Jump to content

Ski jumping: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
Line 31: Line 31:


==History==
==History==
Ski jumping as a sport originated in [[Norway]]. Norwegian lieutenant Olaf Rye was the first known ski jumper.<ref name = "Norway">
Ski jumping as a sport originated in [[Norway]]. Norwegian lieutenant [[Olaf Rye]] was the first known ski jumper.<ref name = "Norway">
{{cite web
{{cite web
| last = Sihera
| last = Sihera

Revision as of 14:07, 1 January 2015

"Ski jump" redirects here. For the element of an aircraft carrier's flight deck, see Flight Deck § Ski-jump ramp.
Ski Jumping
Vikersundbakken in Modum, Norway is the world's largest ski jumping hill. (Picture taken before it was redesigned in 2010/2011)
Highest governing bodyInternational Ski Federation
First played1808
Eidsberg, Norway
Characteristics
Team membersIndividual or groups
Presence
OlympicSince the first ever Winter Olympics in 1924
Ski jumping facility in Einsiedeln, Switzerland
The Ski Jumping Complex in Pragelato during the 2006 Winter Olympics of Turin.
Matti Nykänen ski jumping hill (K100) and a smaller K64 hill in Jyväskylä, Finland.

Ski jumping is a form of nordic skiing in which athletes descend a take-off ramp, called an inrun, jump, and fly as far as possible. Points are awarded for distance and style. Competition is sanctioned by the International Ski Federation (FIS). Skis are wide and long (260 to 275 centimetres (102 to 108 in)). Ski jumping is predominantly a winter sport, and has been part of the Winter Olympic Games since their inception in 1924.[1] It can also be performed in summer on artificial surfaces.

Ski jumping, with cross-country skiing is one of the two sports in Nordic combined.

History

Ski jumping as a sport originated in Norway. Norwegian lieutenant Olaf Rye was the first known ski jumper.[2] In 1809, he launched himself 9.5 meters in the air as a show of courage to his fellow soldiers. By 1862, ski jumpers were facing much larger jumps and traveling longer. The very first recorded public competition was held at Trysil, Norway, on 22 January 1862. At this first competition, judges already awarded points for style ("elegance and smoothness"), participants had to complete three jumps without falling and rules were agreed upon in advance.[3] It is clear from the news report published in Morgenbladet that the ski jumping in Trysild was entertainment, but also a national, competitive sports event. The first known female ski jumper participated at the Trysil competition in 1863.[4] Norway's Sondre Norheim jumped 30 meters without the benefit of poles.[2] In 1866, the first skiing event held in Christiania near Old Aker Church was a combined cross-country, slalom and jumping competition, and attracted an audience of some 2,000 people. Sondre Norheim won his first competition in Christiania in 1868.[4] The first widely known ski jumping competition was the Husebyrennene, held in Oslo in 1879, with Olaf Haugann of Norway setting the first world record for the longest ski jump at 20 meters.[5] Explorer Fridtjof Nansen was a skilled skier and was number 7 in the 1881 competition at Huseby.[4] Until 1884–1886 jumping and cross-country was a single integrated competition: In 1886 at Huseby cross-country and jumping were held on separate days, and final results were calculated from the combined achievements (similar to present nordic combined).[4] The annual event was moved to Holmenkollen from 1892, and Holmenkollen has remained the pinnacle of ski jumping venues. To distinguish ski jumping competition only from Nordic combined, it is still referred to as "spesielt hopprenn" in Norwegian (ski jumping only).

In 1929, Norwegian instructors arrived in Sapporo to train the Japanese in ski jumping.[3]

The Large Hill competition was included on the Olympic programme for the 1964 Olympic Games in Innsbruck.

Competition

The FIS Ski Jumping World Cup,which includes the Four Hills Tournament, is contested on three types of hills:

  • Normal hill competitions: the calculation line is found at approximately 80–100 metres (260–330 ft). Distances over 110 metres (360 ft) can be reached.
  • Large hill competitions: the calculation line is found at approximately 120–130 metres (390–430 ft). Distances of over 145 metres (476 ft) can be obtained on the larger hills. Both individual and team competitions are run on these hills.
  • Ski-flying competitions: the calculation line is found at 185 metres (607 ft).

Amateur and junior competitions are held on smaller hills. The second level of competition is the FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup.

Individual ski jumping at the Winter Olympics consists of a training jump and two scored jumps. The team event consists of four members of the same nation, who each jump twice.

Summer jumping

Ski jumping can also be performed in the summer on a porcelain track and plastic grass combined with water. There are also many competitions during the summer, including the FIS Grand Prix Ski Jumping.

