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Notable developments
Notable developments

Revision as of 09:25, 16 July 2016

2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt
2016 Turkish coup attempt is located in Turkey
Ankara
Ankara
Istanbul
Istanbul
2016 Turkish coup attempt (Turkey)
Date15–16 July 2016
Location
Ankara and Istanbul
Status

Coup attempt thwarted

Notable developments

Belligerents

Turkey Turkish Peace Council

Turkey Government of Turkey

Commanders and leaders
Unclear[6] Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Binali Yıldırım
Hulusi Akar
Gen. tr [Ümit Dündar] (First Army commander)[1]
Casualties and losses
1 Sikorsky helicopter shot down (NTV)[1]
1 General dead (Government claim)[7]
Around 80 soldiers total surrendered.[8][7]
1,563 arrested[7][9] (among them 4 generals and 29 colonels)[9]		 41 police officers killed,
2 soldiers killed,
47 civilians killed
At least 42 civilians killed and several wounded in Ankara[5][10]
At least 6 killed and 150 wounded in Istanbul.[5]
At least 194 people killed and 1,110 wounded in total.[11]

On 15 July 2016, a coup d'état attempt took place in Turkey. The event was allegedly orchestrated by a faction within the Turkish Armed Forces but ultimately failed.[12][13][14]

The attempt caused damage to property and injuries to several persons. In Ankara, for example, the Turkish Parliament and the Presidential Palace were bombed.[2][3][4][5] While in Istanbul, the Doğan News Agency reported that several persons were injured after soldiers fired on a group of people that were attempting to cross the Bosphorus Bridge in protest of the attempt.[15] Shots were also heard near major airports in the aforementioned cities.[15]

Reactions to the event were largely unfavorable both domestically and internationally. The main opposition parties in Turkey, for example, condemned the attempt.[16][17] International leaders—such as those from the European Union, NATO, and the United States—called to respect the democratic institutions in Turkey and its elected officials.

Background

Further information: History of the Republic of Turkey

Since the modern state of Turkey was established in 1923, the Turkish Armed Forces (TSK) have staged coups three times—in 1960, 1971, and 1980—and in 1997 intervened via a military memorandum.[18] The military historically has viewed itself as guardian of the secular Turkish state established under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.[18]

In the years leading up to the 2016 coup attempt, the Ergenekon trials took place, which was seen as a bid by Turkey's civilian leaders under President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan to establish dominance over the military.[18][19] In these trials in 2013—viewed as "sensational"[18] and "one of the biggest in recent Turkish history"[19]—275 people, including senior military officers, journalists, lawyers and academics, were accused of plotting a coup in 2003 and 2004 as part of a secret network named "Ergenekon" against then-prime minister Erdoğan.[19] (Some military officers were accused of involvement in a separate alleged plot, Sledgehammer.)[19] Simultaneously, Erdoğan promoted lower-ranking officers up the chain of command, ensuring that the military chief of staff was loyal to him, and demoralizing the army.[20]

After the break between the Gulenist factions and Erdoğan's Justice and Development Party (AKP) party, Erdoğan decided it would be advantageous to rehabilitate the army.[20] The "Ergenekon" convictions were overturned in April 2016 by Turkey's highest appeals court, which ruled that the existence of the network was unproven.[19][21] On 13 July, less than two days before the coup was launched, Erdoğan signed a bill giving Turkish soldiers immunity from prosecution while taking part in domestic security operations, requiring cases against commanders to be approved by the prime minister, while cases against lower-ranking soldiers may be signed off on by district governors. The immunity bill was seen as part of the détente between the government and the Armed Forces, while the latter have increasingly been taking over the military operations in the Kurdish-inhabited areas from police and paramilitary units.[22]

At the time the coup began, Erdoğan was on vacation in south-west Turkey.[14]

Events

Prime Minister Binali Yıldırım

On 15 July 2016, as reported just before 23:00 local time, military jets were witnessed flying over Ankara, and both the Fatih Sultan Mehmet and Bosphorus bridges in Istanbul in the direction of Anatolia to Europe were closed.[15][23][24]

