Kingdom of Kaimana
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Kingdom of Kaimana Kerajaan Sran Eman Muun | |
|---|---|
| 1309–- | |
| Capital | Kaimana |
| Religion | Sunni Islam (after 16th century) |
| Government | Kingdom |
| Rat Sran | |
• 1309 - Unknown | Imaga, Rat Sran Nati Patimunin I |
• Unknown | Basir Onin, Rat Sran Adi II |
• 1348 - 1440 | Woran, Rat Sran Rat Adi III |
• 1808 - 1898 | Nduvin, Rat Sran E'man IV |
• 1898 - 1923 | Naro'e, Rat Sran E'man V |
• 1923 - 1966 | Ahmad Aituarauw, Rat Sran Rat Eman Umisi VI |
• 1966 - 1980 | Muh Achmad Rais Aituarauw ,Rat Sran Rat Kaimana Umisi VII |
• 1980 - Now | Abdul Hakim Achmad Aituarauw, Rat Sran Rat Kaimana Umisi VIII |
| History | |
• Founded | 1309 |
• Founding of Kingdom by Imaga based in Pattimunin | 1309 |
• Moved the Kingdom capital to Borombouw, Adi Island | 1348-1440 |
• Visit by Gajah Mada | 1348-1440 |
• Invasion of Tidore | 1498 |
• Moved Kingdom capital to E'man, (modern day Kaimana) | 1808 |
• Disestablished | - |
| Today part of |  Indonesia |
| History of Indonesia |
|---|
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| Timeline |
 Indonesia portal |
The Kingdom of Kaimana, or Kingdom of Sran is one of the oldest Muslim kingdoms in West Papua (province). The kingdom was established by Imaga, with the title Rat Sran Nati Pattimuni, traditionally in 1309.[1][2]
History
According to oral history, the ancestor of Sran kingdom came from Mbaham mountains, more specifically in Kumawa Mountains and Baik Bay, These regions were called Pattimunin. Imaga unified the villages and surrounding tribes under his influence by visiting and marriages, unifying the customs and took on the title Rat Sran Nati Patimunin I. "Rat" means king while "Sran" was the region name which encompasses his influence. He made his capital in Weri, in Tunas Gain Bay in Fakfak. In ruling the kingdom, the king has two companions with equal standing under customary law, "duduvura" which is the consort and "Raja Muda" which is usually the king's son. There are also numerous advisors, which includes religious leaders, ahli nujum, mayora, sangaji, hukom, joujau, kapitang laut (admiral) and Orang Kaya (richer men with influence). Imaga had a brother, Imuli who also founded a kingdom, called Kingdom of Baham, whose descendant now are known as, Joupiad and Padudade, which are families with customary land right in Baham, Kokas, and Kapaur.[3]
After the death of Imaga, his son, Basir Onin took the throne and move his capital to Borombouw, Adi island. This was because the location which was considered strategic for trade. He took on the title Rat Sran Adi II. He retired and his son, Woran became king. Under the reigh of Woran, the kingdom prospered and many villages were under his influence. His primary methods was through marriage and not conquest. Under his reign, according to legends, Gajah Mada visited his palace in Borombouw, Adi Island. This Kraton or palace was known as "San Abe", and in there Gajah Mada gave a Majapahit flag, which was a Red and White coloured flag, and other gifts. In exchange King Woran, gave a daughter and a bird of paradise (Syangga). These contacts between Sran Kingdom and Majapahit was recorded in Negarakertagama which mention a "Sran" as one of regions under Majapahit tributary influence.[3]
After the death of Woran, the records are unclear. There supposedly three more kings after Woran, whose influences did not reach the level of Woran. There was also a invasion by Tidore Sultanate supposedly in 1498 during the Hongi expeditions, which suggest Sran Kingdom fell under the influence of Tidore after this. After which, Sran had to sent tribute in the form of slaves and yellow bird of paradise as well as spices. The royal family converted to Islam presumbaly in 16th century, after moving to Adi island, although the exact date is not known. According to oral history, islamisation of the region was attributed to Syarif Muaz al-Qathan, which is a Sufi from Yemen. He was also known as "Syekh Juba Biru" or the blue coated Sheikh. According to oral history, the king also invited Alhamid from moluccas with Arab descent to serve as Imam in the community, whose descendant still present in Kaimana till this day. According to Memorie-(Vervolg) van Overgave van de (Onder) Afdeeling West Nieuw Guinea, 1932, Tidore raised Mayor Wanggita to be king in Adi and Aiduma islands. Although his descendants, did not able to maintain their influence.[3]
