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'''[[USL League Two]]'''<br/>
'''[[USL League Two]]'''<br/>
''82 clubs'' – 4 conferences with 12 divisions
''82 clubs'' – 4 conferences with 12 divisions
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5
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'''[[USASA Elite Amateur Leagues]]'''<br/>
''15 State and Regional Leagues''
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'''[[United Premier Soccer League]]'''<br/>
'''[[United Premier Soccer League]]'''<br/>
''250+ clubs'' – 8 conferences with 19 divisions
''250+ clubs'' – 8 conferences with 19 divisions
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6
| colspan="2" |
'''[[United States Adult Soccer Association]]'''<br />
''55 state associations in 4 regions''



''See [[List of USASA affiliated leagues]] for complete list''<br />Region I<br />Region II<br />Region III<br />Region IV
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Revision as of 22:40, 26 June 2020

The United States soccer league system is a series of professional and amateur soccer leagues based, in whole or in part, in the United States. Sometimes called the American soccer pyramid, teams and leagues are not linked by the system of promotion and relegation typical in soccer elsewhere. Instead, the United States Soccer Federation (USSF) defines professional leagues in three levels, called divisions, with all other leagues sanctioned by USSF not having an official designated level or division.

For practical and historical reasons, some teams from Bermuda, Canada, and Puerto Rico (considered a separate country by FIFA) can also compete in these leagues. However, these teams are not eligible for the U.S. Open Cup and cannot represent the United States in the CONCACAF Champions League because they are not affiliated with U.S. Soccer.

Structure

No professional league in any of the major pro sports leagues in the U.S. or Canada, including the professional soccer leagues, currently uses a system of promotion and relegation.[1] The country's governing body for the sport, the United States Soccer Federation (also known as the USSF or U.S. Soccer), oversees the league system and is responsible for sanctioning professional leagues. The leagues themselves are responsible for admitting and administering individual teams. Amateur soccer in the United States is regulated by the United States Adult Soccer Association (USASA), the only amateur soccer organization sanctioned by the USSF. Automatic promotion and relegation between its leagues, as exists in many other national league systems, was considered by United Soccer League, but was never implemented; although voluntary promotion and relegation has occurred.[2]

Some amateur leagues sanctioned by the USASA also use promotion and relegation systems within multiple levels of their leagues. However, there has never been a merit-based promotion system offered to the USASA's "national" leagues, the NPSL and League Two.

College soccer in the United States is sanctioned by bodies outside the direct control of the USSF, the most important of which is the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). See NCAA Division I women's soccer programs, NCAA Division I men's soccer programs, and NCAA Division II men's soccer programs for a list of college soccer programs in the United States.

The standards for Division I, II and III leagues are set by the USSF.[3]

Men's leagues

Division League Abbreviation Teams Founded First season
I Major League Soccer MLS 26 1993 1996
II USL Championship USLC 35 2010 2011
III USL League One USL1 12 2017 2019
National Independent Soccer Association NISA 8 2017 2019–20

In the United States, professional men's outdoor soccer leagues are ranked by the United States Soccer Federation into one of three divisions: Division I, Division II, and Division III.[4] Amateur soccer organizations are also recognized by the USSF, but individual amateur leagues are not.[5] The only adult amateur soccer organization currently recognized by U.S. Soccer is the USASA, although several other leagues operate independently under the USASA umbrella.

Division I

Since 1996, Major League Soccer (MLS) has been the only sanctioned USSF Division I men's outdoor soccer league in the United States. MLS has grown from 10 teams in 1996 to 26 teams as of the 2020 season. It will further expand to 30 teams by the 2022 season.