Turkish Prime Minister Binali Yıldırım said military action was being "taken outside the chain of command" and it was an "illegal attempt" to seize power by "part of the military".[12] He further said that those involved "will pay the highest price."[25] Local media also reported tanks in Istanbul's Atatürk Airport.[26] It was reported that Internet users within Turkey were blocked from accessing Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube.[27][28] Twitter later claimed that they "have no reason to think we’ve been fully blocked".[29] Some hostages were taken at military headquarters, including the Turkish Chief of the General Staff Hulusi Akar.[30] The military also entered the Justice and Development Party's offices in Istanbul and asked people to leave.[31]

Early reports stated that President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan was safe in Marmaris, south-west Turkey, where he had been on holiday,[23] while reports also alleged that he had fled the country in a private jet.[32][33]

At 00:02 local time (EEST), it was reported by Reuters that Turkish soldiers were inside the buildings of the Turkish state broadcaster, the Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT), in Ankara.[7] During the coup attempt, soldiers forced anchor Tijen Karaş to read out a statement saying that "the democratic and secular rule of law has been eroded by current government" and that Turkey was now led by a "peace council" who would "ensure safety of the population."[28][34] The statement read in part, "Turkish Armed Forces have completely taken over the administration of the country to reinstate constitutional order, human rights and freedoms, the rule of law and general security that was damaged. […] All international agreements are still valid. We hope that all of our good relationships with all countries will continue."[7][35] The plotters stated that they had "done so to preserve democratic order, and that the rule of law must remain a priority". The statement also ordered temporary martial rule, and claimed a new constitution would be prepared "as soon as possible".[36][37] TRT was taken off air.[7]

At about 01:00 EEST, Erdoğan did a FaceTime interview with CNN Türk, in which he called upon his supporters to take to the streets in defiance of the military-imposed curfew, saying "There is no power higher than the power of the people. Let them do what they will at public squares and airports."[18][38]

The First Army General Command in İstanbul claimed that the TSK did not support the coup and the perpetrators represented a very small faction that were on the verge of being taken under control.[13] Istanbul Atatürk Airport was closed; all flights from the airport were cancelled.[39] An explosion in the TRT broadcasting headquarters and gunfire was reported in Ankara.[36]

Tanks opened fire near the Turkish Parliament Building.[7] The parliamentary building was also hit from the air.[2][3][40] Injuries were reported among protesters on Bosphorus Bridge following gunfire on the bridge.[36][4]

A helicopter belonging to the pro-coup forces was shot down by a Turkish military F-16 fighter jet.[36][41] There were also reports stating that pro-government jets were flying over Ankara to "neutralize" helicopters used by those behind the coup.[36]

At 3:10 EEST, Turkish Armed Forces claimed to have complete control over the country via their website.[42]

CNN Türk reported that a bomb went off in the Turkish parliament, killing 12, and two were badly injured.[43] A helicopter belonging to the pro-coup forces was also seen flying by it. Half an hour following the report of the parliament's death toll, soldiers entered CNN Türk's headquarters and forced the studio to go off air.[43][7][36] After an hour of interruption by the pro-coup soldiers, CNN Türk resumed its broadcast.[44] Later, İsmail Kahraman stated a bomb exploded at a corner of the public relations building inside the parliament, with no deaths but several injuries among police officers.[1]

17 Turkish police officers were killed in a helicopter attack at the police special forces headquarters just outside of Ankara.[45]

Reuters reported that in early hours of 16 July (local time), the coup appeared to have "crumbled" as crowds defied pro-coup military orders and gathered in major squares of Istanbul and Ankara to oppose the coup.[14] Reuters also reported pro-coup soldiers surrendering to the police in Taksim Square, Istanbul.[14]

Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan

President Erdoğan flew in to Istanbul and made a televised speech among a crowd of supporters in the airport, at about 07:00 EEST.[14] He said, "In Turkey, armed forces are not governing the state or leading the state. They cannot." He blamed "those in Pennsylvania", a reference to Fethullah Gülen who lives in Saylorsburg, Pennsylvania) and his Hizmet Movement, for the coup attempt.[46][47][48] Erdoğan also stated that he had plans to "clean up" the army.[36] State-run Anadolu Agency named former Colonel Muharrem Köse, who in March 2016 was dishonorably discharged for alleged association with Gülen as the suspected leader of the coup.[49][50] However, the Alliance for Shared Values, a non-profit associated with Gülen, released a statement reiterating that it condemns any military intervention in domestic politics, and stating that Erdoğan's allegations against the movement were 'highly irresponsible'.[51]

