Udmurtia: Difference between revisions
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|area_km2_ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.udm.ru/geograph.html |title=GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION |publisher=Udmurtia Official |accessdate=November 18, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121123054355/http://www.udm.ru:80/geograph.html |archivedate=November 23, 2012 }} </ref> |
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Revision as of 11:26, 24 April 2016
This article needs additional citations for verification. (September 2012) |
Udmurt Republic | |
---|---|
Удмуртская Республика | |
Other transcription(s) | |
• Udmurt | Удмурт Элькун |
Anthem: National Anthem of the Udmurt Republic | |
![]() | |
Country | Russia |
Federal district | Volga[1] |
Economic region | Urals[2] |
Capital | Izhevsk |
Government | |
• Body | State Council[3] |
• Head[3] | Alexander Solovyov[4] |
Area | |
• Total | 42,100 km2 (16,300 sq mi) |
• Rank | 57th |
Population | |
• Total | 1,521,420 |
• Estimate (2018)[7] | 1,513,044 (−0.6%) |
• Rank | 30th |
• Density | 36/km2 (94/sq mi) |
• Urban | 69.2% |
• Rural | 30.8% |
Time zone | UTC+4 (MSK+1 ![]() |
ISO 3166 code | RU-UD |
License plates | 18 |
OKTMO ID | 94000000 |
Official languages | Russian;[9] Udmurt[10] |
Website | http://www.udmurt.ru/en/ |
Udmurtia (Russian: Удму́ртия, romanized: Udmurtiya, IPA: [ʊˈdmurtʲɪjə]; Udmurt: Удмуртия), or the Udmurt Republic (Russian: Удму́ртская Pеспу́блика, romanized: Udmurtskaya Respublika, IPA: [ʊˈdmurtskəjə rʲɪsˈpublʲɪkə]; Udmurt: Удмурт Элькун) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic) within the Volga Federal District. Its capital is the city of Izhevsk. Population: 1,521,420 (2010 Census).[6]
History
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Udmurt03.png/220px-Udmurt03.png)
History of Udmurtia |
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On November 4, 1920, Votsk Autonomous Oblast was formed.[11] On January 1, 1932, it was renamed Udmurt Autonomous Oblast,[citation needed] which was then reorganized into the Udmurt ASSR on December 28, 1934.[11] During World War II, many industrial factories were evacuated from Ukraine and western borderlands to Udmurtia.
Geography
The republic is located in the eastern portion of the Eastern European Plain, between the Kama and Vyatka Rivers.
Kind | Polity or geographical feature | Direction |
---|---|---|
Internal | Kirov Oblast | SW/W/NW/N |
Perm Krai | NE/E | |
Republic of Bashkortostan | SE | |
Republic of Tatarstan | S/SW | |
Water | Votkinsk Reservoir | E |
- Highest point: 332 m (1,089 ft) [citation needed]
- Maximum North-South distance:320 kilometers (200 mi) [citation needed]
- Maximum East-West distance: 200 kilometers (120 mi) [citation needed]
Rivers
Major rivers include:
- Cheptsa River
- Izh River
- Kama River (navigable)
- Kilmez River
- Siva River
Natural resources
Forests cover over 40% of the republic's territory. Most of the forests are coniferous. [citation needed]
Climate
The republic has a moderate continental climate, with warm summers and cold winters with a lot of snow.
Month | Average temperature |
---|---|
January | −14.5 °C (5.9 °F) |
July |
- Average annual precipitation: 400–600 mm
Administrative divisions
Demographics
Population: 1,521,420 (2010 Census);[6] 1,570,316 (2002 Census);[12] 1,609,003 (1989 Soviet census).[13]
Although as of 2007 the population was declining, the decline was more pronounced in urban areas. Out of the 19,667 births reported in 2007, 12,631 were in urban areas (11.86 per 1000) and 7,036 were in rural areas (14.88 per 1000). Birth rates for rural areas are 25% higher than that of urban areas. Of the total of 21,727 deaths, 14,366 were reported in urban areas (13.49 per 1000) and 7,361 were in rural areas (15.56 per 1000). Natural decline of population was measured at -0.16% for urban areas and an insignificant -0.07% for rural areas (average for Russia was -0.33% in 2007).[14]
As of 2010, the area has recorded slight population growth.
