Canton Indian Insane Asylum: Difference between revisions
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The '''Canton Indian Insane Asylum''', aka '''Hiawatha Insane Asylum''', was a federal facility for [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] located in [[Canton, South Dakota]] between 1898 and 1934.<ref name=autogenerated1>[http://crm.cr.nps.gov/archive/22-9/22-09-16.pdf "Canton Indian Historical Society"], National Park Service. Retrieved July 2, 2011.</ref> |
The '''Canton Indian Insane Asylum''', aka '''Hiawatha Insane Asylum''', was a federal facility for [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] located in [[Canton, South Dakota]] between 1898 and 1934.<ref name=autogenerated1>[http://crm.cr.nps.gov/archive/22-9/22-09-16.pdf "Canton Indian Historical Society"] {{wayback|url=http://crm.cr.nps.gov/archive/22-9/22-09-16.pdf |date=20111015031033 }}, National Park Service. Retrieved July 2, 2011.</ref> |
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== History == |
== History == |
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In 1898, Congress passed a bill creating the only 'Institution for Insane Indians' in the United States. The Canton Indian Insane Asylum (sometimes called Hiawatha Insane Asylum) opened for the reception of patients in January 1903. The first administrator was [[Oscar S. Gifford]].<ref>[http://www.hiawathadiary.com/HiawathaAsylum.html Hiawatha Asylum For Insane Indians | Hiawatha Diary<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Many of the inmates were not mentally ill. Native Americans risked being confined in the asylum for alcoholism, opposing government or business interests, or for being culturally misunderstood. A 1927 investigation conducted by the [[Bureau of Indian Affairs]] determined that a large number of patients showed no signs of mental illness. While open, more than 350 patients were detained there, in terrible conditions. At least 121 died. The asylum was closed in 1934.<ref>http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/156/5/767</ref> |
In 1898, Congress passed a bill creating the only 'Institution for Insane Indians' in the United States. The Canton Indian Insane Asylum (sometimes called Hiawatha Insane Asylum) opened for the reception of patients in January 1903. The first administrator was [[Oscar S. Gifford]].<ref>[http://www.hiawathadiary.com/HiawathaAsylum.html Hiawatha Asylum For Insane Indians | Hiawatha Diary<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{wayback|url=http://www.hiawathadiary.com/HiawathaAsylum.html |date=20110711164717 }}</ref> Many of the inmates were not mentally ill. Native Americans risked being confined in the asylum for alcoholism, opposing government or business interests, or for being culturally misunderstood. A 1927 investigation conducted by the [[Bureau of Indian Affairs]] determined that a large number of patients showed no signs of mental illness. While open, more than 350 patients were detained there, in terrible conditions. At least 121 died. The asylum was closed in 1934.<ref>http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/156/5/767</ref> |
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== Canton Indian Insane Asylum Cemetery == |
== Canton Indian Insane Asylum Cemetery == |
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*[http://www.rootsweb.com/~sdlincol/hiawatha.htm Hiawatha Insane Asylum] |
*[http://www.rootsweb.com/~sdlincol/hiawatha.htm Hiawatha Insane Asylum] |
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*[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/if_you_knew/if_you_knew_01.html "If you knew the conditions..."] |
*[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/if_you_knew/if_you_knew_01.html "If you knew the conditions..."] |
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*[http://hiawathafoundation.org/AsylumHistoryPg1.html Hiawatha Foundation] |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110726150039/http://hiawathafoundation.org/AsylumHistoryPg1.html Hiawatha Foundation] |
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*[http://www.power2u.org/downloads/NativePerspectivesPeminaYellowBird.pdf "Wild Indians"], ''Native Perspectives'', Pemina Yellow Bird |
*[http://www.power2u.org/downloads/NativePerspectivesPeminaYellowBird.pdf "Wild Indians"], ''Native Perspectives'', Pemina Yellow Bird |
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Revision as of 10:52, 14 November 2016
43°10′53″N 96°19′58″W / 43.181442°N 96.332791°W The Canton Indian Insane Asylum, aka Hiawatha Insane Asylum, was a federal facility for Native Americans located in Canton, South Dakota between 1898 and 1934.[1]
History
In 1898, Congress passed a bill creating the only 'Institution for Insane Indians' in the United States. The Canton Indian Insane Asylum (sometimes called Hiawatha Insane Asylum) opened for the reception of patients in January 1903. The first administrator was Oscar S. Gifford.[2] Many of the inmates were not mentally ill. Native Americans risked being confined in the asylum for alcoholism, opposing government or business interests, or for being culturally misunderstood. A 1927 investigation conducted by the Bureau of Indian Affairs determined that a large number of patients showed no signs of mental illness. While open, more than 350 patients were detained there, in terrible conditions. At least 121 died. The asylum was closed in 1934.[3]
Canton Indian Insane Asylum Cemetery
Land was set aside for a cemetery, but the Indian Office decided that stone markers for graves would be an unwarranted expense. Today, the cemetery, with at least 121 burials, is located north of the junction of U.S. Route 18 and the former Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific railroad tracks
43°18′20″N 96°33′4″W / 43.30556°N 96.55111°W
No one knows the cause of death of the incarcerated or why they were even at the asylum.[citation needed] The National Park Service added the cemetery to the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.[1]
References
- ^ a b "Canton Indian Historical Society" Template:Wayback, National Park Service. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
- ^ Hiawatha Asylum For Insane Indians | Hiawatha Diary Template:Wayback
- ^ http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/156/5/767
External links
- Indian Country Today report June 14, 2016
- Hiawatha Indian ASylum cemetery listing at FInd a grave
- Hiawatha Insane Asylum
- "If you knew the conditions..."
- Hiawatha Foundation
- "Wild Indians", Native Perspectives, Pemina Yellow Bird
- 1893 establishments in South Dakota
- Hospitals established in 1893
- Hospital buildings completed in 1903
- 1934 disestablishments in South Dakota
- Psychiatric hospitals in South Dakota
- Native American segregation in the United States
- Government buildings in South Dakota
- Buildings and structures in Lincoln County, South Dakota
- Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in South Dakota
- National Register of Historic Places in Lincoln County, South Dakota