Jump to content

List of first openly LGBT politicians in the United States: Difference between revisions

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.3.2.2)
Line 24: Line 24:
*U.S. Representative (out when first elected), first non-white openly gay member of Congress: [[Mark Takano]] (CA-41) – elected 2012
*U.S. Representative (out when first elected), first non-white openly gay member of Congress: [[Mark Takano]] (CA-41) – elected 2012
*[[United States Congressional committee|U.S. Congressional committee]] chair: [[Gerry Studds]] – chair of [[House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries]] 1990–1995
*[[United States Congressional committee|U.S. Congressional committee]] chair: [[Gerry Studds]] – chair of [[House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries]] 1990–1995
*U.S. Senate (out when first elected, first openly LGBT U.S. Senator): [[Tammy Baldwin]] – elected 2012, lesbian, representing Wisconsin<ref name="2012election">{{cite news |url=http://www.gaypolitics.com/2012/11/07/victory-fund-celebrates-huge-night-for-gay-candidates/|title=Victory Fund celebrates huge night for gay candidates|first=Denis|last=Dison|publisher=''Gay Politics''|date=November 7, 2012|accessdate=2012-11-08}}</ref>
*U.S. Senate (out when first elected, first openly LGBT U.S. Senator): [[Tammy Baldwin]] – elected 2012, lesbian, representing Wisconsin<ref name="2012election">{{cite news|url=http://www.gaypolitics.com/2012/11/07/victory-fund-celebrates-huge-night-for-gay-candidates/ |title=Victory Fund celebrates huge night for gay candidates |first=Denis |last=Dison |publisher=''Gay Politics'' |date=November 7, 2012 |accessdate=2012-11-08 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108175351/http://www.gaypolitics.com/2012/11/07/victory-fund-celebrates-huge-night-for-gay-candidates/ |archivedate=November 8, 2012 |df= }}</ref>