Ownership requirements

  • League must have a minimum of 12 teams to apply. By year three, the league must have a minimum of 14 teams
  • US-based teams must participate in all representative U.S. Soccer and CONCACAF competitions for which they are eligible (ex. U.S. Open Cup, CONCACAF Champions League.)
  • The majority owner must have a net worth of US $40 million, and the total ownership group must have a net worth of US $70 million. Both of these net worth requirements must be independent of both the club and the individuals' primary residence.[6]

Market requirements

  • Teams located in at least the Eastern, Central and Pacific time zones in the continental United States. These three time zones are required because the majority of the large population centers are located in these time zones
  • At least 75% of the league's teams must be based in markets with one million population
  • All stadiums must be enclosed
  • All league stadiums must have a minimum seating capacity of 15,000
  • Not later than 180 days prior to the start of each season, each team shall have a lease for at least one full season with its home stadium

Financial viability

  • The league must demonstrate adequate financial viability to ensure continued operation on a season-by-season basis either in the form of a performance bond or similar instrument for each team in the amount of US $1 million or readily available league funds representing US $1 million
  • The maximum amount of readily available league funds for covering teams operations is US $20 million
  • Any team whose performance bond is used during the season will be required to replenish it at least 120 days prior to the next season
  • Each team ownership group must demonstrate the financial capacity to operate the team for five years. As part of the process of demonstrating financial capacity, each ownership group must provide detailed financial history (if applicable) and projections (including a detailed budget) for the team to the Federation in a form satisfactory to the Federation. In addition, each team must have and its governing legal documents must designate one principal owner with a controlling interest who owns at least 35% of the team and has authority to bind the team. Such principal owner must have an individual net worth of at least forty million US dollars (US $40,000,000) exclusive of the value of his/her ownership in the league or team and his/her primary personal residence. The principal owner, together with all other owners, must have a combined individual net worth of at least seventy million US dollars (US $70,000,000) exclusive of the value of ownership interests in the league or team and primary personal residences. Federation shall have the right to require an independent audit to establish that the team meets these net worth requirements; the cost of such audit shall be the responsibility of the team or league. The Federation will take reasonable steps to protect from disclosure and limit access to financial information provided under this section

Media

  • The league must have broadcast or cable television contracts that provide for the telecasting of all regular season games as well as the championship game/series. High-quality internet streaming of regular season games satisfies this requirement

Team organization

  • All required positions must be filled by full-time staff year-round
  • Each US-based team must demonstrate a commitment to a player development program. This requirement may be satisfied by supporting either an amateur or professional reserve team competing in a USSF-sanctioned league or by the league itself
  • Each US-based team must maintain teams and a program to develop players at the youth level. This requirement may be satisfied by fielding teams in a Federation academy program

League operations

In addition to the required positions filled by full-time staff, the league office must have full-time staff performing the functions of a chief operations officer, a chief financial officer and a director of marketing/public relations on a year-round basis

Division II

The USL Championship (USLC) is the only sanctioned Division II men's outdoor soccer league as of 2018. Formed in 2010 as a result of the merger of the former USL First Division and USL Second Division, the USL Championship was sanctioned as Division III league from 2011 to 2016 before becoming provisionally sanctioned as a Division II league for 2017,[7], and receiving full Division II sanctioning in 2018.[8]

The USL Championship has expanded almost three-fold since its first season in 2011 to include 35 teams in the 2020 season, with the league divided into two conferences, Eastern and Western. The USL Championship is the largest Division II professional league in the world, and alongside its clubs has invested almost $1 billion into new stadium projects over the past decade to provide greater infrastructure for its clubs and fans. Since 2014, valuation of USL Championship clubs have increased five-fold. In revenue, 2018 Championship clubs saw a 28% increase over 2017 numbers on an average of ticketing, sponsorship, merchandise, and ancillary revenue generation.

The USL Championship also holds a broadcast agreement with ESPN that sees 20 regular season games televised nationally on ESPN2, ESPNews and ESPN Deportes in addition to national broadcast of the USL Championship Final, which in 2019 was aired on both ESPN2 and ESPN Deportes. The league's remaining regular season games are broadcast nationally on ESPN+, with 22 of the Championship's clubs also holding local broadcast agreements. The USL Championship's broadcast agreement was made possible in large part by a major investment by USL with league technology partner Vista Worldlink to establish a state-of-the-art USL Broadcast Center out of Fort Lauderdale, Fla.. In 2018, the Championship produced more than 575 matches and became a key component of the launch of the ESPN+ streaming service – for which it produces more live professional soccer matches than any other professional soccer organization – when it became available in April 2018.

The evolution of USL has seen the organization voluntarily recognize of the USL Player’s Association as the exclusive bargaining representative of the USL Championship's players, which will help to continue to raise the standards across the board.