Vital statistics
Source[15]
Average population (x 1000) | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Total fertility rate | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1970 | 1,421 | 23,286 | 13,265 | 10,021 | 16.4 | 9.3 | 7.1 | |
1975 | 1,459 | 26,497 | 14,666 | 11,831 | 18.2 | 10.1 | 8.1 | |
1980 | 1,508 | 27,601 | 16,862 | 10,739 | 18.3 | 11.2 | 7.1 | |
1985 | 1,562 | 29,343 | 17,553 | 11,790 | 18.8 | 11.2 | 7.5 | |
1990 | 1,614 | 24,345 | 15,816 | 8,529 | 15.1 | 9.8 | 5.3 | |
1991 | 1,619 | 22,213 | 16,002 | 6,211 | 13.7 | 9.9 | 3.8 | |
1992 | 1,623 | 20,074 | 18,063 | 2,011 | 12.4 | 11.1 | 1.2 | |
1993 | 1,622 | 17,126 | 21,923 | - 4,797 | 10.6 | 13.5 | - 3.0 | |
1994 | 1,619 | 16,874 | 24,183 | - 7,309 | 10.4 | 14.9 | - 4.5 | |
1995 | 1,615 | 15,484 | 22,445 | - 6,961 | 9.6 | 13.9 | - 4.3 | |
1996 | 1,610 | 14,877 | 20,641 | - 5,764 | 9.2 | 12.8 | - 3.6 | |
1997 | 1,606 | 15,368 | 19,881 | - 4,513 | 9.6 | 12.4 | - 2.8 | |
1998 | 1,603 | 16,130 | 19,080 | - 2,950 | 10.1 | 11.9 | - 1.8 | |
1999 | 1,598 | 15,793 | 20,745 | - 4,952 | 9.9 | 13.0 | - 3.1 | |
2000 | 1,592 | 16,256 | 21,852 | - 5,596 | 10.2 | 13.7 | - 3.5 | |
2001 | 1,583 | 16,636 | 22,810 | - 6,174 | 10.5 | 14.4 | - 3.9 | |
2002 | 1,572 | 17,746 | 24,520 | - 6,774 | 11.3 | 15.6 | - 4.3 | |
2003 | 1,561 | 17,982 | 24,571 | - 6,589 | 11.5 | 15.7 | - 4.2 | |
2004 | 1,552 | 18,238 | 23,994 | - 5,756 | 11.7 | 15.5 | - 3.7 | |
2005 | 1,543 | 17,190 | 24,006 | - 6,816 | 11.1 | 15.6 | - 4.4 | |
2006 | 1,535 | 17,480 | 22,011 | - 4,531 | 11.4 | 14.3 | - 3.0 | |
2007 | 1,529 | 19,667 | 21,727 | - 2,060 | 12.9 | 14.2 | - 1.3 | |
2008 | 1,525 | 20,421 | 21,436 | - 1,015 | 13.4 | 14.1 | - 0.7 | |
2009 | 1,523 | 21,109 | 20,227 | 882 | 13.9 | 13.3 | 0.6 | 1,73 |
2010 | 1,522 | 21,684 | 21,100 | 584 | 14.3 | 13.9 | 0.4 | 1.78 |
2011 | 1,519 | 21,905 | 20,358 | 1,547 | 14.4 | 13.4 | 1.0 | 1.83 |
2012 | 1,518 | 23,225 | 19,526 | 3,699 | 15.3 | 12.9 | 2.4 | 1.98 |
2013 | 1,517 | 22,138 | 19,332 | 2,806 | 14.6 | 12.7 | 1.9 | 1.92 |
2014 | 1,517 | 22,060 | 19,461 | 2,599 | 14.5 | 12.8 | 1.7 | 1.96 |
2015 | 1,517 | 22,195 | 19,533 | 2,662 | 14.6 | 12.9 | 1.7 | 2.00(e) |
TFR source[16]
Ethnic groups
According to the 2010 Census,[6] Russians make up 62.2% of the republic's population, while the ethnic Udmurts only make up 28%. Other groups include Tatars (6.7%), Ukrainians (0.6%), Mari (0.6%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the republic's total population.