====By state delegation====
====By state delegation====
Line 49: Line 49:
** Rep. [[Jon Hinson]] (R) – served 1979–1981; sexuality revealed after he was arrested February 5, 1981, and charged with [[sodomy]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Rep. Hinson of Mississippi Arrested in the Capital on a Morals Charge |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/02/05/us/rep-hinson-of-mississippi-arrested-in-the-capital-on-a-morals-charge.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=1981-02-05 |accessdate=2015-08-17}}</ref> for performing [[fellatio|oral sex]] on a male employee of the [[Library of Congress]] in a restroom of the House of Representatives, leading him to resign
** Rep. [[Jon Hinson]] (R) – served 1979–1981; sexuality revealed after he was arrested February 5, 1981, and charged with [[sodomy]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Rep. Hinson of Mississippi Arrested in the Capital on a Morals Charge |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/02/05/us/rep-hinson-of-mississippi-arrested-in-the-capital-on-a-morals-charge.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=1981-02-05 |accessdate=2015-08-17}}</ref> for performing [[fellatio|oral sex]] on a male employee of the [[Library of Congress]] in a restroom of the House of Representatives, leading him to resign
* New York:
* New York:
** Rep. [[Sean Patrick Maloney]] (D) – elected 2012<ref>{{cite news|last=Bolcer |first=Julie |url=http://www.advocate.com/politics/election/2012/11/07/openly-gay-congressional-winner-makes-history-new-york |title=Openly Gay Congressional Winner Makes History in New York |newspaper=The Advocate |date=2012-11-07 |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref>
** Rep. [[Sean Patrick Maloney]] (D) – elected 2012<ref>{{cite news|last=Bolcer |first=Julie |url=http://www.advocate.com/politics/election/2012/11/07/openly-gay-congressional-winner-makes-history-new-york |title=Openly Gay Congressional Winner Makes History in New York |newspaper=The Advocate |date=2012-11-07 |accessdate=2013-12-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905221700/http://www.advocate.com/politics/election/2012/11/07/openly-gay-congressional-winner-makes-history-new-york |archivedate=September 5, 2013 |df= }}</ref>
* Rhode Island:
* Rhode Island:
** Rep. [[David Cicilline]] (D) – elected 2010
** Rep. [[David Cicilline]] (D) – elected 2010
Line 269: Line 269:
*First openly gay Hispanic person elected to public office in the United States: Ricardo Gonzalez ([[Madison, Wisconsin]])
*First openly gay Hispanic person elected to public office in the United States: Ricardo Gonzalez ([[Madison, Wisconsin]])
*First openly transgender member of a city council: [[Joanne Conte]] ([[Arvada, Colorado]]) – [[trans woman]], served on Arvada City Council from 1991 to 1995.
*First openly transgender member of a city council: [[Joanne Conte]] ([[Arvada, Colorado]]) – [[trans woman]], served on Arvada City Council from 1991 to 1995.
*First openly bisexual member of a city council: Marlene Pray, joined [[Doylestown, Pennsylvania]], council in 2012, resigned 2013 (also first openly bisexual office holder in Pennsylvania).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amplifyyourvoice.org/u/jordan/2012/01/04/marlene-pray-becomes-first-openly-bisexual-office-holder-in-pa |title=Marlene Pray Becomes First Openly Bisexual Office Holder In PA – Amplify |publisher=Amplifyyourvoice.org |date= |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.phillyburbs.com/my_town/doylestown/marlene-pray-resigns-from-doylestown-council/article_f6cb9457-ac07-5300-910e-162ddd29419b.html |title=Marlene Pray resigns from Doylestown Council – phillyburbs.com: Doylestown |publisher=phillyburbs.com |date=2013-03-19 |accessdate=2013-12-03}}{{dead link|date=August 2015}}</ref>
*First openly bisexual member of a city council: Marlene Pray, joined [[Doylestown, Pennsylvania]], council in 2012, resigned 2013 (also first openly bisexual office holder in Pennsylvania).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amplifyyourvoice.org/u/jordan/2012/01/04/marlene-pray-becomes-first-openly-bisexual-office-holder-in-pa |title=Marlene Pray Becomes First Openly Bisexual Office Holder In PA – Amplify |publisher=Amplifyyourvoice.org |date= |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.phillyburbs.com/my_town/doylestown/marlene-pray-resigns-from-doylestown-council/article_f6cb9457-ac07-5300-910e-162ddd29419b.html |title=Marlene Pray resigns from Doylestown Council – phillyburbs.com: Doylestown |publisher=phillyburbs.com |date=2013-03-19 |accessdate=2013-12-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130615223150/http://www.phillyburbs.com/my_town/doylestown/marlene-pray-resigns-from-doylestown-council/article_f6cb9457-ac07-5300-910e-162ddd29419b.html |archivedate=June 15, 2013 |df= }}</ref>
*City Council Speaker: [[Christine Quinn]] (elected 2006)
*City Council Speaker: [[Christine Quinn]] (elected 2006)


Revision as of 20:08, 23 May 2017

List of the first LGBT holders of political offices in the United States.

As of 2016:

Federal

See also: List of LGBT Americans in the United States Congress

Congress

By state delegation

  • Arizona
    • Rep. Jim Kolbe (R) – served 1985–2007; was outed in 1996 following his vote for the anti-gay Defense of Marriage Act
    • Rep. Kyrsten Sinema (D) – bisexual, elected 2012
  • California:
  • Colorado:
  • Connecticut
    • Rep. Stewart McKinney (R) – served 1971–1987; died of AIDS in 1987 and was actively, though not openly, bisexual
  • Florida:
  • Maine:
    • Rep. Mike Michaud (D) – served 2003–2015, came out as gay in 2013 while running for Governor of Maine.
  • Maryland:
    • Rep. Robert Bauman (R) – served 1973–1981; sexuality revealed after soliciting sex from a 16-year-old male prostitute
  • Massachusetts:
    • Rep. Gerry Studds (D) – served 1973–1997; came out involuntary in 1983 due to sexual relations with a 17-year-old United States House of Representatives Page (see 1983 congressional page sex scandal)
    • Rep. Barney Frank (D) – served 1980–2013; came out voluntarily in 1987 after Steve Gobie (a male prostitute who Frank had hired for sex, and who later became his friend, personal assistant, and housekeeper) tried to sell his story to The Washington Times
  • Mississippi
    • Rep. Jon Hinson (R) – served 1979–1981; sexuality revealed after he was arrested February 5, 1981, and charged with sodomy[7] for performing oral sex on a male employee of the Library of Congress in a restroom of the House of Representatives, leading him to resign
  • New York:
  • Rhode Island:
  • Wisconsin:
    • Senator: Tammy Baldwin (female) (D) – elected 2012
    • Representative: Tammy Baldwin (female) (D) – served 1999–2013
    • Representative: Steve Gunderson (male) (R) – served 1981–1997; came out involuntarily 1994
    • Representative: Mark Pocan (D) – elected 2012; out when elected

