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Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe: Difference between revisions

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'''A''' [[Bray–Curtis dissimilarity]]<br>
'''A''' [[Bray–Curtis dissimilarity]]<br>
'''B''' [[Genetic_distance#Cavalli-Sforza_chord_distance|Chord]] [[Chord distance|distance]]<br>
'''B''' [[Genetic_distance#Cavalli-Sforza_chord_distance|Chord]] [[Chord distance|distance]]<br>
'''C''' Gower's [[Index of dissimilarity|dissimilarity]]}}Some old studies conducted before 2004 regarded several haplogroups as one haplogrup, e.g. I, G and sometimes J were haplogroup 2, so [[Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups|conversion]] sometimes may lead to unsubstantial frequencies below.
'''C''' Gower's [[Index of dissimilarity|dissimilarity]]}} ''Note'': The [[Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups|converted]] frequency of Haplogroup 2, including modern haplogroups I, G and sometimes J from some old studies conducted before 2004 may lead to unsubstantial frequencies below.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 100%"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 100%"
! Population || Language<ref>IE = Indo-European</ref> || ''n'' || [[Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)|R1b]] || [[Haplogroup R1a (Y-DNA)|R1a]] || [[Haplogroup I (Y-DNA)|<big>I</big>]]&nbsp; || [[Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA)|E1b1b]] || [[Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)|J]] || [[Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)|G]] || [[Haplogroup N (Y-DNA)|N]] || [[haplogroup T (Y-DNA)|T]] || Others || Reference
! Population || Language<ref>IE = Indo-European</ref> || ''n'' || [[Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)|R1b]] || [[Haplogroup R1a (Y-DNA)|R1a]] || [[Haplogroup I (Y-DNA)|<big>I</big>]]&nbsp; || [[Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA)|E1b1b]] || [[Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)|J]] || [[Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)|G]] || [[Haplogroup N (Y-DNA)|N]] || [[haplogroup T (Y-DNA)|T]] || Others || Reference
Line 588: Line 588:
|| —
|| —
|| Rootsi2004<ref name = "Rootsi2004" />
|| Rootsi2004<ref name = "Rootsi2004" />
⚫
|-
! [[Cyprus|Cypriots]]
⚫
|| IE (Greek)
⚫
|| 45
⚫
|| {{nts|9.0}}
⚫
|| {{nts|2.0}}
⚫
|| —
|| {{nts|27.0}}
⚫
|| —
⚫
|| —
⚫
|| —
⚫
|| —
⚫
|| —
|| Rosser2000<ref name = "Rosser2000" />
|-
|-
! [[Czechs]]
! [[Czechs]]
Line 981: Line 967:
|| Semino2004<ref name = "Semino2004" />
|| Semino2004<ref name = "Semino2004" />
|-
|-
! Greeks ([[Nea Nikomedeia|Nikomedeia]], [[Lerna]]/[[Franchthi Cave|Franchthi]], [[Sesklo]]/[[Dimini]])
! Greeks
|| IE (Greek)
|| IE (Greek)
|| 171
|| 171
Line 1,069: Line 1,055:
|| 57
|| 57
|| {{nts|14.0}}
|| {{nts|14.0}}
|| M458=8.8<br>others=4
|| {{nts|12.3}}
|| I1=8.8<br/>I2a=17.5<br />I2*=3.5
|| I1=8.8<br/>I2a=17.5<br />I2*=3.5
|| {{nts|22.9}}
|| {{nts|22.9}}
Line 1,077: Line 1,063:
|| {{nts|1.8}}
|| {{nts|1.8}}
|| —
|| —
|| Battaglia 2008<ref name = "Battaglia2008" />
|| Battaglia 2008<ref name = "Battaglia2008" /><ref>Separating the post-Glacial coancestry of European and Asian Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1a</ref>
|-
|-
! Greeks (Athens)
! Greeks (Athens)
|| IE (Greek)
|| IE (Greek)
|| 92
|| 92
|| {{nts|20}}
|| {{nts|20}}
|| M458=5<br>others=11
|| {{nts|16}}
|| I1=2<br/>I2a=7<br/>I2*=1
|| I1=2<br/>I2a=7<br/>I2*=1
|| E1b1b1a=20<br>E1b1b1c=2
|| {{nts|22}}
|| J1=2<br/>J2=21
|| J1=2<br/>J2=21
|| {{nts|3}}
|| {{nts|3}}
Line 1,106: Line 1,092:
|| IJ+G=49, K*=4
|| IJ+G=49, K*=4
|| Waelle 2001<ref>{{cite journal|title=Armenian Y chromosome haplotypes reveal strong regional structure within a single ethno-national group|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/tcga/tcgapdf/Weale-HG-01-Armenia.pdf}}</ref>