Women's ski jumping

Women competed at the 2009 Nordic World Ski Championships followed by a women's team event at the 2011 world championships.

In 2006 the FIS proposed that women to compete at the 2010 Winter Olympics.[6] but it was rejected by the IOC, because of the low number of athletes and participating countries.[7]

A group of 15 competitive female ski jumpers filed a suit against the Vancouver Organizing Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games on the grounds that it the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms since men were competing.[8][9] The suit failed, with the judge ruling that the situation was not governed by the charter. Virginia Madsen told the story in the film called Fighting Gravity (2009).

Women's ski jumping was part of the 2014 Winter Olympics.

Because they are lighter than men, female athletes need a longer inrun and reach a higher landing speed. Injuries have affected a number of female athletes including Lisa Demetz,[10] Daniela Iraschko,[11] Anja Tepeš,[12] Caroline Espiau,[13] Alexandra Pretorius,[14] Sarah Hendrickson,[15] Jacqueline Seifriedsberger,[16] and Svenja Würth,[17] Ema Klinec,[18] Ramona Straub,[19] Anja Tepeš,[20] Daniela Iraschko-Stolz,[21] Bigna Windmüller,[22] Lindsey Van,[23] Carina Vogt,[24] Manuela Malsiner,[25] and Elena Runggaldier.[26]

Mixed

A number of events took place in 2012:

  • The first mixed pairs event was held at Mostec, Slovenia.[27][28] ski jumping complex located in Šiška District, Ljubljana. On four different hills of size HS14, HS23, HS38 and HS62 mixed teams competed with each other by rules of elimination system. Slovenians Maja Vtič and Tomaž Naglič won.[29]
  • Mixed jumping at the FIS Grand Prix Ski Jumping event and first ever on plastic was held in Courchevel, France. Competition was held on normal La Praz olympic HS96 hill. The first full four member Mixed Team and first ever Grand Prix mixed team winner in history was team of Japan.
  • The first FIS World Cup Mixed Team event took place in Lillehammer, Norway. Competition was held on normal Lysgårdsbakken olympic HS100 hill. Each national mixed team consisted of four ski jumpers, two men and two women. The first World Cup mixed team winner was team of Norway.

Scoring and rules

Ski jumpers below the minimum safe body mass index are penalized with a shorter maximum ski length, reducing the aerodynamic lift they can achieve. These rules have been credited with stopping the most severe cases of underweight athletes, but some competitors still lose weight to maximize the distance they can jump.[30]

The winner is decided on a scoring system based on distance, style, inrun length and wind conditions.

Aerodynamics has become a factor of increasing importance in modern ski jumping, with recent rules addressing the regulation of ski jumping suits. This follows a period when loopholes in the rules seemed to favour skinny jumpers in stiff, air foil-like suits.

Each hill has a target called the calculation point (or K point or "critical point") which is a par distance to aim for. It is also the place where many jumpers land, in the middle of the landing area. This point is marked by the K line on the landing strip. For K-90 and K-120 competitions, the K line is at 90 metres (300 ft) and 120 metres (390 ft) respectively. Skiers are awarded 60 points if they land on the K Line. Skiers earn extra points for flying beyond the K Line, or lose points for every meter(~3 ft) they land short of the mark. The typical meter value is 2 points in small hills, 1.8 points in large hills and 1.2 points in ski-flying hills. Thus, it is possible for a jumper to get a negative score if the jump is way short of the K line with poor style marks (typically a fall). The value of a meter is determined from the size of the hill. The K point is the point on the hill where the slope begins to flatten as measured from the take off.

In addition, five judges are based in a tower to the side of the expected landing point. They can award up to 20 points each for style based on keeping the skis steady during flight, balance, good body position, and landing. The highest and lowest style scores are disregarded, with the remaining three scores added to the distance score. Thus, a perfectly scored K-120 jump – with at least four of the judges awarding 20 points each – and the jumper landing on the K-point, is awarded a total of 120 points.

In January 2010, a new scoring factor was introduced to compensate for variable outdoor conditions. Aerodynamics and take-off speed are important variables that determine the value of a jump, and if weather conditions change during a competition, the conditions will not be equal for everyone, which is unfair. The jumper will now receive or lose points if the inrun length is adjusted to provide optimal takeoff speed. An advanced calculation also determines plus/minus points for the actual wind conditions at the time of the jump. These points are added or withdrawn from the original scores from the jump itself.

In the individual event, the scores from each skier's two competition jumps are combined to determine the winner.

