces were killed, wounded and captured in action. In the island of Corregidor was recaptured and the casualties of all 1,900 Filipino soldiers under the Commonwealth Army units without Constabulary are killed and wounded in action, 1,400 American paratrooper force are died and injured in main battle and almost 8,700 Japanese forces are died, injured and captive on main battle.

Clearing Operations of the Commonwealth Army during the Battle for the Liberation of Manila (February 03 to March 03, 1945)

Aerial view of the devastated Manila in May 1945

The Battle of Manila (February 3, to March 3, 1945) was fought between the combined U.S. and Philippine Commonwealth ground troops aiding the guerrillas and the Imperial Japanese Marines and Army forces led by Admiral Sanji Iwabuchi in the City of Manila.

Almost of number of all 48,000 to 85,000 active troops and military officers was lead the military units of the Philippine Commonwealth Army from the General Headquarters are around the main provinces in Central and Southern Luzon to sending military and combat clearing operations and engagements in the capital city of Manila between the some districts in Binondo, Ermita, Intramuros, Malate, Paco, Pandacan, Port Area, Quiapo, Sampaloc, San Andres Bukid, San Miguel, San Nicolas, Santa Ana, Santa Cruz, Santa Mesa and Tondo are supported by the local guerrilla force and the American liberation forces of the United States Sixth Army and Eighth Army was the conquest to invaded and attack of all and almost of number of over 25,000 Imperial Japanese Marines and Army Forces was surrounded for around the capital city.

While the Fall of the Old Spanish Walled City of Intramuros from February 23, to February 26, 1945 under the Battle of Manila, joint military force of the American troops of the United States Sixth and Eighth Army and the Filipino troops of the Philippine Commonwealth Army through supporting by the leading the group of the local guerrilla units entering Intramuros was chasing attack from the Japanese Marines and Army troopers and retaken them around the city.

While the ended of the Battle for the Liberated in Manila was aftermath on March 3, 1945 and taken by joint Filipino and American troops are recaptured and successfully victories around the city and almost of military and guerrilla casualties of over 10,000 Filipino troops and guerrillas killed and wounded in action, 6,575 American troops killed and wounded in battle, 16,665 Japanese Marines and Army forces killed in action and battle are counted dead without wounded and almost 100,000 to 500,000 Filipino non-combatant civilians in Intramuros and around Manila were killed from the Japanese military hands during the Manila Massacre on February, 1945. The rebuilt of the general headquarters of the Philippine Commonwealth Army including the Philippine Constabulary was relocated of the capital city on March 1945 to June 1946 after the liberation from the officially of the Allied forces was ended the Battle of Manila.

Clearing Operations of the Commonwealth Army during the Battle of the Visayas (March 18 to July 30, 1945)

The American liberation forces are landed beaches and entering of some parts from the Visayas Region and supporting Filipino soldiers under the Commonwealth Army and Constabulary military units and the local Visayan guerrilla resistance fighters are fought the invaded against the Imperial Japanese forces under Lieutenant General Sosaku Suzuki are become the conflicts and conquests of main battles from March 18 to July 30, 1945.

While the almost the stronghold of all over 125,000 to 380,000 civilian men and almost 8,000 to 11,000 outgoing guerrilla men and resistance officers were replaced are the organization to joined the active troops and military officers are lead the military units of the Philippine Commonwealth Army from the General Headquarters and Military Camps are around the isolated islands of the Visayas Region was the military located including the some provinces of Antique, Capiz, Iloilo, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, Cebu, Bohol, Samar and Leyte are aided and supported by the local Visayan guerrilla resistance fighters under Colonel Macario Peralta, Jr. from Panay Island, Lieutenant Colonel James M. Cushing from Cebu and other Visayan guerrilla resistance officers and the American liberation forces of the United States Armed Forces was the conquest to invaded and attack of all and almost of number of over 40,000 Japanese Imperial Armed Forces was led by Lieutenant General Sosaku Suzuki. The stronghold troops of the Commonwealth Army units were sending operated from the island of Guimaras and Siquijor and aiding from the local guerrillas and Americans was fought by the Japanese. When the fall for the liberated in Visayas Region was ending aftermath, Filipino and American military forces including the Visayan resistance groups are successfully victories and they captured and taked of some parts of Visayas in the all some of main provinces in this region by defeated and surrendering Imperial Japanese troops, while to Lieutenant General Sosaku Suzuki was died in battle from the Allied forces in Cebu on April 19, 1945 and almost of military and guerrilla casualties of almost of over 5,800 Filipino troops under the Commonwealth Army and Constabulary units were died and injured in battle, 2,400 Cebuano and Visayan guerrilla resistance forces are killed and wounded in action, 4,700 American troops of the U.S. Armed Forces are killed and wounded in battle and over 30,000 Imperial Japanese troops are died, injured and captive in main battle.

Clearing Operations of the Commonwealth Army during the Battle of Mindanao and Sulu (March 10 to August 15, 1945)

Started for the Battle of Mindanao and Sulu from March 10 to August 15, 1945 between the Imperial Japanese Armed Forces led by General Gyosaku Morozumi and Lieutenant General Jiro Harada and the combined U.S. and Philippine Commonwealth ground troops are supported by the local Christian and Muslim guerrilla resistance fighters was defensed the main conquest in some parts of Mindanao and Sulu. While the U.S. liberation forces landed on Mindanao and Sulu and helps the local Filipino soldiers under the military units of the Commonwealth Army and Constabulary and the local Christian-Muslim resistance fighters are attacking Japanese troops.