|| Waelle 2001<ref>{{cite journal|title=Armenian Y chromosome haplotypes reveal strong regional structure within a single ethno-national group|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/tcga/tcgapdf/Weale-HG-01-Armenia.pdf}}</ref>
⚫
|-
! [[Greeks]] ([[Cyprus]])
⚫
|| IE (Greek)
||629
|| P312=2<br>others=9
|| Z280=2<br>M458=1<br>Z93=1
⚫
|| 4
|| E1b1b1a=12<br>E1b1b1c=11
|| J2=34<br>J1=7
⚫
|| 13
⚫
||
⚫
|| 3
|| L=2, H=1
|| Voskarides 2016<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Voskarides|first1=Konstantinos|last2=Mazières|first2=Stéphane|last3=Hadjipanagi|first3=Despina|last4=Di Cristofaro|first4=Julie|last5=Ignatiou|first5=Anastasia|last6=Stefanou|first6=Charalambos|last7=King|first7=Roy J.|last8=Underhill|first8=Peter A.|last9=Chiaroni|first9=Jacques|last10=Deltas|first10=Constantinos|title=Y-chromosome phylogeographic analysis of the Greek-Cypriot population reveals elements consistent with Neolithic and Bronze Age settlements|journal=Investigative Genetics|date=1 January 2016|volume=7|pages=1|doi=10.1186/s13323-016-0032-8|url=http://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13323-016-0032-8|issn=2041-2223}}</ref>
|-
|-
! [[Romani people|Gypsy]] (Macedonia)
! [[Romani people|Gypsy]] (Macedonia)
Line 1,135: Line 1,135:
|| Pericic2005<ref name = "Pericic2005" />
|| Pericic2005<ref name = "Pericic2005" />
|-
|-
! [[Hungarians]]
! [[Hungarians]] (Hungary)
|| Uralic (Ugric)
|| Uralic (Ugric)
|| 215
|| 215
Line 1,163: Line 1,163:
|| Semino2000<ref name = "Semino2000" />
|| Semino2000<ref name = "Semino2000" />
|-
|-
! [[Hungarians]] (Romania)
! [[Hungarians]] ([[Romania]])
|| Uralic (Ugric)
|| Uralic (Ugric)
||97
|| 97
|| 20
|| 20
|| 19
|| 19
|| I1=17, I2=5
|| I1=17<br>I2=5
|| 9
|| 9
|| J2=11, J1=10
|| J2=11<br>J1=10
|| 5
|| 5
|| 1
|| 1
||
||
||
||
||<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Csányi|first1=B.|last2=Bogácsi-Szabó|first2=E.|last3=Tömöry|first3=Gy.|last4=Czibula|first4=Á.|last5=Priskin|first5=K.|last6=Csõsz|first6=A.|last7=Mende|first7=B.|last8=Langó|first8=P.|last9=Csete|first9=K.|last10=Zsolnai|first10=A.|last11=Conant|first11=E. K.|last12=Downes|first12=C. S.|last13=Raskó|first13=I.|title=Y-Chromosome Analysis of Ancient Hungarian and Two Modern Hungarian-Speaking Populations from the Carpathian Basin|journal=Annals of Human Genetics|date=1 July 2008|volume=72|issue=4|pages=519–534|doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00440.x|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00440.x/full|language=en|issn=1469-1809}}</ref>
||<ref name=csanyi>{{cite journal|last1=Csányi|first1=B.|last2=Bogácsi-Szabó|first2=E.|last3=Tömöry|first3=Gy.|last4=Czibula|first4=Á.|last5=Priskin|first5=K.|last6=Csõsz|first6=A.|last7=Mende|first7=B.|last8=Langó|first8=P.|last9=Csete|first9=K.|last10=Zsolnai|first10=A.|last11=Conant|first11=E. K.|last12=Downes|first12=C. S.|last13=Raskó|first13=I.|title=Y-Chromosome Analysis of Ancient Hungarian and Two Modern Hungarian-Speaking Populations from the Carpathian Basin|journal=Annals of Human Genetics|date=1 July 2008|volume=72|issue=4|pages=519–534|doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00440.x|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00440.x/full|language=en|issn=1469-1809}}</ref>
|-
! [[Hungarians]] ([[Great Hungarian Plain]])
|| Uralic (Ugric)
||100
⚫
|| 15
⚫
|| 30
|| I2a1=13<br>I1=8<br>I=3
⚫
|| 10
|| J2=13<br>J1=3
|| 3
||
||
||
||<ref name=csanyi/>
|-
|-
! [[Icelanders]]
! [[Icelanders]]
Line 1,192: Line 1,206:
|-
|-
! [[Irish people|Irish]]
! [[Irish people|Irish]]
|| IE (Celtic)
|| IE (Germanic/Celtic)
|| 222
|| 222
|| {{nts|81.5}}
|| {{nts|81.5}}
Line 1,206: Line 1,220:
|-
|-
! [[Irish people|Irish]]
! [[Irish people|Irish]]
|| IE (Celtic)