Technique

The ski jump is divided into four parts: in-run, take-off (jump), flight and landing. In each part the athlete is required to pay attention to and practice a particular technique in order to maximize the outcome of ultimate length and style marks.

Using the V-technique, popularised in late 1980s by Jan Boklöv from Sweden and Jiří Malec from Czechoslovakia, skiers are able to exceed the distance of the take-off hill by about 10% compared to the previous technique with parallel skis. Previous techniques first included the Kongsberger technique, the Daescher technique and the Windisch technique.[31] Until the mid-1970s, the ski jumper came down the in-run of the hill with both arms pointing forwards. This changed when the former East German Ski jumper Jochen Danneberg introduced the new in-run technique of directing the arms backwards in a more aerodynamic position.

The landing requires the skiers to touch the ground in the Telemark landing style. This involves the jumper landing with one foot in front of the other, mimicking the style of the Norwegian inventors of Telemark skiing. Failure to comply with this regulation leads to the deduction of style marks (points).

Ski flying

Ski Flying is an extension of ski jumping. The events take place on hills with a K-point of at least 185 metres (607 ft).[32]

The first ski flying hill was built in Planica in Slovenia. In 1936, the FIS started to regulate the construction of the jumping hills and issued international standards for their construction and maintenance. Back then, it was forbidden to build a ski jumping hill which made it possible to make jumps longer than 80 meters. Nevertheless the first-ever ski flying hill was built in Planica, Slovenia. It took several more years before competitions on this hill were approved by FIS.[citation needed] The "father" of ski flying is Janez Gorišek, an engineer, sportsman and enthusiastic sport-promoter who designed the Planica ski-jump.

There are five active ski flying hills, all in Europe. The biggest is Vikersundbakken in Vikersund, Norway. Others are Oberstdorf, Germany; Kulm Austria; Letalnica, Planica, Slovenia; and Harrachov, Czech Republic. The only hill outside of Europe is Copper Peak in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. It is not active but there are plans to rebuild it to FIS standards.[33]

Jumps of more than 200 metres (660 ft) have occurred at all ski flying hills. The current World Record is 246.5 metres (809 ft), set by Norwegian Johan Remen Evensen at Vikersund in 2011.

The Fédération Internationale de Ski (FIS) Ski flying World Championships started in 1972 and occur biennially. The 2010 FIS World Championships in ski flying were organised in Planica, and in 2012 the FIS World Championships took place in Vikersund, Norway.

1992, 1994, 1996, 1998 Ski flying World Championships individual day event wins in two series also counted as an individual World Cup win.

List of ski flying hills

Hill name[34] Location Opened K-point Hill size Hill record
Norway Vikersundbakken Vikersund, Norway 1936 K-195 HS 225 246.5 metres (809 ft)
Slovenia Letalnica Bratov Gorišek Planica, Slovenia 1969 K-200 HS 225 239.0 metres (784.1 ft)
Germany Heini-Klopfer-Skiflugschanze Oberstdorf, Germany 1950 K-185 HS 213 225.5 metres (740 ft)
Austria Kulm Bad Mitterndorf, Austria 1950 K-185 HS 200 215.5 metres (707 ft)
Czech Republic Čerťák Harrachov, Czech Republic 1979 K-185 HS 205 214.5 metres (704 ft)
United States Copper peak Ironwood, MI, USA 1970 K-145 HS 180 158.0 metres (518.4 ft)

Official jumps over 200m

Most of the top competitors in "regular" ski jumping tend to be among the best in ski flying competitions. However, some jumpers, such as Martin Koch of Austria, Johan Remen Evensen from Norway and Slovenia's Robert Kranjec are regarded as ski flying specialists.

  • As of 24 March 2013.
Rank Ski Jumper #
1.  Robert Kranjec (SLO) 156
2.  Martin Koch (AUT) 133
3.  Adam Małysz (POL) 112
4.  Simon Ammann (SUI) 107
 Gregor Schlierenzauer (AUT) 107
6.  Matti Hautamäki (FIN) 104
7.  Thomas Morgenstern (AUT) 102
8.  Bjørn Einar Romøren (NOR) 93
9.  Anders Jacobsen (NOR) 77
10.  Anders Bardal (NOR) 76
  •   active ski jumper