Executive

See also: GLIFAA

State

Overall firsts

State officers by state

Legislative officials

  • California:
  • Colorado:
  • Hawaii:
    • House Majority Leader: Rep. Blake Oshiro (D) (elected 2008, came out 2011)
  • Massachusetts:
    • Senate Minority Leader: Sen. Richard Tisei (R) (elected 2007, came out 2010)
    • Senate Majority Leader: Sen. Stan Rosenberg (D) (elected 2013, came out 2009)
  • Minnesota:
  • Missouri:
  • Oregon:
    • House Speaker: Rep. Tina Kotek (D) – America's first openly lesbian House speaker (elected as Oregon's House speaker in 2012)[26]
  • Rhode Island:
  • Washington:
    • Senate Majority Leader: Sen. Ed Murray (D) (2012)
  • Wyoming:

State legislators

The legislatures of 42 states have had at least one openly LGBT member; the first out person to serve in each of those states is listed here. The eight remaining states that have never had an openly LGBT state legislator are Alaska, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Nebraska, South Carolina, and Tennessee.

See also: California Legislative LGBT Caucus

Territorial legislators

Local

Nationwide firsts

By state

Florida

Judicial

The first openly gay judge in the United States was Stephen M. Lachs, appointed by Governor Jerry Brown to the Los Angeles County Superior Court in 1979.[77] Before leaving office in 1981, Brown appointed three more gay and lesbian judges to the California courts, including the nation's first openly lesbian judge, Mary Morgan, who served on the San Francisco municipal court.[77]

In 1994, Thomas R. Chiola became the first openly gay judge in Illinois (and the first openly gay elected official in Illinois) when voters elected him to the Circuit Court of Cook County.[78][79]

Deborah A. Batts was the nation's first openly LGBT federal judge. She was appointed by President Bill Clinton to the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York and confirmed by the Senate in a voice vote in 1994.[80] (Judge Vaughn Walker of the Northern District of California served from 1989 to February 2011 but did not come out until April 2011, after his retirement.)[81]

Batts was the sole openly LGBT judge on the federal bench for seventeen years, until Barack Obama appointed a series of gay and lesbian judges to the district courts: J. Paul Oetken (Southern District of New York, 2011); Alison J. Nathan (Southern District of New York, 2011); Michael W. Fitzgerald (Central District of California, 2012); Nitza I. Quiñones Alejandro (Eastern District of Pennsylvania, 2013); Pamela K. Chen (Eastern District of New York, 2013); Michael J. McShane (District of Oregon, 2013); Darrin P. Gayles (Southern District of Florida, 2014); Staci Michelle Yandle (Southern District of Illinois, 2014), and Judith Ellen Levy (Eastern District of Michigan, 2014).[81][82]

Obama also appointed the first openly LGBT judge of a federal court of appeals, Todd M. Hughes of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.[81][83]

The first openly LGBT justice of a state supreme court was Rives Kistler, appointed to the Oregon Supreme Court in 2003, and retained by voters the following year.[84] The next gay or lesbian state supreme court justices were Virginia Linder (Oregon Supreme Court, 2006); Monica Márquez (Colorado Supreme Court, 2010); Barbara Lenk (Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, 2011); Sabrina McKenna (Supreme Court of Hawaii, 2011); Beth Robinson (Vermont Supreme Court, 2011).[84]

Benjamin Cruz of Guam was the first openly gay judge of a territorial supreme court; he came out in 1995 and was appointed to the Supreme Court of Guam in 1997.[85] Cruz served as associate justice from 1997 to 1999 and as chief justice from 1999 until his retirement in 2001.[86]