|| IE (Germanic/Celtic)
|| 257
|| 257
|| —
|| —
Line 2,002: Line 2,016:
|| —
|| —
|| Rootsi2004<ref name = "Rootsi2004" />
|| Rootsi2004<ref name = "Rootsi2004" />
|-
! [[Ruthenians]] ([[Vojvodina]])
|| IE (Slavic)
||
||
⚫
|| {{nts|44}}
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
|| <ref>Northern Slavs from Serbia do not show a founder effect at autosomal and Y-chromosomal STRs and retain their paternal genetic heritage</ref>
|-
|-
! [[Sami people|Sami]] (Sweden)
! [[Sami people|Sami]] (Sweden)
Line 2,117: Line 2,145:
|| H=2.2, Q=1.7, L=0.6
|| H=2.2, Q=1.7, L=0.6
|| Mirabal,V.2010<ref name = "Mirabal2010" >{{cite journal | vauthors = Mirabal S, Varljen T, Gayden T, Regueiro M, Vujovic S, Popovic D, Djuric M, Stojkovic O, Herrera RJ | title = Human Y-chromosome short tandem repeats: a tale of acculturation and migrations as mechanisms for the diffusion of agriculture in the Balkan Peninsula | journal = Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. | volume = 142 | issue = 3 | pages = 380–90 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20091845 | doi = 10.1002/ajpa.21235 |url=http://www.poreklo.rs/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/2011-AmJPhysAnthropol2011.pdf}}</ref>
|| Mirabal,V.2010<ref name = "Mirabal2010" >{{cite journal | vauthors = Mirabal S, Varljen T, Gayden T, Regueiro M, Vujovic S, Popovic D, Djuric M, Stojkovic O, Herrera RJ | title = Human Y-chromosome short tandem repeats: a tale of acculturation and migrations as mechanisms for the diffusion of agriculture in the Balkan Peninsula | journal = Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. | volume = 142 | issue = 3 | pages = 380–90 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20091845 | doi = 10.1002/ajpa.21235 |url=http://www.poreklo.rs/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/2011-AmJPhysAnthropol2011.pdf}}</ref>
|-
! [[Serbians|Serbs]] ([[Vojvodina]])
|| IE (Slavic, South)
|| 185
|| 10.2
|| 15.1
|| I2=29.7<br>I1=5.4
|| 16.2
|| J2=11.3
||
|| 3.2
||
|| H=2.7, Q=1.1, others=4.8
|| Veselinovic 2008<ref>Allele frequencies and population data for 17 Y-chromosome STR loci in a Serbian population sample from Vojvodina province, Forensic Science International, 176, 2008.</ref>
|-
|-
! [[Serbs]] ([[Belgrade]])
! [[Serbs]] ([[Belgrade]])
Line 2,173: Line 2,215:
|| —
|| —
|| Battaglia2008<ref name = "Battaglia2008" />
|| Battaglia2008<ref name = "Battaglia2008" />
|-
! [[Slovaks]] ([[Vojvodina]])
|| IE (Slavic, West)
||
||
⚫
|| {{nts|42}}
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
|| <ref>Northern Slavs from Serbia do not show a founder effect at autosomal and Y-chromosomal STRs and retain their paternal genetic heritage</ref>
|-
|-
! [[Slovenes|Slovenians]]
! [[Slovenes|Slovenians]]
Line 2,398: Line 2,454:
||<ref name = "Tambets2004" />
||<ref name = "Tambets2004" />
|-
|-
! [[Turkic peoples|Turks]]
! [[Turkish people|Turks]]
|| Altaic (Turkic)
|| Altaic (Turkic)
|| 523
|| 523
Line 2,412: Line 2,468:
|| Cinnioglu 2004<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/HG_2004_v114_p127-148.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=June 28, 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619105314/http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/HG_2004_v114_p127-148.pdf |archivedate=June 19, 2006 }}</ref>
|| Cinnioglu 2004<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/HG_2004_v114_p127-148.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=June 28, 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619105314/http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/HG_2004_v114_p127-148.pdf |archivedate=June 19, 2006 }}</ref>
|-
|-
! [[Turkic peoples|Turks]] ([[Istanbul]])
! [[Turkish people|Turks]] ([[Istanbul]])
|| Altaic (Turkic)
|| Altaic (Turkic)
|| 81
|| 81