Reuters also reported that pro-government soldiers took control of Ataturk International Airport shortly after the President's statement.[36]

Reactions

Domestic

The Turkish Presidential office stated that President Erdoğan was on holiday outside Turkey and safe, and condemned the coup attempt as an attack on democracy.[7][26] A presidential source also stated that Erdoğan and his government are still in power.[36] Talking to a television news programme via FaceTime, Erdoğan called on Turkish people to go out on the streets.[7][36][52] Deputy Prime Minister Numan Kurtulmuş appeared on live television, stating that Turkey's ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) is still in charge of the government.[36] The mayor of Ankara, Melih Gökçek of the AKP, encouraged people to go out to the city's streets in defiance, despite a curfew imposed by military.[28]

Among the Turkish opposition parties, the Republican People's Party (CHP) issued a statement expressing their public opposition to the coup, and the Hürriyet Daily News reported that Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) leader Devlet Bahçeli telephoned Prime Minister Binali Yıldırım to express his opposition to the coup.[16] The co-chairs of the opposition Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) issued a statement saying that the party was "under all circumstances and as a matter of principle against all kinds of coup..."[17] Amongst the minor parties, left-wing nationalist Patriotic Party's Doğu Perinçek seemed to back the AKP government, when he held Gülen and the Americans responsible.[53] Kurdish nationalist PKK urged their supporters to stay away from the coup and rather defend their people,[54] while the Communist Party called upon the people to overthrow the AKP government which they called an "enemy of humanity".[55]