  • State Judge of Compensation Claims Rand Hoch, Flagler, Seminole and Volusia counties, Florida – appointed 1992[87]
  • Transgender judge: Victoria Kolakowski, Superior Court of Alameda County, California – elected 2010
  • Superior Court Judge Victor Carlson, 3rd Judicial District State of Alaska at Anchorage – appointed 1975 served until 1985 when he lost a retention election that was held in the shadow of his coming out.[88]

References

  1. ^ a b Reese, Phil (April 26, 2012). "2012 proving busy year for Victory Fund". Washington Blade. Retrieved April 27, 2012.
  2. ^ David A. J. Richards, Fundamentalism in American Religion and Law: Obama's Challenge to Patriarchy (Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 175, footnote 60.
  3. ^ Housecleaning, Time, July 25, 1983
  4. ^ Harris Wofford, Finding Love Again, This Time With a Man, The New York Times (April 23, 2016).
  5. ^ Manuel Roig-Franzia, Kyrsten Sinema: A success story like nobody else's, The Washington Post (January 2, 2013).
  6. ^ a b c d e f Dison, Denis (November 7, 2012). "Victory Fund celebrates huge night for gay candidates". Gay Politics. Archived from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved November 8, 2012. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ "Rep. Hinson of Mississippi Arrested in the Capital on a Morals Charge". The New York Times. February 5, 1981. Retrieved August 17, 2015.
  8. ^ Bolcer, Julie (November 7, 2012). "Openly Gay Congressional Winner Makes History in New York". The Advocate. Archived from the original on September 5, 2013. Retrieved December 3, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ Michael Ross, Gay Activist OKd for Fair Housing Post, Los Angeles Times (May 25, 1993).
  10. ^ http://www.usccr.gov/about/bio/Achtenberg.php
  11. ^ Associated Press, Sharon Lubinski: Senate Confirms First Openly Gay US Marshal (December 28, 2009).
  12. ^ Mike Carter, U.S. Attorney Jenny Durkan to step down, The Seattle Times (September 4, 2014).
  13. ^ Chris Johnson, Lesbian EEOC commissioner re-nominated for 2nd term, Washington Blade (May 24, 2013).
  14. ^ a b https://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/author/fred-p-hochberg
  15. ^ Tracy Baim, Obama and the Gays: A Political Marriage (2010), p. 260.
  16. ^ Feds Back Gay Businesses, The Advocate (July 4, 2000).
  17. ^ "30 Years after the White House Meeting: Participants then and now". National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-24.
  18. ^ a b c "LGBT activist Woolard: 'I'm going to run hard' for Atlanta mayor – Georgia Voice – Gay & LGBT Atlanta". March 12, 2015. Retrieved July 14, 2016.
  19. ^ Handbook of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Administration and Policy (Marcel Dekker: 2004), ed. Wallace Swan, p. 100.
  20. ^ Ken Picard, Continuing Ed: Three and a half years after his near-fatal car crash is Sen. Ed Flanagan still up to the job?, Seven Days (May 20, 2009).
  21. ^ Curry, Tom (August 13, 2004). "McGreevey confession doesn't reveal all". MSNBC. Retrieved March 10, 2008.
  22. ^ 10 Years After Resigning, Jim McGreevey Doesn't View Himself As A Gay Trailblazer, CBS News/Associated Press (August 12, 2014).
  23. ^ Michelle Garcia, Kate Brown, First Openly LGBT Governor, Assumes Office With Pointed Inauguration Speech, The Advocate (February 18, 2015).
  24. ^ Alison Gash, Oregon Leads the Way With Nation's First Openly Bisexual Governor, Slate (March 4, 2015).
  25. ^ "Maura Healey will be the nation's first openly gay AG – The Boston Globe". BostonGlobe.com. Retrieved December 15, 2016.
  26. ^ "Lesbian to be House speaker". The Bulletin. Bend, Ore. November 16, 2015. Retrieved August 17, 2015.