Records and statistics

Pre-World Cup, Olympic Games, World Championships & World Cup events

As of March 23, 2014

Category Ski Jumper Record
Olympic Games (1924–2010)
individual victories Simon Ammann 4
total medals (Ind. + Team) Matti Nykänen 5
team victories Finland, Germany, Austria 2
team medals Austria 5
youngest winner individual (Albertville'92) Toni Nieminen 16 y, 261 d
oldest winner individual (Lillehammer'94) Jens Weißflog 29 y, 214 d
oldest medalist (Sochi '14) Noriaki Kasai 41 y, 254 d
by No. of Olympic appearances Noriaki Kasai 7
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships (1925–2011)
most individual victories Adam Małysz 4
most individual medals Adam Małysz 6
total medals (Ind. + Team) Janne Ahonen, Martin Schmitt 10
most team victories Austria 9
most team medals Austria 15
youngest winner individual (Thunder Bay'95) Tommy Ingebrigtsen 17 y, 222 d
oldest winner individual (Liberec'09) Andreas Küttel 29 y, 308 d
No. of Championships appearances Noriaki Kasai 11
World Cup (1979–2014)
most overall wins Adam Małysz, Matti Nykänen 4
most overall wins in a row Adam Małysz 3
most individual victories Gregor Schlierenzauer 52
most individual podiums Janne Ahonen 108
most individual Top 10 results Janne Ahonen 247
most team victories Austria 27
most team medals Austria 58
most individual performances Noriaki Kasai 452
most team performances Noriaki Kasai 48
total performances (Ind. + Team) Noriaki Kasai 500
most seasons performing Noriaki Kasai 25
most ski-flying individual victories Gregor Schlierenzauer 14
youngest winner individual (Lahti'80) Steve Collins 15 y, 362 d
oldest winner individual (Kulm'14) Noriaki Kasai 41 y, 219 d
youngest winner overall (1991–92) Toni Nieminen 16 y, 303 d
oldest winner overall (2011–12) Anders Bardal 29 y, 207 d
oldest World Cup performance jumper ind. Takanobu Okabe 43 y, 91 d
oldest jumper on World Cup podium ind. Noriaki Kasai 41 y, 274 d
oldest jumper World Cup TOP 10 ind. Noriaki Kasai 41 y, 289 d
most wins in one season individual Gregor Schlierenzauer 13
most points in one season individual Gregor Schlierenzauer 2083
most times winning individual points Noriaki Kasai 361x
FIS Ski-Flying World Championships (1972–2010)
most individual victories Walter Steiner, Sven Hannawald, Roar Ljøkelsøy 2
most individual medals Matti Nykänen 5
total medals (Ind. + Team) Janne Ahonen 7
most team victories Austria 3
most team medals Norway, Finland, Austria 4
youngest winner individual (Oberstdorf'08) Gregor Schlierenzauer 18 y, 47 d
oldest winner individual (Vikersund'12) Robert Kranjec 30 y, 224 d
by No. of Championships appearances Janne Ahonen 9
Four Hills Tournament (1952–2011)
most overall victories Janne Ahonen 5
most individual victories Jens Weißflog 10
youngest winner individual (Oberstdorf'91) Toni Nieminen 16 y, 212 d
oldest winner individual (Bischofshofen'96) Jens Weißflog 31 y, 169 d
youngest winner overall Toni Nieminen 16 y, 220 d
oldest winner overall Jens Weißflog 31 y, 169 d
Other records (all times)
1st ever jump over 100m – fall (Ponte di Legno, Italy, 1935) Olav Ulland 103.5 m
1st official jump over 100m (Planica, Slovenia, 1936) Sepp Bradl 101.5 m
1st ever jump over 200m – fall (Planica, Slovenia, 1994) Andreas Goldberger 202.0 m
1st official jump over 200m (Planica, Slovenia, 1994) Toni Nieminen 203.0 m
most jumps over 200m Robert Kranjec 156
World record (Vikersund'11) Johan Remen Evensen 246.5 m
Helmet cam world record (Planica'13) Jurij Tepeš 223.5 m
30+ years old world record (Vikersund'12) Robert Kranjec 244.0 m
35+ years old world record (Planica'10) Noriaki Kasai 224.0 m
40+ years old world record (Planica'13) Noriaki Kasai 221.5 m
Junior world record (Planica'08) Gregor Schlierenzauer 232.5 m
1st World Cup individual event Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy 1979
1st World Cup team event Predazzo, Italy 1992
1st ever mixed team event Mostec, Ljubljana, Slovenia 2012
1st World Cup mixed team event Lillehammer, Norway 2012

Highest attendance

Single daily events with more than 50,000 people. List is not complete:

Rank Attendance Location Date Venue Competition
1 220,000 Germany Garmisch-Partenkirchen Feb 16, 1936 Große Olympiaschanze 1936 Winter Olympics
2 143,000 Norway Holmenkollen, Oslo Feb 14, 1952 Holmenkollbakken 1952 Winter Olympics
3 120,000 Poland Zakopane Feb 18, 1962 Wielka Krokiew 1962 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships
4 106,000 Norway Holmenkollen, Oslo Error in Template:Date table sorting: days must be an integer between 1 and 31 Holmenkollbakken The Peace Competition
5 80,000-100,000 Slovenia Planica Mar 16, 1985 Velikanka bratov Gorišek 1985 FIS Ski-Flying World Championships
6 70,000 Slovenia Planica Mar 22, 1997 Velikanka bratov Gorišek 1996–97 FIS World Cup Final
7 70,000 Norway Holmenkollen, Oslo Mar 3, 2011 Holmenkollbakken 2011 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships
8 55,000 Slovenia Planica Mar 20, 2010 Letalnica bratov Gorišek 2010 FIS Ski-Flying World Championships
9 50,000 Slovenia Planica Mar 14, 1987 Velikanka bratov Gorišek 1986–87 FIS World Cup Final
10 50,000 Japan Hakuba, Nagano Feb 17, 1998 Hakuba Ski Jumping Stadium 1998 Winter Olympics

Notable ski jumpers

The most notable ski jumpers may be considered those who have managed to show a perfect jump, which means that all five judges attributed the maximum style score of 20 points for their jumps.

So far only 5 jumpers are recorded to have achieved this:

Name Date Location Competition Rank
Austria Anton Innauer 7 March 1976[35] Germany Oberstdorf Ski flying (International ski flying weeks) 1
Japan Kazuyoshi Funaki 15 February 1998[36] Japan Nagano Olympic Winter Games, large hill, second jump 1
Germany Sven Hannawald 8 February 2003[37] Germany Willingen Worldcup competition, large hill, first jump 1
Japan Hideharu Miyahira 8 February 2003[37] Germany Willingen Worldcup competition, large hill, second jump 6
Austria Wolfgang Loitzl 6 January 2009[38] Austria Bischofshofen Four Hills Jumping, large hill, first jump 1

Sven Hannawald and Wolfgang Loitzl were attributed four times 20 (plus another 19,5) style score points for their second jump, thus receiving nine times the maximum score of 20 points within one competition.

Other notable ski jumpers can be found in the following lists:

Male

The view from the top of the ski jump in Park City, Utah after the 2002 Salt Lake Olympics
The Lake Placid Olympic Ski Jumping Complex
Ski jumping facility in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
Letalnica Bratov Gorišek (outrun)
Letalnica Bratov Gorišek (inrun)
Currently active
Country Flag Name
Austria Austria Gregor Schlierenzauer
Andreas Kofler
Michael Hayböck
Manuel Fettner
Thomas Diethart
Wolfgang Loitzl
Stefan Kraft
Bulgaria Bulgaria Vladimir Zografski
Canada Canada Mackenzie Boyd-Clowes
Czech Republic Czech Republic Jakub Janda
Roman Koudelka
Jan Matura
Antonín Hájek
Čestmír Kožíšek
Lukáš Hlava
Finland Finland Janne Happonen
Lauri Asikainen
Ville Larinto
Anssi Koivuranta
Janne Ahonen
Olli Muotka
Sami Niemi
Jarkko Määttä
France France Vincent Descombes Sevoie
Ronan Lamy Chappuis
Germany Germany Michael Neumayer
Marinus Kraus
Richard Freitag
Andreas Wank
Andreas Wellinger
Severin Freund
Markus Eisenbichler
Karl Geiger
Greece Greece Nico Polychronidis
Italy Italy Sebastian Colloredo
Andrea Morassi
Roberto Dellasega
Davide Bresadola
Japan Japan Noriaki Kasai
Taku Takeuchi
Daiki Ito
Shōhei Tochimoto
Reruhi Shimizu
Junshirō Kobayashi
Yūta Watase
Kento Sakuyama
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Ivan Karaulov
Nikolay Karpenko
Alexey Korolev
Radik Zhaparov
Konstantin Sokolenko
Evgeni Levkin
Korea South Korea Choi Heung-Chul
Choi Yong-Jik
Kim Hyun-Ki
Kang Chil-Gu
Norway Norway Tom Hilde
Vegard Haukø Sklett
Bjørn Einar Romøren
Anders Bardal
Ole Marius Ingvaldsen
Anders Fannemel
Rune Velta
Anders Jacobsen
Phillip Sjøen
Daniel-André Tande
Poland Poland Kamil Stoch
Piotr Żyła
Stefan Hula
Krzysztof Miętus
Jan Ziobro
Maciej Kot
Dawid Kubacki
Krzysztof Biegun
Klemens Murańka
Jakub Wolny
Romania Romania Sorin Iulian Pîtea
Russia Russia Denis Kornilov
Dimitry Vassiliev
Ilya Rosliakov
Michail Maksimotschkin
Wladislaw Bojarinzew
Slovakia Slovakia Tomas Zmoray
Slovenia Slovenia Robert Kranjec
Jernej Damjan
Peter Prevc
Tomaž Naglič
Andraž Pograjc
Dejan Judež
Anže Semenič
Mitja Mežnar
Rok Justin
Anže Lanišek
Cene Prevc
Nejc Dežman
Robert Hrgota
Matjaž Pungertar
Jurij Tepeš
Jaka Hvala
Jure Šinkovec
Sweden Sweden Carl Nordin
Switzerland Switzerland Simon Ammann
Gregor Deschwanden
Ukraine Ukraine Vitaliy Shumbarets
USA United States Nicholas Alexander
Peter Frenette
Nicholas Fairall
Anders Johnson