The previously Division II North American Soccer League (NASL) was formed in 2009, but did not debut until 2011 following the controversial 2010 season that saw neither the USL First Division nor the NASL receive Division II sanctioning from the USSF, resulting in the temporary USSF Division 2 Pro League. NASL was sanctioned as a Division II league from 2011 to 2016; when it fielded 8 teams for the 2017 season, U.S. Soccer only granted the league provisional sanctioning as it fell under the 12-team requirement.[9] The USSF rejected the NASL's application to maintain provisional Division II status for the 2018 season as the NASL did not present a plan[10] on how it would meet the Division II criteria.[11] In response, the NASL filed "a federal antitrust suit against the U.S. Soccer Federation"[12] in an attempt to force USSF to drop all Division designations. Due to the continuing litigation against U.S. Soccer, the NASL then had to postpone its season to August 2018 and lost four more teams in the process.

Division III

In March 2017, United Soccer League, administrator of the USL Championship and USL League Two, announced following the successful sanctioning of the USL Championship as a Division II league it would start a new tier in its professional structure, which became USL League One, and seek Division III certification for the 2019 season.[13] The league received sanctioning in December 2018 and conducted a successful first season in 2019 that saw 10 teams compete in a single-table format and North Texas SC claim its inaugural league title. The seven independent clubs averaged 2,496 fans per match in 2019, placing League One in the top three of Division III leagues globally, and the league has expanded to include 12 teams for its second season in 2020, with further expansion expected prior to the 2021 season.

With its arrival, League One has become a foundation of professional soccer in America, providing new communities with local clubs as well as opportunities for players and coaches to move into the professional ranks. In the league’s first season in 2019, 108 of the 331 players under contract were competing at the professional level for the first time, while players that competed in the league also featured at the 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup and 2019 FIFA U-17 World Cup. In addition, four of the league’s 10 head coaches in its inaugural season took the sidelines at the helm of a professional team for the first time in 2019, with each of the league's expansion clubs in 2020 also set to be led by first-time head coaches in the professional ranks.

The strong growth of USL has led to the recognition by the organization of the USL Player’s Association, which will help raise standards across the board. In 2020, League One clubs followed the lead of the USL Championship in recognizing the USLPA as the exclusive bargaining representative of League One players.

A second league, National Independent Soccer Association (NISA) led by former Chicago Fire general manager Peter Wilt plans on fielding 8 to 10 teams in 2019 and has stated that it will seek Division III certification.[14]

In September 2015, it was reported that the USSF was proposing the addition of eligibility requirements for sanctioned Division I soccer leagues, including that they must have at least 16 teams, stadiums with a capacity of at least 15,000, and at least 75% of the teams must be in cities that have a population of at least 2 million.[15]

In 2018, the National Premier Soccer League (NPSL), a nationwide semi-professional league announced the intention to set up a professional division, NPSL Pro. As part of the announcement, NPSL initiated a single season competition, the NPSL Founders Cup, involving 11 teams that will form the new professional league in 2020. Although explicitly a professional league, there has been no confirmation that NPSL intend to apply for DIII status.[16]

General standards

Market requirements

  • At least 75% of the leagues' teams must be based in the United States
  • At least a certain percentage of the leagues' teams must be based in markets with a certain population

Field/Stadium requirements

  • All stadiums must have controllable ingress/egress
  • All outdoor leagues must be playing on FIFA-approved surfaces at least 70 yards by 110 yards in dimension.

Number of teams in each league

Below is a list of the number of teams[17] sanctioned by the USSF in the so-called "modern era" under the division sanctioning scheme described above.