Ethnic group |
1926 Census | 1939 Census | 1959 Census | 1970 Census | 1979 Census | 1989 Census | 2002 Census | 2010 Census1 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
Udmurts | 395,607 | 52.3% | 480,014 | 39.4% | 475,913 | 35.6% | 484,168 | 34.2% | 479,702 | 32.1% | 496,522 | 30.9% | 460,584 | 29.3% | 410,584 | 28.0% |
Besermyan | 9,200 | 1.2% | 2,998 | 0.2% | 2,111 | 0.1% | ||||||||||
Russians | 327,493 | 43.3% | 679,294 | 55.7% | 758,770 | 56.8% | 809,563 | 57.1% | 870,270 | 58.3% | 945,216 | 58.9% | 944,108 | 60.1% | 912,539 | 62.2% |
Tatars | 19,248 | 2.5% | 40,561 | 3.3% | 71,930 | 5.4% | 87,150 | 6.1% | 99,139 | 6.6% | 110,490 | 6.9% | 109,218 | 7.0% | 98,831 | 6.7% |
Others | 4,716 | 0.6% | 19,481 | 1.6% | 30,314 | 2.3% | 36,794 | 2.6% | 43,061 | 2.9% | 53,435 | 3.3% | 53,408 | 3.4% | 42,558 | 2.9% |
1 54,797 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[17] |
Over two thirds of the world population of Udmurts live in the republic.[18]
Religion
Religion in Udmurtia (2012)[19][20]
According to a 2012 official survey,[19] 33.1% of the population of Udmurtia adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 5% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 2% are Orthodox Christian believers without belonging to any church or members of other Orthodox churches, 4% are Muslims, 2% of the population adheres to the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery) or to Udmurt Vos (Udmurt native faith), 1% adheres to forms of Protestantism, and 1% of the population are Old Believers. In addition, 29% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 19% is atheist, and 3.9% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.[19]
Jews in Udmurtia
see: History of Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan
Udmurt Jews is special territorial group of the Ashkenazi Jews, which started to be formed in the residence areas of mixed Turkic-speaking (Tatars, Kryashens, Bashkirs, Chuvash people), Finno-Ugric-speaking (Udmurts, Mari people) and Slavic-speaking (Russians) population. The Ashkenazi Jews on the territory of the Udmurt Republic first appeared in the 1830s.[21][22][23][24] The udmurt Jewry had formed the local Idiom on the base of the Yiddish of Udmurtia till the 1930s and features of Yiddish of migrants "joined" into it (in the 1930s and 1940s);[25] as a result up to the 1970s and 1980s the Udmurt Idiom (Udmurtish) was divided into two linguistic subgroups: the central subgroup (with centers Izhevsk, Sarapul and Votkinsk) and the southern subgroup (with centers Kambarka, Alnashi, Agryz and Naberezhnye Chelny).[25] One of the characteristic features of the Udmurt Idiom is a noticeable number of Udmurt and Tatar loan words.[26][27]
Culture
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Church-Izhevsk2.jpg/220px-Church-Izhevsk2.jpg)
In Udmurtia, there are eight professional theaters, a Philharmonic Society, and more than ten state and numerous public museums, which tell of the history and culture of Udmurtia and its people, like the Museum of History and Culture in Sarapul, or the Tchaikovsky Museum in Votkinsk. One of the oldest arms museums is located in Izhevsk, as well as the newer Kalashnikov Museum (dedicated in November 2004), which has recently become a general small-arms museum. Since the breakup of the Soviet Union a new, pan-Uralic cultural movement has evolved called "Ethnofuturism".[28]
Education
Higher education facilities include the Udmurt State University and Izhevsk State Technical University. [citation needed]
References
Notes
- ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