Revision as of 07:33, 29 October 2016

File:Percentage of major Y-DNA haplogroups in Europe.png
File:Haplogroups europe.png
left:Y-DNA frequencies in Europe (%), right:Detailed distribution of the prevailing Y-haplogroups in Europe
File:Location European nation states.svg (1).png
Distribution and percentage of the major haplogroups

Frequencies in some ethnic groups in Europe

The table below shows the human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups, based on relevant studies, for various ethnic and other notable groups from Europe. The samples are taken from individuals identified with the ethnic and linguistic designations shown in the first two columns; the third column gives the sample size studied; and the other columns give the percentage for each particular haplogroup (ethnic groups from the North Caucasus, although technically located in Europe, are considered in their own article where they are placed alongside populations of the South Caucasus for the purpose of conserving space) .

File:MDS analysis of Europe.png
Multidimensional scaling showing genetic distance of Y-DNA haplogroups in European populations by:

A Bray–Curtis dissimilarity
B Chord distance

C Gower's dissimilarity

Note: The converted frequency of Haplogroup 2, including modern haplogroups I, G and sometimes J from some old studies conducted before 2004 may lead to unsubstantial frequencies below.

Population Language[1] n R1b R1a I  E1b1b J G N T Others Reference
Albanians IE (Albanian) 223 18.39 4.04 13 35.43 23.77 2.69 0 0.9 1.79 Sarno2015[2]
Albanians IE (Albanian) 51 17.6 9.8 19.6 21.6 23.5 2.0 0.0 0.0 — Semino2000[3]
Albanians (Kosovar) IE (Albanian) 114 21.10 4.42 I1=5.31
I2a2=2.65 		47.37 J2=16.7 0 0 0 P[xQ,R1]=1.77 Pericic2005[4]
Albanians (Tirana) IE (Albanian) 30 13.3 13.3 16.7 23.3 20.0 3.3 — — — Bosch2006[5]
Albanians IE (Albanian) 55 18.2 9.1 I1=3.6
I2a=14.5
I2b=3.6 		25.5 J1=3.6
J2a=5.5
J2b=14.5 		1.8 0.0 0.0 — Battaglia2008[6]
Albanians (Macedonia) IE (Albanian) 64 18.8 1.6 I1=4.5
I2a=12.5 		39.1 J1=6.3
J2=15.6 		1.6 0.0 0.0 — Battaglia2008[6]
Arkhangelsk (Russia) IE (Slavic), Uralic 28 0 17.9 50.0 3.6 0 0 28.6 0 0 Mirabal2009[7]
Andalusians IE (Italic) 29 65.5 0.0 — — — 0.0 0.0 6.9 L=3.4 Semino2000[3]
Andalusians IE (Italic) 103 — — 3.9 — — — — — — Rootsi2004[8]
Andalusians IE (Italic) 76 — — — 9.2 1.1 — — — — Semino2004[9]
Armenians IE (Armenian) 413 29.1 1.7 3.6 5.1 J1=10.7
J2=25.5 		9.4 0.2 8.5 Q=0.2 Herrara2012
Aromuns (Dukasi, Albania) IE (Italic) 39 2.6 2.6 17.9 17.9 48.7 10.3 0.0 0.0 — Bosch2006[5]
Aromuns (Andon Poci, Albania) IE (Italic) 19 36.8 0.0 42.1 15.8 5.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 — Bosch2006[5]
Aromuns (Kruševo, Macedonia) IE (Italic) 43 27.9 11.6 20.9 20.9 11.6 7.0 0.0 0.0 — Bosch2006[5]
Aromuns (Štip, Macedonia) IE (Italic) 65 23.1 21.5 16.9 18.5 20.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 — Bosch2006[5]
Aromuns (Romania) IE (Italic) 42 23.8 2.4 19.0 7.1 33.3 0.0 — — — Bosch2006[5]
Ashkenazi Jews IE (Germanic) 79 — 12.7 — 22.8 43.0 — — — — Nebel2001[10]
Ashkenazi Jews IE (Germanic) 442 — — 4.1 19.7 38.0 9.7 0.2 — Behar2004[11]
Austrians IE (Germanic, West) 219 32 14 — — — — — — —
Bashkirs (Perm) Altaic (Turkic) 43 86.0 9.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 2.3 0.0 — Lobov[12]
Basque Basque (Basque) 67 88.1 0.0 7.5 2.2 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 — Semino2000[3]