While the Christians and Muslims are the almost the stronghold of all over 400,000 to 700,000 civilian men and almost 50,000 to 170,000 outgoing guerrilla men and resistance officers are replaced and become organization to joining the active troops and military officers are lead the military units of the Philippine Commonwealth Army from the General Headquarters and Military Camps are located in Mindanao and Sulu and between the some of all provinces of Agusan, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao, Lanao, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental, Surigao and Zamboanga, including Sulu are aided and supported by the local Christian and Muslim guerrilla resistance fighters under by Colonel Wendell Fertig and other local Christian-Muslim guerrilla resistance officers and the American liberation forces of the United States Armed Forces was the conquest to invaded and attack of all and almost of number of over of 200,000 Japanese Imperial forces under by General Gyosaku Morozumi and Lieutenant General Jiro Harada. When the fall for the liberated in Mindanao and Sulu was ending aftermath, Filipino and American military forces including the local Christian and Muslim resistance groups are become successfully victory and captive them in Mindanao and Sulu by defeated and surrendering Imperial Japanese troops, while to General Gyosaku Morozumi and Lieutenant General Jiro Harada surrenders from the officially to the Allied forces and almost of military and guerrilla casualties of almost of over 278,000 Filipino and American troops are casualties in action, 69,000 local Christian and Muslim guerrilla and resistance fighters were died and injured in action and almost 149,000 Japanese Imperial forces are casualties in battle including the additional 25,000 deaths due to starvation and disease.

Aftermath of the Allied Liberation

The ending aftermath for the Fall of the Allied Liberation and Recapture in the Philippines from October 17, 1944 to September 2, 1945 from the successfully victory from the combined U.S. and Philippine Commonwealth military ground troops and aiding the guerrillas through the defeated and unsuccessfully of the Imperial Japanese Armed Forces and become to recapture and retaken around in the Philippines was officially liberation from the Allies. President José P. Laurel issues an Executive Proclamation putting an ended to the Second Philippine Republic from the government of exile and translated in Tokyo, Empire of Japan and now to disestablishment, thus ending to his term as President of the Philippines on August 17, 1945. The surrender of General Tomoyuki Yamashita is a Commanding General of the Japanese Fourteenth Area Army are totally captive by the combined Filipino and American soldiers at Kiangan, Mountain Province (now. Ifugao) on September 2, 1945 are becomes the ended and aftermath of the Second World War and the Restoration of the Philippine Commonwealth Government are become return in this country from the exile of the United States.

The war ended following the dropping of atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and August 9, 1945. The Japanese Instrument of Surrender was signed on September 2 at USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay.

Post World War II-era and restoration of the Philippine Commonwealth (1945-1946)

After the restoration and reestablishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines from October 20, 1944 to June 30, 1946 the President Sergio Osmena and the government and military officials and cabinet returned from exile in the United States of America.

The service of the Philippine Commonwealth Army as part of the United States Armed Forces terminated as of midnight on June 30, 1946 by authority of General Order #168, Army Forces Western Pacific and the dissolution of the Philippine Commonwealth Army from the American military control and the Commonwealth of the Philippines was ended after the war.

The Second Proclamation of Independence of the Third Philippine Republic was established from the United States of America on July 1, 1946 at the Independence Grandstand Manila. President Manuel Roxas (the last President of the Commonwealth and later as the Fifth President of the Republic of the Philippines) issued Executive Order No. 94 s. 1947 which, among other things, reorganized the Philippine Army into the Armed Forces of the Philippines. This resulted in the formation of the Philippine Air Force and reformation of the Philippine Navy as separate organizations after long years as part of the Philippine Army.

Regular units

Main article: List of regular units of the Philippine Commonwealth Army

The Philippine Commonwealth Army has several regular units are included the military districts, infantry divisions, regular divisions, reconnaissance battalions and many others are dedication to conflicts and counter-insurgency and conventional army and military operations. While the engagements of the Anti-Imperial Japanese and Axis military operations in the Philippines between Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao was supporting the local troops under the Philippine Constabulary units, the local guerrilla resistance fighters and the U.S. and Allied military forces was fought against the Imperial Japanese troops during World War II.

Equipment

Main articles: List of equipment of the Philippine Commonwealth Army and List of weapons of the Philippine Commonwealth Army

The Commonwealth Army was supplied by the United States, United Kingdom and other Allied countries. Its equipment included: pistols, rifles, assault rifles, sub-machine guns, machine guns, sniper rifles, shotguns, anti-tank weapons, flamethrowers, grenades, grenade launchers, mortars, knives, bolos, bayonets, tanks, self propelled artillery, self-propelled guns, artillery, howitzers, armored vehicles and other equipment.

Uniforms

Main articles: List of Uniforms of the Philippine Commonwealth Army and List of Equipment Uniforms of the Philippine Commonwealth Army

The Commonwealth Army was supplied by the United States, United Kingdom and other Allied countries. While the uniforms are included of Headgears, Coats, Jackets, Shirts, Trousers, Footwears for the Army and Military Service and Combat Uniforms and many other equipment.

External links

• Ricardo Trota Jose, "Philippine Army (1935-1942)", Roderick Hall Collection

• Cesar P. Pobre, History of the Armed Forces of the Filipino People, New Day Publishers (June 26, 2000)

• Walter F. Bell, The Philippines in World War II, 1941-1945: A Chronology and Select Annotated Bibliography of Books and Articles in English (First Edition (December 30, 1999) ed.), Greenwood

• Ernesto Lee. "World War II Philippines". Xlibris Corporation (May 27, 2010). {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)

• Adalia Marquez, Carlos P. Romulo. "Blood on the Rising Sun: The Japanese Occupation of the Philippines". CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (March 15, 2014). {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)