Female

Unsuccessful

National records

File:Stamps of Germany (DDR) 1980, MiNr 2480.jpg
GDR stamp – Memorial for the Skijumper
Rank Nation Record holder Length Venue Year Source
1.  Norway Johan Remen Evensen 246.5 metres (809 ft) Vikersund 2011 [39]
2.  Slovenia Robert Kranjec 244.0 metres (800.5 ft) Vikersund 2012 [39]
3.  Austria Gregor Schlierenzauer 243.5 metres (799 ft) Vikersund 2011 [39]
4.  Finland Janne Happonen 240.0 metres (787.4 ft) Vikersund 2011 [39]
 Japan Daiki Ito Vikersund 2012 [39]
6.  Switzerland Simon Ammann 238.5 metres (782 ft) Vikersund 2011 [39]
7.  Czech Republic Antonín Hájek 236.0 metres (774.3 ft) Planica 2010 [39]
8.  Poland Piotr Żyła 232.5 metres (763 ft) Vikersund 2012 [39]
Kamil Stoch Vikersund 2013 [39]
9.  Russia Denis Kornilov 232.0 metres (761.2 ft) Vikersund 2012 [39]
10.  Germany Michael Neumayer 231.0 metres (757.9 ft) Vikersund 2013 [39]
11.  France Vincent Descombes Sevoie 225.0 metres (738.2 ft) Vikersund 2012 [39]
12.  United States Alan Alborn 221.5 metres (727 ft) Planica 2002 [39]
13.  Italy Andrea Morassi 216.5 metres (710 ft) Planica 2012 [39]
14.  Bulgaria Vladimir Zografski 213.5 metres (700 ft) Planica 2013 [39]
15.  Sweden Isak Grimholm 207.5 metres (681 ft) Planica 2007 [39]
 South Korea Choi Heung-Chul Planica 2008 [39]
17.  Canada Mackenzie Boyd-Clowes 205.0 metres (672.6 ft) Harrachov 2013 [39]
18.  Estonia Kaarel Nurmsalu 204.0 metres (669.3 ft) Vikersund 2012 [39]
19.  Belarus Petr Chaadaev 197.5 metres (648 ft) Kulm 2006 [39]
20.  Kazakhstan Radik Zhaparov 196.5 metres (645 ft) Planica 2007 [39]
21.  Slovakia Martin Mesik 195.5 metres (641 ft) Kulm 2006 [39]
22.  Ukraine Vitaliy Shumbarets 189.5 metres (622 ft) Planica 2009 [39]
23.  Greece Nico Polychronidis 186.0 metres (610.2 ft) Oberstdorf 2013 [39]
24.  Netherlands Christoph Kreuzer 162.0 metres (531.5 ft) Planica 2002 [39]
25.  Turkey Faik Yüksel 150.0 metres (492.1 ft) Oberstdorf 2000's [40]
26.  Georgia Koba Tsakadze 142.0 metres (465.9 ft) Vikersund 1967 [41]
27.  Spain Bernat Sola 141.0 metres (462.6 ft) Tauplitz 1986 [39]
28.  Hungary Gábor Gellér 139.0 metres (456.0 ft) ? 1980's [39]
29.  Denmark Andreas Bjelke Nygaard 137.0 metres (449.5 ft) Lillehammer 2000's [39]
30.  Romania Sorin Iulian Pîtea 127.0 metres (416.7 ft) Sochi 2014 [39]
31.  Kyrgyzstan Dmitry Chvykov 124.0 metres (406.8 ft) Innsbruck 2002 [42]
32.  China Tian Zhandong 121.5 metres (399 ft) Bischofshofen 2004 [43]
33.  United Kingdom Glynn Pedersen 113.5 metres (372 ft) Salt Lake City 2001 [44]
34.  Croatia Josip Šporer 102.0 metres (334.6 ft) Planica 1940's [39]
 Latvia Kristaps Nežborts Liberec 2012 [45]
36.  Lithuania Zbigniew Kiwert 86.0 metres (282.2 ft) Nizhny Novgorod 1960 [46]
37.  Iceland Skarphéðinn Guðmundsson 80.0 metres (262.5 ft) Squaw Valley 1960 [47]
38.  North Macedonia Goga Popov junior 62.0 metres (203.4 ft) Planica 1952 [48]
39.  Australia Hal Nerdal 53.0 metres (173.9 ft) Squaw Valley 1960 [39]
Chris Hellerud Falun 1974 [49]
40.  Uganda Dunstan Odeke 50.0 metres (164.0 ft) Oslo 1990's [49]
41.  Montenegro Božo Čvorović 46.0 metres (150.9 ft) Žabljak 1960's [50]
42.  Serbia Vid Černe 40.0 metres (131.2 ft) Jahorina 1949 [51]
43.  Bosnia and Herzegovina Džemo Zahirović 36.0 metres (118.1 ft) Jahorina 1949 [52]
44.  Belgium Rembert Notten 35.0 metres (114.8 ft) Rückershausen 2012 [53][54][55]
 Ireland Richard Brown Göteborg 2002 [39]
46.  Greenland Hans Holm 23.3 metres (76 ft) Nuuk 1949 [56]
47.  New Zealand Brian MacMillan 18.6 metres (61 ft) Mount Cook 1937 [57]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Ski Jumping". International Olympic Committee.