Pro Soccer Teams (includes teams outside United States)
Year Total Pro Teams[a] 1 2 3 Non-Sanctioned[b]
MLS APSL USISL PL –
1994 7 – 7[c] -[d]
1995 61 – 6 55
MLS APSL/USISL SL USISL PL –
1996 65 10 28[e] 27
MLS A-League USISL D3PL –
1997 73 10 24[f] 39[g]
1998 79 12 28 39
1999 68 12 30 26[h]
2000 59 12 25 22
2001 50 12 21 17
2002 46 10 18 18
MLS A-League Pro League –
2003 42 10 19 13[i]
2004 38 10 16 12
MLS USL-1[j] USL-2 MLS Reserve
2005 33 12 12 9 12[k]
2006 33 12 12 9 12
2007 35 13 12 10 13
2008 35 14 11 10 14
2009 35 15 11 9
MLS USSF D2 Pro[l] USL-2 –
2010 34 16 12 6
MLS NASL[m] USL[n] MLS Reserve
2011 38 18 8 12 18
2012 38 19 8 11 19
2013 40 19 8 13 15
2014 43 19 10 14 8[o]
2015 55 20 11 24
2016 61 20 12 29
MLS NASL/USL – –
2017 60 22 38[p] none[q]
MLS USL – –
2018 56 23 33 none[q]
MLS USLC USL1/NISA –
2019 77 24 36 17[r]
2020 81 26 35 20[s]
Notes
  1. ^ Only includes those sanctioned by USSF as Professional
  2. ^ Teams with players receiving salary (professional teams) that played in leagues not sanctioned as Division I, II, or III by USSF.
  3. ^ American Professional Soccer League changed their name to A-League and gained official Division II sanctioning this year.
  4. ^ The USISL Professional League included 70 teams of which 36 were Amateur teams. Not included as the league did not yet have Division III sanctioning.
  5. ^ USISL divided into 2 Division. USISL Select League had 21 teams and was shared status of Division II sanctioning together the A-League. The USISL Pro League had 27 teams and was status of Division III.
  6. ^ A-League merged with USISL and teams from USISL Select League became part of the A-League. The merger avoided competing Division II leagues.
  7. ^ USISL renamed Division III league to USISL D3 Pro.
  8. ^ USISL D3 Pro was renamed USL D3 Pro as part of the re-branding of USISL to United Soccer Leagues.
  9. ^ Started season called the USL Pro Select League but was changed to Pro Soccer League for legal reasons.
  10. ^ The A-League was renamed USL First Division commonly called USL-1.
  11. ^ MLS sponsored a Reserve League with players from MLS teams that are not on the active roster from 2005–2008 & 2011–2013.
  12. ^ Due to the conflict resulting from the sale of United Soccer Leagues by Nike, USSF organized this league which had teams from the First Division of United Soccer Leagues and the newly formed North American Soccer League.
  13. ^ NASL gained provisional Division II sanctioning this year.
  14. ^ Was branded as USL Pro until 2015.
  15. ^ Last year of MLS Reserve League – teams now expected to have a USL affiliate instead.
  16. ^ USL had 30 teams and gained provisional Division II sanctioning in 2017. NASL and its 8 teams continued their provisional Division II sanctioning in 2017.
  17. ^ a b No league played at the Division III level in 2017 or 2018.
  18. ^ Includes 10 USL1 clubs and 7 NISA clubs.
  19. ^ Includes 12 USL1 clubs and 8 NISA clubs.

Semi-professional and amateur leagues

The USSF does not officially recognize distinctions beyond the three professional divisions above. Currently, all other leagues are sanctioned by USASA which is a national association member of the USSF and the only[18] member of the Adult Council. Among leagues sanctioned by USASA, USL League Two (USL2) and National Premier Soccer League (NPSL) are recognized in practical terms as playing at a higher level as both are considered national leagues and receive more automatic berths to the US Open Cup than the total given to all the regional leagues and the USASA state association leagues combined.[19][failed verification] Additionally, USL2 and NPSL pay some of their players and are more accurately described as semi-professional leagues.[citation needed]

USL League Two takes place during the summer months, and has age restrictions.[20] Thus, the player pool is drawn mainly from NCAA college soccer players seeking to continue playing high level soccer during their summer break, while still maintaining their college eligibility.[21] The National Premier Soccer League is similar to USL2 and also attracts top amateur talent from around the United States. However, unlike USL2, the NPSL does not have any age limits or restrictions, thus incorporating both college players and former professional players.[citation needed]

Structure

The table below shows the current structure of the system. For each division, its official name, sponsorship name, number of clubs and conferences/divisions are given. The United States Soccer Federation regulates the standards for a league or division to be recognized as professional, while also determining the level of division for each league.[3]

Division

Professional leagues sanctioned by the United States Soccer Federation

I

Major League Soccer
26 clubs – 2 conferences

II

USL Championship
35 clubs – 2 conferences

III

National Independent
Soccer Association
8 clubs

USL League One
12 clubs

The system is only defined as far as Division 3. What follows is a representation of Open Division structure, should the structure be defined further.