- ^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
- ^ a b Constitution, Article 9.1
- ^ "Михаил Бабич представил исполняющего обязанности Главы Удмуртии". Official website of the Udmurt Republic. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
- ^ "Сведения о наличии и распределении земель в Российской Федерации на 01.01.2019 (в разрезе субъектов Российской Федерации)". Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography. Archived from the original on February 9, 2022. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
- ^ a b c d Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
- ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
- ^ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
- ^ Constitution, Article 8
- ^ a b c Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Union Republics. 1987., p. 57
- ^ Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
- ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
- ^ Statistics
- ^ http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/ru/statistics/publications/catalog/doc_1137674209312
- ^ http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b12_111/Main.htm
- ^ http://www.perepis-2010.ru/news/detail.php?ID=6936
- ^ "General Information". Land and People. Udmurtia Official. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
- ^ a b c Arena - Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia. Sreda.org
- ^ 2012 Survey Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 24-09-2012.
- ^ Шумилов Е.Ф., "Евреи: элита инженерная, торговая, медицинская..." Свое дело. 2001. №11. С. 18. Template:Ru icon
- ^ Карпенко И., "В окрестностях Хаимграда". Лехаим. 2009. №1 (201). Template:Ru icon
- ^ Шумилов Е.Ф., "Евреи на Ижевском оружейном заводе". Template:Ru icon
- ^ Ренев Е.,"Шалом. Народ Торы в старом Ижевске. Инвожо. 2012. № 8. С. 47. Template:Ru icon
- ^ a b Altyntsev A.V., "The Concept of Love in Ashkenazim of Udmurtia and Tatarstan", Nauka Udmurtii. 2013. no. 4 (66), p. 131. (Алтынцев А.В., "Чувство любви в понимании евреев-ашкенази Удмуртии и Татарстана". Наука Удмуртии. 2013. №4. С. 131: Комментарии.) Template:Ru icon
- ^ Goldberg-Altyntsev A.V., "A short ethnographic overview of the Ashkenazic Jews' group in Alnashsky District of Udmurt Republic". Die Sammlung der wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten der jungen jüdischen Wissenschaftler. Herausgegeben von Artur Katz, Yumi Matsuda und Alexander Grinberg. München, Dachau, 2015. S. 51.
- ^ Гольдберг-Алтынцев А.В., "Краткий этнографический обзор группы ашкеназских евреев в Алнашском районе Удмуртской Республики / пер. с англ. яз. А.Й. Каца." Jewish studies in the Udmurt Republic: Online. Part 1. Edited by A. Greenberg. February 27, 2015 published. P. 3. Template:Ru icon
- ^ Ethnofuturism
Sources
- №663-XII 7 декабря 1994 г. «Конституция Удмуртской Республики», в ред. Закона №62-РЗ от 22 ноября 2007 г. (#663-XII December 7, 1994 Constitution of the Udmurt Republic, as amended by the Law #62-RZ of November 22, 2007. ).
- "СССР. Административно-территориальное деление союзных республик. 1987." (USSR. Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Union Republics. 1987) / Составители В. А. Дударев, Н. А. Евсеева. — М.: Изд-во «Известия Советов народных депутатов СССР», 1987. — 673 с.
Further reading
- Kalder, Daniel. Lost Cosmonaut: Observations of an Anti-tourist. Scribner Book Company. ISBN 0-7432-8994-3.
- Shkliaev, Aleksandr; Eva Toulouze (March 2001). "The mass media and the national question in Udmurtia in the 1990s". Nationalities Papers. 29 (1): 97–108. doi:10.1080/00905990120050811.
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)