Basque Basque (Basque) 109 92.7 — — 0.9 3.7 — — 0.9 — Adams2008[13]
Bavarians IE (Germanic, West) 80 50.0 15.0 — 8.0 5.0 — 0.0 0.0 — Rosser2000[14]
Belgians IE (Germanic/Italic) 92 63.0 4.0 — 2.0 — — — — — Rosser2000[14]
Belarusians IE (Slavic, East) 41 0.0 39.0 — 10.0 — — 2.4 — — Rosser2000[14]
Belarusians IE (Slavic, East) 147 — — 19.0 — — — — — — Rootsi2004[8]
Belarusians IE (Slavic, East) 68 4.4 45.6 25.0 4.4 — 1.5 8.8 — — Kharkov2005[15]
Belarusians IE (Slavic, East) 306 4.2 51.0 — 4.6 3.3 — 9.5 — — Behar2003[16]
Bearnais IE (Italic) 26 — — 7.7 — 3.8 — — — — Semino2004[9]
Bearnais IE (Italic) 43 — — — 3.7 — — — — — Rootsi2004[8]
Bosniaks IE (Slavic, South) 69 1.4 24.6 42.0 10.1 0.0 — — — — Pericic2005[4]
British IE (Germanic, West) 32 68.8 9.4 — — — — — — — Helgason2000[17]
Bulgarians IE (Slavic, South) 127 11.0 17.3 27.5 19.7 18.1 1.6 — 0.8 — Karachanak2009[18]
Bulgarians IE (Slavic, South) 808 10.7 17.5 I*=0.4
I1=4.3
I2a=20.2
I2b=1.7 		22.1 J1=3.4
J2=10.5 		4.8 0.5 1.6 C=0.5
H=0.6
L=0.2
Q=0.4
R2a=0.1 		Karachanak2013[19]
Bulgarians IE (Slavic, South) 100 14.0 16.0 34.0 21.0 9.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 others H 1.0 Begoña Martinez-Cruz2012[20]
Catalans IE (Italic) 24 79.2 0.0 4.2 4.2 4.2 8.0 — — — Rootsi2004[8]
Catalans IE (Italic) 33 — — — 6.1 3.6 — — — — Semino2004[9]
Cantabrians (Pasiegos) IE (Italic) 56 — — — 42.9 — — — — — Cruciani2004[21]
Chuvashes Altaic (Turkic) 79 3.8 31.6 11.3 0 24.2 0 27.8 0 — Tambets2004[22]
Croats (mainland) IE (Slavic, South) 108 15.7 34.3 37.0 5.6 1.9 0.9 — — — Pericic2005[4]
Croats (mainland) IE (Slavic, South) 189 — — 38.1 — — — — — — Rootsi2004[8]
Czechs IE (Slavic, West) 257 — 34.2 18.3 5.8 4.7 5.1 1.6 — — Luca2007[23]
Czechs and Slovaks IE (Slavic, West) 45 35.6 26.7 — 2.2 — — — — — Semino2000[3]
Czechs and Slovaks IE (Slavic, West) 198 — — 13.6 — — — — — — Rootsi2004[8]
Danes IE (Germanic, North) 12 41.7 16.7 — — — — — — — Helgason2000[17]
Danes IE (Germanic, North) 194 — — 38.7 — — — — — — Rootsi2004[8]
Danes IE (Germanic, North) 35 — — — 2.9 — — — — — Cruciani2004[21]
Dutch IE (Germanic, West) 27 70.4 3.7 — — — — — — — Semino2000[3]
Dutch IE (Germanic, West) — — 26.7[8] 8.0[14] 0[9] — — — —
Dutch IE (Germanic, West) 410 50.2 3.3 32.9 2.9 5.1 4.1 0.2 — — Barjesteh2008[24]
English (Central) IE (Germanic, West) 215 61.9 5 25 — — — — — — Weale2002[25]
Estonians Uralic (Finnic) 207 9.0 — — 3.0 1.0 — 40.6 — — Rosser2000[14]
Estonians Uralic (Finnic) 118 — 37.3 — — — — — — — Laitinen2002[26]
Estonians Uralic (Finnic) 210 — — 18.6 — — — — — — Rootsi2004[8]
Finns Uralic (Finnic) 57 2.0 10.5 — 2.0 — — 63.2 — — Rosser2000[14]
Finns Uralic (Finnic) 38 0.0 7.9 28.9 — — — 63.2 — — [22]
French IE (Italic) 23 52.2 0 17.4 8.7 4.3 0 0 0 — Semino2000[3]
French IE (Italic) 40 — — — 8.0 — — — — — Rosser2000[14]
Frisians IE (Germanic, West) 94 56.0 7.0 29.0 2.0 6.0 — — — — Wilson2001[27]
Frisians IE (Germanic, West) 94 55.3 7.4 34.0 2.1 1.4 — — — — Weale2002[25]
Gagauz (Kongaz) Altaic (Turkic) 48 10.4 12.5 31.3 16.7 8.3 10.4 4.2 6.3 — Varzari2006[28]
Gagauz (Etulia) Altaic (Turkic) 41 14.6 26.8 24.4 9.8 7.3 17.1 0.0 0.0 — Varzari2006[28]
Germans IE (Germanic, West) 48 47.9 8.1 22 — — — — — — Helgason2000[17]
Germans IE (Germanic, West) 16 50 16 22 6.2 0 0 0 0 — Semino2000[3]
Germans IE (Germanic) 1215 38.9 17.9 23.6 6.2 4.0 — 1.6 — 7.7 Kayser2005[29]
Greeks IE (Greek) 77 11.7 15.6 19.5 20.8 16.9 9.1 0.0 2.6 — Firasat2007[30]
