Gregory V of Constantinople: Difference between revisions
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{{Commons category|Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople}} |
{{Commons category|Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople}} |
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'''Gregory V''' (Γρηγόριος Ε΄, born ''Georgios Angelopoulos'') was [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople]] from 1797 to 1798, from 1806 to 1808 and from 1818 to 1821. He was responsible for much restoration work to the [[Church of St George, Istanbul|Patriarchal Cathedral of St George]], which had been badly damaged by fire in 1738. At the onset of the [[Greek War of Independence]], as [[Ethnarch]] of the Orthodox [[Millet (Ottoman Empire)|Millet]] Gregory V was blamed by [[Ottoman Dynasty|Ottoman Sultan]] [[Mahmud II]] for his inability to suppress the Greek uprising, even though he had actually condemned the Greek revolutionary activities so as to protect the Greeks of Constantinople from reprisals by the Ottoman Turks. The reprisals did come during Holy Week in April 1821 after the Greeks revolted in the [[Peloponnese]]. He was taken out of the [[Church of St George, Istanbul|Patriarchal Cathedral]] on [[Easter|Easter Sunday]], 1821, directly after celebrating the solemn Easter Liturgy, and hanged (in full Patriarchal vestments) for three days from the main gate of the Patriarchate compound by order of the Sultan; this was followed by a massacre of the Greek population of Constantinople. Two months later the body was buried, in Odessa. After the funeral, some Greek sailors attacked Jewish shops which had remained open, in response to |
'''Gregory V''' (Γρηγόριος Ε΄, born ''Georgios Angelopoulos'') was [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople]] from 1797 to 1798, from 1806 to 1808 and from 1818 to 1821. He was responsible for much restoration work to the [[Church of St George, Istanbul|Patriarchal Cathedral of St George]], which had been badly damaged by fire in 1738. At the onset of the [[Greek War of Independence]], as [[Ethnarch]] of the Orthodox [[Millet (Ottoman Empire)|Millet]] Gregory V was blamed by [[Ottoman Dynasty|Ottoman Sultan]] [[Mahmud II]] for his inability to suppress the Greek uprising, even though he had actually condemned the Greek revolutionary activities so as to protect the Greeks of Constantinople from reprisals by the Ottoman Turks. The reprisals did come during Holy Week in April 1821 after the Greeks revolted in the [[Peloponnese]]. He was taken out of the [[Church of St George, Istanbul|Patriarchal Cathedral]] on [[Easter|Easter Sunday]], 1821, directly after celebrating the solemn Easter Liturgy, and hanged (in full Patriarchal vestments) for three days from the main gate of the Patriarchate compound by order of the Sultan; this was followed by a massacre of the Greek population of Constantinople. Two months later the body was buried, in Odessa. After the funeral, some Greek sailors attacked Jewish shops which had remained open, in response to a Jewish mob mocking the body of the martyred Patriarch and subsequently throwing it into the sea.<ref name="Orbach1980">{{cite book|author=Alexander Orbach|title=New Voices of Russian Jewry: A Study of the Russian-Jewish Press of Odessa in the Era of the Great Reforms, 1860-1871|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=k_NSPGTuzH8C&pg=PA16|year=1980|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-06175-4|pages=16–17}}</ref> The Patriarch's body was eventually interred in the [[Metropolitan Cathedral of Athens]]. |
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He is commemorated by the [[Orthodox Church]] as an ''Ethnomartyr'' (Greek: ''Εθνομάρτυρας''). |
He is commemorated by the [[Orthodox Church]] as an ''Ethnomartyr'' (Greek: ''Εθνομάρτυρας''). |
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Revision as of 20:46, 8 April 2015
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Greek. (June 2012) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
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Saint Gregory V, Patriarch of Constantinople | |
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Ecumenical Patriarch, Hieromartyr | |
Born | 1746 Dimitsana |
Died | 10 April 1821 Constantinople |
Venerated in | Orthodox Church |
Major shrine | Athens |
Feast | 10 April |
Controversy | elected in 1797 but deported to Mount Athos, Greece in 1798, reelected 1806 and exiled to Prince Islands then Mount Athos in 1810, reelected 1818 |
Gregory V (Γρηγόριος Ε΄, born Georgios Angelopoulos) was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1797 to 1798, from 1806 to 1808 and from 1818 to 1821. He was responsible for much restoration work to the Patriarchal Cathedral of St George, which had been badly damaged by fire in 1738. At the onset of the Greek War of Independence, as Ethnarch of the Orthodox Millet Gregory V was blamed by Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II for his inability to suppress the Greek uprising, even though he had actually condemned the Greek revolutionary activities so as to protect the Greeks of Constantinople from reprisals by the Ottoman Turks. The reprisals did come during Holy Week in April 1821 after the Greeks revolted in the Peloponnese. He was taken out of the Patriarchal Cathedral on Easter Sunday, 1821, directly after celebrating the solemn Easter Liturgy, and hanged (in full Patriarchal vestments) for three days from the main gate of the Patriarchate compound by order of the Sultan; this was followed by a massacre of the Greek population of Constantinople. Two months later the body was buried, in Odessa. After the funeral, some Greek sailors attacked Jewish shops which had remained open, in response to a Jewish mob mocking the body of the martyred Patriarch and subsequently throwing it into the sea.[1] The Patriarch's body was eventually interred in the Metropolitan Cathedral of Athens. He is commemorated by the Orthodox Church as an Ethnomartyr (Greek: Εθνομάρτυρας).
In his memory, the Saint Peter Gate, once the main gate of the Patriarchate compound, was welded shut in 1821 and has remained shut ever since.
Influence
The brutal execution of Gregory V, especially on the day of Easter Sunday, shocked and infuriated the Greeks, and Orthodox Russia. It caused also protests in the rest of Europe and reinforced the movement of Philhellenism. There are references that during the Greek War of Independence, many revolutionaries engraved on their swords the name of Gregory seeking revenge.
Dionysios Solomos, in his Hymn to Liberty, which became later the Greek national anthem, also mentions the hanging of the Patriarch in some stanzas.
Gallery
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The Saint Peter's Gate at the Patriarchate. Gregory V was hanged here. Since then the Gate was never opened again.
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Painting by Peter von Hess depicting the casting of the corpse of Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople into the Bosphorus.
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Statue of Grigorios (University of Athens);
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The shrine of Patriarch Grigorios (Metropolitan Cathedral of Athens);
References
- ^ Alexander Orbach (1980). New Voices of Russian Jewry: A Study of the Russian-Jewish Press of Odessa in the Era of the Great Reforms, 1860-1871. BRILL. pp. 16–17. ISBN 90-04-06175-4.
External links
- 18th-century births
- 1821 deaths
- 19th-century Christian martyrs
- 19th-century executions by the Ottoman Empire
- 18th-century Ottoman people
- 19th-century Ottoman people
- Bishops of Smyrna
- Ecumenical Patriarchs of Constantinople
- Eastern Orthodox saints
- Greek people executed by hanging
- People executed by the Ottoman Empire by hanging
- People from Arcadia
- Saints of modern Greece