  27. ^ Kent Faulk, Alabama's first openly gay lawmaker threatens to 'out' officials having extramarital affairs, The Huntsville Times (January 26, 2013).
  28. ^ Arizona son, mother aim to be statehouse colleagues, Associated Press (August 27, 2012).
  29. ^ Associated Press, Little Rock Approves Anti-Discrimination Protections (April 21, 2015).
  30. ^ Michael Finnegan, Sheila Kuehl seeks a legislative encore with L.A. supervisor bid, Los Angeles Times (April 29, 2014).
  31. ^ Lillian Faderman & Stuart Timmons, Gay L.A.: A History of Sexual Outlaws, Power Politics, and Lipstick Lesbians (Basic Books, 2006), p. 336.
  32. ^ a b Jim Newton, As Assembly speaker, he helped tame the budget. What's next for John Pérez?, Los Angeles Times (May 25, 2014).
  33. ^ a b Thomas J. Noel, Colorado: A Historical Atlas (University of Oklahoma Press, 2015), p. 222.
  34. ^ Dan Froschnov, Colorado Democrats Elect State's First Gay Speaker, The New York Times (November 8, 2012).
  35. ^ Lynn Bartels, Lucia Guzman, Senate president pro tem emeritus, The Denver Post (November 15, 2014).
  36. ^ Elizabeth Flock, In First, Two Openly Gay Candidates Battle for State Senate, U.S. News & World Report (August 27, 2012).
  37. ^ Nick Ravo, For Gay Legislator, Bill Is End of 'Long Journey', The New York Times (April 23, 1991).
  38. ^ Siadate, Nazly (August 23, 2012). "Americas Six Out Bisexual Elected State Officials". The Advocate. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
  39. ^ Steve Rothaus, David Richardson, Florida' first openly gay legislator, reelected when GOP opponent's filing check bounces, Miami Herald (July 2, 2014).
  40. ^ Ashley Lopez, Florida Elects Two Openly Gay State Lawmakers For The First Time, WLRN (November 14, 2012).
  41. ^ "A Silent Partnership". The Des Moines Register. March 8, 2014.
  42. ^ Sean R. Sedam (March 9, 2007). "Looking after Maggie's farm". The Gazette. Retrieved June 10, 2014. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  43. ^ "Minnesota Legislators Past & Present – Legislator Record – Clark, Karen J". Minnesota legislature. Retrieved July 20, 2010.
  44. ^ http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/harrisburg_politics/Sen-Ferlo-makes-it-official-Im-gay.html
  45. ^ Mary Gonzalez comes out as pansexual. Dallas Voice, October 10, 2012.
  46. ^ "Vice Speaker Benjamin J. Cruz". Benjamin J. Cruz. Retrieved April 27, 2012.
  47. ^ Susan Ferentinos, Interpreting LGBT History at Museums and Historic Sites (Rowman & Littleman, 2015), p. 173.
  48. ^ Japhy Grant, Think Harvey Milk Was the First Openly-Gay Politician? Think Again, Queerty, (January 21, 2009).
  49. ^ a b https://www.victoryfund.org/our-story/gay-politics-blog/california-harvey-milk-day-proclamation-gets-history-wrong
  50. ^ http://feministing.com/2015/05/27/elaine-noble-kathy-kozachenko-the-first-openly-lgbt-people-to-be-elected
  51. ^ http://www.mkelgbthist.org/people/peo-y/yeadon_jim.htm
  52. ^ Diane Kaufman & Scott Kaufman, Historical Dictionary of the Carter Era (Scarecrow Press, 2013), p. 180.
  53. ^ Peter Freiberg, Albany Man May Be First Black Gay City Official, The Advocate (October 24, 1989), p. 16.
  54. ^ Keith St. John, New York, 1989, OutHistory.
  55. ^ "Marlene Pray Becomes First Openly Bisexual Office Holder In PA – Amplify". Amplifyyourvoice.org. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
  56. ^ "Marlene Pray resigns from Doylestown Council – phillyburbs.com: Doylestown". phillyburbs.com. March 19, 2013. Archived from the original on June 15, 2013. Retrieved December 3, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  57. ^ Guide to the Robert Gentry Papers MS.R.167, Online Archive of California.