International

Main article: International reactions to the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt
  •  Australia – The Minister of Foreign Affairs Julie Bishop has announced that she has spoken this morning with Ambassador James Larsen at the Australian Embassy in Ankara and is following the situation closely.[56]
  •  Bulgaria – The President of Bulgaria Rosen Plevneliev condemned all forms of violence and expressed support for the democratically elected institutions of Turkey.[57] PM Boyko Borissov stated that the Bulgarian authorities are closely monitoring the situation in neighbouring Turkey.[58]
  •  Canada – Foreign Minister Stéphane Dion tweeted that he was "concerned" and urged for "calm, order, [and] safety of Turkish citizens."[59] Prime Minister Justin Trudeau released a statement calling for restraint by all parties, stating Canada supports the preservation of democracy in Turkey, and condemns any attempt to undermine its democratic institutions by "force of arms".[60]
  •  Georgia - Georgian Prime Minister Giorgi Kvirikashvili said that Georgia was following developments "with great concern," and that an emergency session of the National Security Council had met, which included President Giorgi Margvelashvili. Kvirakishvili also noted that the Georgian–Turkish border would be closed shortly, though no incidents had occurred near the border.[61]
  •  Czech Republic – President Miloš Zeman said that Turkey should avoid bloodshed and keep democratic principles as it is a member of NATO and a key player in the region.[62]
  •  Germany – Steffen Seibert, the German government's press secretary, tweeted that the democratic order of Turkey must be respected.[63]
  •  Greece – Greek PM Alexis Tsipras announced on Twitter that "the government and the people of Greece are staying by the side of democracy and constitutional legality."[64]
  •  India – The Ministry of External Affairs told the media that they have been watching the development closely and advised Indians in Turkey to stay indoors. The ministry told the media that India supports democracy in Turkey.[65]
  •  Iran – Foreign Minister Javad Zarif tweeted that he was "concerned" about the crises in Turkey and that the "stability, democracy and safety of Turkish people are paramount" and urged for "unity and prudence order" between the Turkish people.[66]
  •  Ireland – Minister for Foreign Affairs Charlie Flanagan made a statement calling for restraint and respect for democratic institutions in Turkey.[67]
  •  Lithuania – Minister for Foreign Affairs Linas Linkevičius tweeted that coup "ruins foundation of sustainable democracy".[68] Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced statement that they're highly concerned by events in Turkey and asks all sides to secure the constitutional order and safety of civilians. They also reiterated Lithuania support for democratically elected Government of Turkey.[69]
  •  Pakistan – Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif strongly condemned the attempted military coup in Turkey.[70] He added that Pakistan fully supports the Turkish president and his elected government. Tariq Fatemi, Special Assistant to Prime Minister on Foreign Affairs, telephoned the Turkish Foreign Minister to discuss the latest situation in Turkey. Pakistani Foreign Minister Khawaja Asif tweeted saying that "Martial law... is no law" and also prayed for stability in Turkey and for the victory of democracy.[71]
  •  Qatar – The Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that "The State of Qatar has expressed its strong denunciation and condemnation of the military coup attempt, lawlessness, and violation of the constitutional legitimacy in the Republic of Turkey."[72]
  •  Russia – Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov made a statement and said that it is important to "avoid bloodshed" in Turkey and that "any issues should be settled within a constitutional framework."[36]
  •  Somalia – The Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Somalia has tweeted that President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud condemns the attempted coup.[73] It also tweeted that the President was "very glad to hear that evil forces who tried to turn Turkey into a violence ground have been defeated.’’[74]
  •  Spain - Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy announced over twitter Spain's support for "the democratic constitutional order in Turkey, friend and ally".[75]
  •  Ukraine – Foreign Minister Pavlo Klimkin wrote on Twitter: "Now key priority for Turkey is respect for democratically elected institutions and saving people's lives."[76] President Petro Poroshenko tweeted that he was "concerned"[77] and that "Ukraine supports the democratically elected President and Government of Turkey"[78].
  •  United Kingdom – Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson tweeted that he was "very concerned by events unfolding in Turkey," and that the British embassy was monitoring the situation closely. He advised British citizens to follow the Foreign and Commonwealth Office website for advice.[36]
  •  United States – Secretary of State John Kerry said he "hopes for stability, peace, continuity in Turkey."[36] President Barack Obama is being updated on the situation.[79] Both “agreed that all parties in Turkey should support the democratically-elected Government of Turkey, show restraint, and avoid any violence or bloodshed."[7] The United States Embassy in Ankara issued an Emergency Message, urging U.S. citizens in Turkey to "contact family and friends to let them know you are safe," also noting to "monitor local press for updates, avoid areas of conflict, and exercise caution if you are in the vicinity of any military or security forces."[80] The State Department stated on Twitter that "all parties in Turkey should support the democratically-elected Gov't of Turkey, show restraint, avoid violence."[81]