Unofficial Level

Semi-professional and Amateur Leagues[m 1] sanctioned through United States Adult Soccer Association (USASA)[23]
an Organization Member of USSF and only member of the Adult Council[24]

4

National Premier Soccer League
94 clubs – 4 regions with 14 conferences

USL League Two
82 clubs – 4 conferences with 12 divisions

United Premier Soccer League
250+ clubs – 8 conferences with 19 divisions

  1. ^ Tier/Division numbers are not official for these leagues as U.S. Soccer does not designate a Division number or directly sanction them. The leagues are generally ordered by quality of play from top to bottom.[22] Currently there is no relegation/promotion among any of these leagues.

Men's national soccer cups

  • U.S. Open Cup – open to all USSF-sanctioned amateur and professional leagues, though professional teams that are owned by, or whose playing staffs are managed by, higher-level outdoor professional teams are barred from entry
  • USASA National Amateur Cup – amateur-only cup tournament
  • Hank Steinbrecher Cup – contested between the league winners of NPSL, League Two, USASA Open Cup and USASA Amateur Cup

Women

The Women's United Soccer Association started playing in 2001, but suspended operations in 2003. It was replaced in 2009 with Women's Professional Soccer. WPS closed after the 2011 season due to a dispute with owners, and the WPSL Elite League was the de facto top tier of women's soccer in 2012. In November 2012 the National Women's Soccer League, sponsored by the United States Soccer Federation, the Canadian Soccer Association and the Mexican Football Federation was announced.[25] The league started play in April 2013. Mexico withdrew from sponsorship of the NWSL once it established its own women's league in 2017.

There were two leagues that acted as an unofficial lower division. The United Soccer Leagues ran the W-League from 1995 to 2015.[26][27] The Women's Premier Soccer League (WPSL) was founded in 1998.[28] Almost immediately following the demise of the W-League, United Women's Soccer was founded with orphan W-League teams and WPSL breakaways.[29]

While there was never official distinction between the national amateur leagues, it was commonly assumed that the W-League was a higher quality than WPSL.[citation needed] Two W-League teams had effectively promoted into the first division – the Buffalo Flash becoming the Western New York Flash in 2011 and D.C. United Women becoming the Washington Spirit in 2013 – while no WPSL teams have ever done so. UWS, as W-League's spiritual successor, has strengthened this image of being the higher-quality amateur league by attracting four teams that had been associated with WPSL Elite.

Level

Leagues/divisions

1[w 1]

National Women's Soccer League
(NWSL)
9 clubs

[w 2] Affiliated through United States Adult Soccer Association (USASA)[23][32]

United Women's Soccer
(UWS)
25 clubs (in 4 conferences)
(plus 1 Canadian club)
(plus 1 Puerto Rico club)

Women's Premier Soccer League
(WPSL)
133 clubs (in 4 regions and 20 conferences)
(plus 2 Canadian club)

[w 2]

United States Adult Soccer Association (USASA)
 55 state associations in 4 regions
See List of USASA affiliated leagues for complete list
Region I
Region II
Region III
Region IV

  1. ^ U.S. Soccer has been heavily involved in the creation and operation of the NWSL; however, it did not initially refer to the new league as a sanctioned Division 1 league.[30] U.S. Soccer has now officially labeled NWSL as a Division 1 Professional league, and has added the league to its Professional Council.[31]
  2. ^ a b The tiers or levels here are approximate and not specifically so designated by USSF.

Women's national soccer cups

Indoor soccer

Indoor soccer in North America is governed by the Confederación Panamericana de Minifutbol (CPM), a member of the World Minifootball Federation (WMF).