Greeks IE (Greek) 118 22.8 8.3 — — — — — — — Helgason2000[17]
Greeks IE (Greek) 84/92 — — — 23.8 6.5 — — — — Semino2004[9]
Greeks (Nikomedeia, Lerna/Franchthi, Sesklo/Dimini) IE (Greek) 171 13.5 11.1 15.8 31.6 19.9 4.7 — 1.8 — King2008[31]
Greeks (Crete) IE (Greek) 193 17.0 8.8 13.0 8.8 38.9 10.9 — 2.1 — King2008[31]
Greeks (Peloponnese) IE (Greek) 36 — — — 47 — — — — — Semino2004[9]
Greeks (Thrace) IE (Greek) 41 12.2 22.0 19.5 19.5 19.5 4.9 — — — Bosch2006[5]
Greeks (North) IE (Greek) 96 14.6 18.8 12.5 35.4 — 5.2 — 2.1 L=1 Zalloua2008[32]
Greeks (South) IE (Greek) 46 19.6 2.2 23.9 43.5 — 6.5 — 2.2 — Zalloua2008[32]
Greeks (Macedonia) IE (Greek) 57 14.0 M458=8.8
others=4 		I1=8.8
I2a=17.5
I2*=3.5 		22.9 J1=1.8
J2=14.1 		1.8 — 1.8 — Battaglia 2008[6][33]
Greeks (Athens) IE (Greek) 92 20 M458=5
others=11 		I1=2
I2a=7
I2*=1 		E1b1b1a=20
E1b1b1c=2 		J1=2
J2=21 		3 — 4 C=1, L=1 Battaglia 2008[6]
Greeks (Athens) IE (Greek) 132 15 6 27 — IJ+G=49, K*=4 Waelle 2001[34]
Greeks (Cyprus) IE (Greek) 629 P312=2
others=9 		Z280=2
M458=1
Z93=1 		4 E1b1b1a=12
E1b1b1c=11 		J2=34
J1=7 		13 3 L=2, H=1 Voskarides 2016[35]
Gypsy (Macedonia) IE (Indic) 57 1.8 1.8 5.3 29.8 1.8 0 — — H=59.6 Pericic2005[4]
Herzegovinians IE (Slavic, South) 141 3.6 12.1 63.8 8.5 0.7 — — — — Pericic2005[4]
Hungarians (Hungary) Uralic (Ugric) 215 18.1 25.6 I1=7.91
I2a=16.74
I2b=2.79
I*=0.93 		6.1 J2=6.51
J*[xJ2]=3.72 		4.2 0.47 0.0 H=5.12
R2=0.47
R1*=1.40 		Völgyi2008[36]
Hungarians (Paloc) Uralic (Ugric) 45 13.3 60.0 11.1 8.9 2.2 2.2 0.0 0.0 L=2.2 Semino2000[3]
Hungarians (Romania) Uralic (Ugric) 97 20 19 I1=17
I2=5 		9 J2=11
J1=10 		5 1 [37]
Hungarians (Great Hungarian Plain) Uralic (Ugric) 100 15 30 I2a1=13
I1=8
I=3 		10 J2=13
J1=3 		3 [37]
Icelanders IE (Germanic, North) 181 41.4 23.8 34.2 — — — — — — Helgason2000[17]
Irish IE (Germanic/Celtic) 222 81.5 0.5 — — — — — — — Helgason2000[17]
Irish IE (Germanic/Celtic) 257 — — — 2.0 — — — — — Rosser2000[14]
Italians IE (Italic) 50 62.0 — 8.0 — — 10.0 — — — Rootsi2004[8]
Italians IE (Italic) — 2.7[17] — 13.0[14] — — — — —
Italians (Calabria) IE (Italic) 32.4[3] — 5.4[8] 16.3[4] 24.6[9] — — — —
Italians (Apulia) IE (Italic) — — 2.6[8] 13.9[9] 31.4[9] — — — —
Italians (Sardinia) IE (Italic) 22.1[3] — 42.3[8] 5.0[9] 12.5[9] — — — —
Italians (Northern Sardinia) IE (Italic) 86 20.0 0.0 28.0 13.0 — 21.0 — 0.0 — Zalloua2008[32]
Italians (Southern Sardinia) IE (Italic) 187 19.0 1.0 35.0 11.0 — 14.0 — 0.0 — Zalloua2008[32]
Italians (North-central) IE (Italic) 62.0[3] — 0.5[8] 10.4[4] 26.9[9] — — — —
Italians (South) IE (Italic) 68 25.0 3.0 6.0 26.0 — 15.0 — 3.0 — Zalloua2008[32]
Italians (Sicily) IE (Italic) — — 8.8 27.3 23.8 — — — — Semino2004[9]
Italians (East Sicily) IE (Italic) 87 20.0 2.3 5.0 29.0 — 5.0 — 5.0 — Zalloua2008[32]
Italians (West Sicily) IE (Italic) 125 27.0 2.4 11.0 19.0 — 13.0 — 3.0 — Zalloua2008[32]
Komi Uralic (Finnic) 94 16.0 33.0 5.3 — — — 35.1 — — [22]
Komi (Izhemsky) Uralic (Finnic) 54 0.0 29.6 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 68.5 0.0 — Mirabal2009[7]
Komi (Priluzsky) Uralic (Finnic) 49 2.0 32.7 4.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 61.2 0.0 — Mirabal2009[7]
Latvians IE (Baltic) 114 39.5 — 0.9 — — 42.1 — — Laitinen2002[26]
Latvians IE (Baltic) 34 15.0[14] 41[14] 7.0[14] — — — 32[14] — — Rosser 2000[14]
Lithuanians IE (Baltic) 38 5.0 — — — — — — — — [14]
Lithuanians IE (Baltic) 114 — 36.0 — 0.9 — — 43.0 — — Laitinen2002[26]