  58. ^ [1], Out & Elected in the USA.
  59. ^ http://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/OAKLAND-Wan-resigns-from-City-Council-He-ll-2740373.php
  60. ^ Making Black Gay History, The Advocate (February 17, 2004), p. 16.
  61. ^ Silicon Valley 40 under 40: Evan Low, city of Campbell, Silicon Valley Business Journal (December 13, 2013).
  62. ^ a b Brenda Gazzar, Sierra Madre's Mosca first openly gay mayor in the San Gabriel Valley, Pasadena-Star News (May 2, 2010).
  63. ^ Andy Towle, Gay Man Poised to Become Mayor of Hartford, Connecticut, Towleroad (June 23, 2010).
  64. ^ Jenna Carlesso, Hartford Mayor Segarra Honored By Out Magazine, Hartford Courant (November 17, 2010).
  65. ^ Hariqbal Basi, Election Roundup: LGBT Equality Victories, GLAAD (November 9, 2011).
  66. ^ New London, Conn. elects openly gay attorney as first mayor in nine decades, LGBTQ Nation (November 8, 2011).
  67. ^ Delaware City Elects Gay Mayor, The Advocate (April 7, 2011).
  68. ^ Raymond A. Smith & Donald P. Haider-Markel, Gay and Lesbian Americans and Political Participation: A Reference Handbook (ABC-CLIO, 2002), pp. 194–95.
  69. ^ Andy Towle, Pahokee, Florida Mayor J.P. Sasser Comes Out Publicly, Towleroad (October 23, 2006).
  70. ^ Donald Cavanaugh, Ken Keechl – Broward's First Gay Mayor, South Florida Gay News (February 27, 2014).
  71. ^ Julie Bolcer, Gay Mayor Elected in Gainesville by 35 Votes, The Advocate (April 14, 2010).
  72. ^ Erin Blasko, South Bend, Indiana, Mayor Announces He's Gay, Tribune News Service (June 17, 2015).
  73. ^ Raymond A. Smith & Donald P. Haider-Markel, Gay and Lesbian Americans and Political Participation: A Reference Handbook (ABC-CLIO, 2002), p. 310.
  74. ^ http://www.dallasvoice.com/out-and-in-office-in-kemp-1019490.html
  75. ^ Alexa Verdugo Morgan, Libertarians in Utah; the fastest growing third-party option, St. George News (July 26, 2012).
  76. ^ "November 6, 2012 General and Special Elections City of Virginia Beach" (PDF).
  77. ^ a b David E. Newton, Gay and Lesbian Rights: A Reference Handbook (ABC-CLIO: 2d ed. 2009), p. 128.
  78. ^ Kathie Bergquist & Robert McDonald, A Field Guide to Gay & Lesbian Chicago (Lake Claremont Press: 2006), p. 8.
  79. ^ Proud Heritage: People, Issues, and Documents of the LGBT Experience (ed. Chuck Stewart), ABC-CLIO (2005), p. 949.
  80. ^ Henry J. Reske, Appointment Breaks Barrier: First Openly Gay Federal Judge Assumes Duties, ABA Journal (December 1994), p. 27.
  81. ^ a b c Mark Joseph Stern, Obama's Most Enduring Gay Rights Achievement, Slate (June 17, 2014).
  82. ^ Gavin Broady, A Modern Judicial Role Model: Judge Alison Nathan, Law360 (September 30, 2014).
  83. ^ Dylan Scott (September 24, 2013). "Senate Confirms First Openly Gay Federal Appeals Court Judge". Talking Points Memo.
  84. ^ a b Christie nominates gay black man, Asian to New Jersey Supreme Court seats, Associated Press (January 23, 2012).
  85. ^ David Silva, Cruz Control: Newly Appointed Guam Supreme Court Justice Benjamin Cruz May Be the Nation's Highest-Ranking Gay Judge, The Advocate (November 25, 1997), p. 48.
  86. ^ "The Hon. Benjamin J.F. Cruz". Unified Courts of Guam. Retrieved April 27, 2012.
  87. ^ https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1901&dat=19920117&id=nwsqAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GtMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2107,1036235
  88. ^ "Corruption/human%20trafficking%20in%20alaska/JUDGE%20WATCHES%20REPUTATION%20SLIDE%20INTO%20SEAMY%20SEX%20TRIAL_Anchorag". nonprof.com. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_openly_LGBT_politicians_in_the_United_States&oldid=781885870"