Leagues/divisions

Major Arena Soccer League
(MASL)
15 U.S. clubs and 2 Mexican clubs

Major Arena Soccer League 2
(M2)
8 U.S. clubs and 1 Mexican club

Premier Arena Soccer League
(PASL)
25 U.S. clubs

See also

References

  1. ^ Galarcep, Ives (October 9, 2014). "Jurgen Klinsmann backs promotion-relegation system for American soccer". Sporting News. Retrieved January 27, 2015.
  2. ^ "Q&A with USL Vice President Tim Holt". United Soccer Leagues. April 21, 2006. Archived from the original on April 23, 2006. Retrieved July 15, 2007.
  3. ^ a b Kenn, Larry. "USSF Professional Standards". Retrieved February 26, 2016.
  4. ^ USSF Policy 202(H)(1) (PDF)
  5. ^ USSF Bylaws 109(13) to 109(17) (PDF)
  6. ^ http://www.kenn.com/soccer/ussf_standards2014.pdf
  7. ^ Straus, Brian (January 6, 2017). "U.S. Soccer grants provisional division two sanctioning to both NASL, USL". Sports Illustrated.
  8. ^ "US Soccer grants USL 2nd-division status". Chicago Tribune. January 17, 2018.
  9. ^ "Eight clubs will take the field in April". NASL. January 6, 2017.
  10. ^ kennedy, Paul (October 17, 2017). "NASL vs. USSF: Court filings show settlement discussions were ongoing". SoccerAmericaDaily.
  11. ^ "US Soccer Federation Rejects NASL's Division II application". fiftyfive.one. September 5, 2017.
  12. ^ Straus, Brian. "NASL files lawsuit vs. USSF over division sanction". SI.com. Retrieved 2017-10-03.
  13. ^ "USL to Launch Third-Division League in 2019". United Soccer Leagues. April 2, 2013.. See also USLD3.com.
  14. ^ "EXCLUSIVE: The National Independent Soccer Association (NISA) – A New Division III Professional Soccer League Expects to Launch in 2019". NISA. June 6, 2017. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
  15. ^ "NASL accuses U.S. Soccer and MLS of violating antitrust laws". ESPN FC. Retrieved September 3, 2015.
  16. ^ NPSL Pro league and Founders Cup
  17. ^ See All-Time Division II Standings for Division II list of teams and records. and All-Time Division III Standings for Division III teams
  18. ^ Soccer Organizations: Adult Council, archived from the original on 24 October 2018, retrieved 24 October 2018
  19. ^ Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup 2016 Handbook: Finalists' Edition (PDF), United States Soccer Federation, March 2016, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-10-24, retrieved 2018-10-24. (In 2016, PDL received 19 berths and the League Champion received a bye to the 2nd round. NPSL qualified 15 berths, and the Open Division Local Qualifiers received 14 berths. Similarly in 2018: PDL received 20, NPSL received 19, and Local Qualifiers received 13.)
  20. ^ PDL rules dictate that a maximum of eight players on each team's 26-man roster can be over 23 years old, while at least three players on each team's roster must be 18 or younger.
  21. ^ "United Soccer Leagues". www.uslpdl.com. Archived from the original on September 15, 2015. Retrieved September 22, 2015.
  22. ^ USASA Leagues & Affiliates
  23. ^ a b "Premier Leagues". www.usadultsoccer.com. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
  24. ^ "Affiliates: Adult Council". United States Soccer Federation.
  25. ^ "Equalizer Soccer – Eight teams to start new women's pro soccer league in 2013". Equalizersoccer.com. November 21, 2012. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
  26. ^ "W-League Statement". United Soccer Leagues (USL). November 6, 2015. Archived from the original on November 19, 2015. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  27. ^ "USL W-League, once top flight, folds after 21 seasons". Equalizersoccer.com. November 6, 2015. Retrieved November 18, 2015.
  28. ^ "WPSL Website". wpsl.info.
  29. ^ Conor, Ryan (December 15, 2015). "After struggles with former league, New England Mutiny helping form new United Women's Soccer league". MassLive. Retrieved December 15, 2015.
  30. ^ See NWSL Announces Allocation of 55 National Team Players to Eight Clubs Archived 2013-03-04 at the Wayback Machine where U..S Soccer confirms it will subsidize salary for U.S. National Team players.
  31. ^ "Professional Council". United States Soccer Federation. Retrieved November 7, 2013.
  32. ^ http://uwssoccer.com/2015/12/16/uws-to-form-national-pro-am-womens-soccer-league-in-2016/
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