ethnic Macedonians IE (Slavic, South) 211 11.4 14.2 31.3 18.0 16.0 3.8 0.5 1.9 L=0.5 Noveski2010[38]
ethnic Macedonians IE (Slavic, South) 79 5.1 15.2 34.2 24.1 12.7 5.1 — — — Pericic2005[4]
Macedonians (Skopje) IE (Slavic, South) 52 13.5 13.5 28.8 23.1 11.5 3.8 — — — Bosch2006[5]
Maltese Afro-Asiatic (Semitic) 187 22.0 5.0 9.0 6.0 — 9.0 — 0.0 — Zalloua2008[32]
Mari Uralic (Finnic) 111 2.7 47.7 8.1 — — — 41.4 — — [22]
Mari Uralic (Finnic) 48 10.4 29.2 — 0.0 6.3 — 50.0 — — Rosser2000[14]
Moldavians (Carahasani) IE (Italic) 72 16.7 34.7 25.0 12.5 9.7 0.0 1.4 0.0 — Varzari2006[28]
Moldavians (Sofia) IE (Italic) 54 16.7 20.4 35.2 13.0 5.6 1.9 3.7 1.9 — Varzari2006[28]
Mordvins (Erzya) Uralic (Finnic) 46 — 39.1 — — — — — — — Malaspina2003[39]
Mordvins (Moksha) Uralic (Finnic) 46 — 21.7 — — — — — — — Malaspina2003[39]
Mordvins Uralic (Finnic) 83 13.3 26.5 19.3 — — — 19.3 — — [22]
Norwegians IE (Germanic, North) 25.9[17] 17.9[17] 40.3[8] — — — — — —
Norwegians IE (Germanic, North) 52 — 30.8 — 1.9 1.9 — 3.8 0.0 — Rosser2000[14]
Orcadians IE (Germanic, West) 71 66.0 19.7 — — — — — — — Wilson2001[27]
Poles IE (Slavic, West) 16.4[3] 56.4[3] 17.8[8] 4.0[9] 1.0[9] — — — —
Poles IE (Slavic, West) 93 13.4 55.9 16.1 — — — 3.2 — — [22]
Poles IE (Slavic, West) 913 11.6 57.0 17.3 4.5 2.5 — 3.7 — 3.3 Kayser2005[29]
Portuguese IE (Italic) 303 — — 5.3 — — — — — — Rootsi2004[8]
Portuguese (South) IE (Italic) 57 56.0 2.0 — 17.0 — — — — — Rosser2000[14]
Portuguese (North) IE (Italic) 328 62.0 0 — 11.0 — — — — — Rosser2000[14]
Romanians IE (Italic) 54 13.0 20.4 48.1 7.4 5.6 5.6 0.0 0.0 — Varzari2006[28]
Romanians IE (Italic) 361 — — 22.2 — — — — — — Rootsi2004[8]
Romanians (Constanţa) IE (Italic) 31 16.1 9.7 41.9 9.7 6.5 12.9 0.0 0.0 — Bosch2006[5]
Romanians (Ploieşti) IE (Italic) 36 8.3 5.6 38.9 16.7 19.4 8.3 0.0 0.0 — Bosch2006[5]
Romanians IE (Italic) 179 10.1 20.1 I1=5.6
I2a1= 17.3
Other I2= 5.0 		19.6 J1=2.2
J2a=7.3
J2b = 8.9 		2.2 0.6 0.6 Q=0.6 Martinez-Cruz 2012[20]
Russians IE (Slavic, East) 122 6.6 46.7 — 6.6 4.1 — 18.0 — — Rosser2000[14]
Russians IE (Slavic, East) 61 21.3 42.6 13.1 — — — 16.4 — — [22]
Russians (Kursk) IE (Slavic, East) 40 7.5 52.5 15.0 10.0 2.5 0 12.5 0 0 Mirabal2009[7]
Russians (Northern) IE (Slavic, East) 380 6.1 33.4 14.5 0.3 1.8 1.3 41.3 0.0 — Balanovsky2008[40]
Russians (Central) IE (Slavic, East) 364 7.7 47.0 16.5 5.2 3.3 0.0 17.0 0.8 — Balanovsky2008[40]
Russians (Adygea) IE (Slavic, East) 78 — — 24.4 — — — — — — Rootsi2004[8]
Russians (Bashkortostan) IE (Slavic, East) 50 — — 6.0 — — — — — — Rootsi2004[8]
Russians (Belgorod region) IE (Slavic, East) 143 2.8 59.4 16.7 — — — — — — Balanovsky[40]
Russians (Cossacks) IE (Slavic, East) 97 — — 22.7 — — — — — — Rootsi2004[8]
Russians (Kostroma region) IE (Slavic, East) 53 — — 18.9 — — — — — — Rootsi2004[8]
Russians (North, Pinega) IE (Slavic, East) 127 — — 4.7 — — — — — — Rootsi2004[8]
Russians (Smolensk region) IE (Slavic, East) 120 — — 10.8 — — — — — — Rootsi2004[8]
Ruthenians (Vojvodina) IE (Slavic) 44 [41]
Sami (Sweden) Uralic (Finnic) 38 7.9 15.8 31.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 44.7 0.0 — Karlsson2006[42]
Sami Uralic (Finnic) 127 3.9 11.0 — — — — 47.2 — — [22]
Sami Uralic (Finnic) — — 31.4 — — — — — — Rootsi2004[8]
Scots IE (Celtic) 750 72.5 8.5 14 — — — — — — [43]
Sephardic Jews IE (Italic) 78 29.5 3.9 11.5 19.2 28.2 — — — — Nebel2001[10]
Serbs and South Slavs IE (Slavic, South) 1092 5 20 I1=9