International organizations

See also

References

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  40. ^ "LIVE: Gunfire And injuries On Istanbul Bridge".
  41. ^ "Turkey coup: Live updates - CNN.com".
  42. ^ "Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri Genelkurmay Başkanlığı".
  43. ^ a b "Bomb at Parliament Kills 12, CNN Turk Reports". The New York Times. 15 July 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
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  45. ^ http://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-turkey-unrest-helicopted-fire-kills-17-police-1468624244-htmlstory.html%7Ctitle=LA Times Helicopter attack kills 17 Turkish police officers just outside Ankara|date=15 July 2016|
  46. ^ Serhan, Krishnadev Calamur, Matt Vasilogambros, J. Weston Phippen, David A. Graham, and Yasmeen. "What's Going On in Turkey?". theatlantic.com. Retrieved 15 July 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  47. ^ LeVine, Steve. "A reclusive religious scholar in Pennsylvania may be behind the attempted coup in Turkey". qz.com. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  48. ^ "Paralel'den darbe girişimi! – Haber 10 – Haberler – Güncel ve Son Dakika Haberleri". haber10.com.
  49. ^ "The Latest: Parliament speaker says lawmakers safe". Associated Press. Retrieved 15 July 2016 – via WVVA.
  50. ^ "Military Officer Fired for Gulenist Ties Named as Leader of Turkey's Coup". Sputnik. 16 July 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  51. ^ "Statement by Alliance for Shared Values on Developments in Turkey". Alliance for Shared Values. 16 July 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
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  53. ^ Doğu Perinçek [@Dogu_Perincek] (15 July 2016). "Bu Amerikancı Fetullahçı bir girişimdir. Türk Ordusu bu girişimi bastıracaktır. Milletimizin içi rahat olsun" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  54. ^ Jiyan Avesta [@JiyanAvesta] (15 July 2016). "#PKK urges #Kurds to stay away from #TurkeyCoup. #Kurds must mobilise their units to defend #Kurdistan's interests #TwitterKurds @Hevallo" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
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  60. ^ Trudeau, Justin (15 July 2016). "Statement by the Prime Minister of Canada on today's situation in Turkey". Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  61. ^ Civil.ge (16 July 2016). "Georgia's PM: 'We Follow Developments in Turkey with Great Concern'". Civil.ge. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  62. ^ "Zeman chce, aby v Turecku nebylo krveprolití a zůstala zachovaná demokracie". Novinky (in Czech). Retrieved 16 July 2016. {{cite web}}: no-break space character in |title= at position 18 (help)
  63. ^ Steffen Seibert [@RegSprecher] (15 July 2016). "Die demokratische Ordnung in der #Türkei muss respektiert werden. Alles muss getan werden, um Menschenleben zu schützen" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
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  65. ^ "Indians in Turkey advised to avoid public places". 16 July 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  66. ^ Javad Zarif [@JZarif] (15 July 2016). "Deeply concerned about the crisis in Turkey. Stability, democracy & safety of Turkish people are paramount. Unity & prudence are imperative" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  67. ^ Irish Foreign Ministry [@dfatirl] (15 July 2016). ".@CharlieFlanagan calls for restraint + respect for democratic institutions following last night's unrest in Turkey" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  68. ^ Linas Linkevicius [@LinkeviciusL] (15 July 2016). "Attempted coup in #Turkey ruins foundation of sustainable democracy. We must support elected government" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  69. ^ "On the situation in Turkey". Lithuanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
  70. ^ "Pakistan condemns attempt to undermine democracy in Turkey". Radio Pakistan. Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation. 16 July 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  71. ^ "Pakistan pledges complete support for democracy in Turkey". ARY News. 16 July 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  72. ^ "Qatar Condemns Military Coup Attempt in Turkey". mofa.gov.qa. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  73. ^ Foreign Affairs [@MofaSomalia] (15 July 2016). "#Somalia and #Turkey:President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud condemns an attempted coup in Turkey. #تركيا #الصومال" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  74. ^ Foreign Affairs [@MofaSomalia] (15 July 2016). "President Hassan : "we are very glad to hear that the evil forces who tried to turn #Turkey into a violence ground have been defeated" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  75. ^ "Rajoy: "España apoya el orden constitucional democrático en Turquía, país amigo y aliado"" (in Spanish). elmundo.es. 16 July 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  76. ^ Pavlo Klimkin [@PavloKlimkin] (15 July 2016). "Now key priority for Turkey is respect for democratically elected institutions and saving people's lives" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  77. ^ Petro Poroshenko [@poroshenko] (15 July 2016). "Занепокоєний вкрай небезпечним розвитком подій в дружній Туреччині. Базові принципи демократіï мають поважатися" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  78. ^ Petro Poroshenko [@poroshenko] (15 July 2016). "Україна підтримує демократично обраного Президента й Уряд Туреччини. Доручив МЗС подбати про наших громадян на турецькій територіï" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
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  80. ^ United States Embassy in Ankara, Turkey (15 July 2016). "Emergency Message for U.S. Citizens: Shots Heard in Ankara, Bridges Closed in Istanbul". Messages for US Citizens. United States Government. Retrieved 15 July 2016. We urge U.S. citizens to contact family and friends to let them know you are safe.
  81. ^ Department of State [@StateDept] (15 July 2016). ".@POTUS & @JohnKerry agreed all parties in Turkey should support the democratically-elected Gov't of Turkey, show restraint, avoid violence" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  82. ^ Federica Mogherini [@FedericaMog] (15 July 2016). "In constant contact with EU Delegation in Ankara & Brussels from Mongolia.Call for restraint and respect for democratic institutions #Turkey" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  83. ^ "NATO Secretary General statement on events in Turkey". NATO. 16 July 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
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