  2. ^ a b Sihera, Elaine (January 13, 2010). "History of Ski Jumping Winter Olympics Norway Matt Nykanen Sondre Nordheim Olaf Rye". Olympics. Sporting Life 360°. Retrieved 2014-02-26.
  3. ^ a b Saur, Lasse (1999): Norske ski – til glede og besvær. Research report, Høgskolen i Finnmark.
  4. ^ a b c d Haarstad, Kjell (1993): Skisportens oppkomst i Norge. Trondheim: Tapir.
  5. ^ Oslo – Huseby (Ski Jumping Hill Archive)
  6. ^ "FIS MEDIA INFO: Decisions of the 45th International Ski Congress in Vilamoura/Algarve (POR)". Fédération Internationale de Ski. 2006-05-26. Retrieved 2009-11-14.
  7. ^ IOC approves skicross; rejects women's ski jumping
  8. ^ Cindy Chan (2009-04-29). "Female Ski Jumpers Seem Olympic Inclusion". Epoch Times. Retrieved 2009-11-14.
  9. ^ Christa Case Bryant (2009-11-08). "Why women can't ski jump in the Winter Olympics". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2009-11-14.
  10. ^ See http://www.ladiesskijumping.com/news.html?pokaz_news=397&vo=8. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
  11. ^ See http://berkutschi.com/de/front/news/show/2590-daniela-iraschko-erfolgreich-operiert. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
  12. ^ See http://berkutschi.com/en/front/news/2792-anja-tepes-seriously-injured. Retrieved 21 August 2013,
  13. ^ See http://www.ladiesskijumping.com/wiadomosci/467/French-preparation-is-on-target. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
  14. ^ See http://www.calgaryherald.com/sports/Calgary+jumper+injures+knee+during+training+France/8780737/story.html. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
  15. ^ See http://olympictalk.nbcsports.com/2013/08/21/sarah-hendrickson-ski-jumping-injury/. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
  16. ^ See http://www.ladiesskijumping.com/wiadomosci/503/World-Cup-continues-in-Hinterzarten. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
  17. ^ See http://www.ladiesskijumping.com/wiadomosci/508/Svenja-Wuerth-seriously-injured. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
  18. ^ See http://www.fis-ski.com/ski-jumping/news-multimedia/news/article=ema-klinec-injured.html. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  19. ^ See http://www.ladiesskijumping.com/wiadomosci/545/Ramona-Straub-tore-her-cruciate-ligament/. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
  20. ^ See http://www.ladiesskijumping.com/wiadomosci/546/Anja-Tepes-tore-her-ACL-again. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
  21. ^ See http://www.ladiesskijumping.com/wiadomosci/548/New-knee-injury-for-Daniela-Iraschko-Stolz. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
  22. ^ See http://www.fis-ski.com/ski-jumping/news-multimedia/news/article=bigna-windmueller-and-lindsey-van-injured.html. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
  23. ^ See http://www.ladiesskijumping.com/wiadomosci/550/Lindsey-Van-injured. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
  24. ^ See http://www.focus.de/sport/wintersport/skispringen-skisprung-olympiasiegerin-vogt-sagt-start-in-rasnov-ab_id_3653705.html. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
  25. ^ See http://www.sportnews.bz/it/altri-sport/salto-con-gli-sci/dettaglio-news/news/brutta-caduta-in-allenamento-per-manuela-malsiner.html. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
  26. ^ See https://www.facebook.com/pages/Elena-Runggaldier-Fanpage/138338596335863?ref=stream&hc_location=timeline. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