I2=34

14 J1=2

J2=9

4 3 - Q=1 Serb DNA Project 2016[44]
Serbs IE (Slavic, South) 267 3 26 I1=9

I2a = 30

15 9 5 2 — Serb DNA Project 2014[45]
Serbs IE (Slavic, South) 179 4.5 14.5 I2a=38.5 17.3 5.6 2.2 3.3 — H=2.2, Q=1.7, L=0.6 Mirabal,V.2010[46]
Serbs (Vojvodina) IE (Slavic, South) 185 10.2 15.1 I2=29.7
I1=5.4 		16.2 J2=11.3 3.2 H=2.7, Q=1.1, others=4.8 Veselinovic 2008[47]
Serbs (Belgrade) IE (Slavic, South) 113 10.6 15.9 36.3 21.2 8 — — — — Pericic2005[4]
Serbs (Aleksandrovac, Serbia) IE (Slavic, South) 85 1.17 21.1 41.1 15.2 9.40 10.5 0.0 0.0 — Todorovic2013
Serbs IE (Slavic, South) 103 7.8 20.4 37.9 18.4 7.8 5.8 1.9 — — Regueiro2012[48]
Serbs (Bosnia) IE (Slavic, South) 81 6.2 13.6 40.7 22.2 9.9 1.2 6.2 0.0 — Battaglia2008[6]
Slovaks (Vojvodina) IE (Slavic, West) 42 [49]
Slovenians IE (Slavic, South) 75 21.3 38.7 30.7 2.7 4.0 2.7 0.0 0.0 — Battaglia2008[6]
Slovenian IE (Slavic, South) 70 — 37.1 — 7.1 5.7 — 0.0 0.0 — Rosser2000[14]
Slovenian IE (Slavic, South) 55 — — 38.2 — — — — — — Rootsi2004[8]
Spanish IE (Italic) 126 68.0 2.0 — 10.0 — — — — — Rosser2000[14]
Ibiza islanders IE (Italic) 54 57.4 0.0 1.9 7.4 — 13.0 — 16.7 — Zalloua2008[32]
Majorca islanders IE (Italic) 62 66.1 0.0 8.1 6.2 — 6.2 — 1.6 — Zalloua2008[32]
Minorca islanders IE (Italic) 37 73.0 2.7 2.7 18.9 — 0.0 — 0.0 — Zalloua2008[32]
Spanish (South) IE (Italic) 162 65.0 2.0 6.0 9.0 — 4.0 — 0.0 — Zalloua2008[32]
Valencians IE (Italic) 73 64.0 3.0 10.0 11.0 — 1.0 — 1.0 — Zalloua2008[32]
Swedes (Northern) IE (Germanic, North) 48 22.9 18.8 — 2.1 2.1 — 8.3 — — Rosser2000[14]
Swedes IE (Germanic, North) 1800+ U106=7
L21=2
DF27 and U152=1
V88=1
L238=1
other=9 		18 I1=42
I2a2a=3 		V27=1 J2=1 G2a=1
others=2 		N1c=5
others=2 		- Q=3 FTDNA 2016[50]
Swedes IE (Germanic, North) 110 20.0 17.3 — — — — — — — Helgason2000[17]
Swedes IE (Germanic, North) 225 — — 40 — — — — — — Rootsi2004[8]
Swedes IE (Germanic, North) 160 13.1 24.4 37.5 1.3 0.0 — 14.4 — — Lappalainen2008[51]
Swiss IE (German/Italic) 144 — — 7.6 — — — — — — Rootsi2004[8]
Tatars Altaic (Turkic) 126 8.7 24.1 4.0 — — — 33.0 — — [22]
Turks Altaic (Turkic) 523 16 7 5 11 33 11 4 K2=2 L=4, Q=2, C=1, R2=1, H=1, A+DE*+R*+O = 2 Cinnioglu 2004[52]
Turks (Istanbul) Altaic (Turkic) 81 15 9 10 12 27 7 2 K2=4 L=5, C=4, DE*=5 Cinnioglu 2004
Udmurt Uralic (Finnic) 87 2.3 10.3 1.1 — — — 85.1 — — [22]
Ukrainians IE (Slavic, East) 759 7.9 43.2 27.2 7.4 3.8 3 5.4 1.3 0.8 Kushniarevich2015[53]
Ukrainians IE (Slavic, East) — — 21.9[8] 8.6[9] 7.3[9] — — — —
Ukrainians IE (Slavic, East) 53 18.9 41.5 24.5 — 9.4 0.0 5.7 0.0 — Varzari2006[28]
Welsh (Anglesey) IE (Celtic) 88 89.0 1.0 — 3.0 — — — — — Wilson2001[27]
Welsh (Anglesey) IE (Celtic) 196 — — 8.1 — — — — — — Rootsi2004[8]

Chronological development of haplogroups

Haplogroup Possible time of origin Possible place of origin Possible TMRCA[54][55]
E 50-55,000 years ago[56][57] East Africa[58] or Asia[59] 27-59,000 years ago
F 38-56,000 years ago
IJ 30-46,000 years ago
K 40-54,000 years ago
E-M215 (E1b1b) 31-46,000 years ago[60] 39-55,000 years ago
P 27-41,000 years ago
J 19-44,500 years ago[61]
R 20-34,000 years ago
I 15-30,000 years ago
R-M173 13-26,000 years ago
I-M438 28-33,000 years ago[62] 16,000-20,000 years ago
E-M35 20,000-30,000 years ago[60] 15–21,000 years ago
J-M267 15-34,000[61] years ago
R-M420 (R1a) 22,000 years ago[63] India 8-10,000 years ago
R-M343 (R1b) 22,000 years ago[64] West Asia[65]
N at least 21,000 years ago (STR age)[66]
I-M253 11-21,000[67] or 28-33,000 years ago[62] 3-5,000 years ago
J-M172 15,000-22,000[61] years ago 19-24,000 years ago[68]
E-M78 15-20,000[60] or 17,500-20,000 years ago[69] Northeast Africa[69] at least 17,000 years ago[69]
E-V12 12,500-18,000 years ago[69]
R-M17 13 ,000[63] or 18,000 years ago[70] India
I-L460 present 13,000 years ago[71]
I-M223 11-18,000 years ago[67]
E-V13 7-17,000 years ago[69] West Asia[69] 4,000-4,700 years ago (Europe)
6,800-17,000 years ago (Asia)[69]
R-Z280 11-14,000 years ago[72]
N-M46 at least 12,000 years ago (STR age)[66]
R-M458 11,000 years ago[72]
I-P37 6-16,000,[67] present 10,000 years ago[73]
I-M423 present 10,000 years ago[73]
I-M26 2-17,000,[67] present 8,000 years ago[73]
R-M269 5,500-8,000 years ago[74]
R-L11, R-S116 3-5,000 years ago


See also

References

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