  27. ^ "Prvič v zgodovini smučarskih skokov – tekma mešanih parov", Športna zveza Ljubljane, June 16, 2012
  28. ^ ski jumping hills in Mostec skisprungschanzen.com
  29. ^ video, tvslo.si (slovene), June 16, 2012
  30. ^ For Ski Jumpers, a Sliding Scale of Weight, Distance and Health
  31. ^ Development of ski jumping technique
  32. ^ Berkutschi.com. "Ski flying". Retrieved 11 February 2011.
  33. ^ [1]
  34. ^ International Ski Federation. "Homologated Ski Jumping Hills" (PDF).
  35. ^ Vom Olymp zu den Fischen auf faz.net
  36. ^ Australian Olympic Committee commenting the Olympic Winter Games of Nagano 1998
  37. ^ a b FIS result list 8 February 2003, Rank 1 Hannawald, Rank 6 Miyahira (PDF-File, 379 kB)
  38. ^ FIS result list 6 January 2009, Rank 1 Loitzl (PDF-File, 273 kB)
  39. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af "Rekordy i statystyki: Loty narciarskie". skokinarciarskie.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  40. ^ 24ur.com (from 6:28–6:38)
  41. ^ "Skifliegen: Zwei Weltrekorde". Arbeiter-Zeitung: 10. 1967. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  42. ^ "Results Training 1 Innsbruck, THU 3 JAN 2002" (PDF). fis-ski.com. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  43. ^ "FIS Continental Cup Ski-Jumping 12th COC Competition Bischofshofen Ski-Jumping Individual K125 Official Results" (PDF). fis-ski.com. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  44. ^ Adrian Dworakowski. "Nie tylko Eddie Edwards czyli o skoczkach z Wielkiej Brytanii". skijumping.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  45. ^ Paweł Borkowski. "Nežborts z nowym rekordem Łotwy! Zobacz, jak skaczą Łotysze (wideo)". nicesport.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  46. ^ Henryk Mażul (May 2006). "Ptaki w locie naśladując". tygodnik.lt (in Polish). Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  47. ^ "Skíðastökkið verður hápunktur leikanna". Alþýðublaðið: 16. 1960-02-28. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  48. ^ "Пред "Четирите скокалници" имаше четирикатна скокалница на Шапка". novamakedonija.com.mk (in Macedonian). Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  49. ^ a b Adrian Dworakowski. "Egzotyczne skoki narciarskie". skijumping.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  50. ^ "Žabljak". skisprungschanzen.com. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  51. ^ "Prva skijaška skakaonica u Palama". palelive.com (in Bosnian). Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  52. ^ "ISTORIJA SKIJANJA NA JAHORINI I BIH". ssk.co.ba (in Bosnian). Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  53. ^ "Neerpeltenaar kroont zich tot Belgisch kampioen schansspringen" (in Dutch). Het Belang van Limburg. 2012-06-13. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
  54. ^ Broekx, Jesse (2012-06-11). "Tom Waes niet langer beste Belgische schansspringer" (in Dutch). sport.be.msn.com. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
  55. ^ Van Horne, Kizzy (2012-06-14). "Twintiger snoept Belgisch record schansspringen van Tom Waes af" (in Dutch). Het Nieuwsblad. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
  56. ^ "Rekord i Skihop". Grønlandsposten. 1949-03-15. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  57. ^ "Ski-ing. Americans at Mount Cook. Durrance wins two events". Auckland Star: 15. 1937-07-27. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ski jumping.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ski_jumping&oldid=640510301"