The interregnum caused by family infighting continued, until in 1808, Nduvin became the Rat Sran IV. He moved the capital which was still centered in Borombouw, Adi Island, to E'man which was currently known as Kaimana. He married a Wai Princess, from Bonggofut. She had a family name of Ai which originated from Natau mountain in Franyau, which was named Mimbe Werifun. He had a son which is named Nawaratu, or more commonly known as Naro'e. Under the reign of Nduvin, Tidore was recognized as the suzerain of West Papua, and Tidore was a protectorate of Netherlands. In 1828, Netherlands constructed "Fort du Bus" in Lobo, Namatota, in Kaimana. In the ceremony, multiple tribes and kingdoms was invited which include, Sendawan (King of Namatota), Kassa (King of Lahakia) and Lutu ( "Orang Kaya" from Lobo and Mawara). The Dutch recognize these three men as leader of the regions which was symbolized by three silver batons. Under those three, The Netherlands also recognized another twenty eight tribes or vassal kingdom. As a result, Sran Kingdom was considered under the rule of Namatota Kingdom. Nduvin did not resist the rule of Namatota, and he focused more on fighting and resisting the Hongi expeditions or Hongitochten. In 1898, Nduvin died, and his son Naro'e took power.[3]
Under the reign of Naro'e, the Netherland start to administer the region of New Guinew more directly, Afdeeling Noord Nieuw Guinea was set up and to the south, Afdeeing West en Zuid Nieuw Guinea. These two regions was under the control of resident in Moluccas. Directly circumventing the rule of Naro'e which continued to expand his influence by marrying his family with Fimbay and Rafideso in Miwara, with Kamakula dynasty in Uduma, wirh Nanggewa family from Bicari Bay, with Nambobo and Ai in Mbaham Iha regions with Boki Sekar. In other pursuits, he fight the expanding Hongi expeditions in his teritorry with troops called "Sabakor". Naro’E also form closer relationshio with Namatota Kingdom. He married his daughter, Koviai Bata with Lakatei who became king of Wertuar. Another daughter, Sekar Bata was married with Lamora, king of Namatota. In 1912, He went to Bintuni Bay to meet with Captain Keyts, where he was informed that the Netherlands had set up a government of New guinea, directly invalidating his territory and rule. As a result, he went into exile in Kokas and Babo, for about 10 Years. In this time, his son, Ahmad Aituarauw became the administer of his capital. In 1922, He returned to his capital in Kaimana, where he instructed the villages to open roads and make palm plantation in Sararota, Nusa Venda, Nanesa, Bitsyari and Lobo. In 1923, he died and was buried next to Masjid Agung Baitul Rahim Mosque. The Netherland Indies government gave the rule (with no political power other than matters relating to cultural) of Kaimana to the Ahmad Aituarauw with the title of "Commision King Kaimana" in local language is "Rat Sran Rat Eman Umisi VI", where he ruled from 1923 to 1966. Under the reign of Muhammad Achmad, more commonly known as Bestuur Achmad. This is because he became HBA (Hoofd Bestuur Administratie) and a member of Niew Guinea Raad (NGR) in Hollandia, he retired in 1980.[3] The next king of Sran currently is his third son, Abdul Hakim Achmad Aituarauw, which is a member of Golkar Party and was a legislative candidate of People's Representative Council (DPR) in 2019.[4]
List of Kings
| Name | Rat Sran Eman Muun | Reign |
|---|---|---|
| Imaga | Rat Sran Nati Patimunin I | 1309-Unknown |
| Basir Onin | Rat Sran Adi II | Unknown–1348 |
| Woran | Rat Sran Rat Adi III | 1348–1440 |
| Interregnum or no information | 1440-1808 | |
| Nduvin | Rat Sran E'man IV | 1808–1898 |
| Naro'e | Rat Sran E'man V | 1898–1923 |
| Ahmad Aituarauw | Rat Sran Rat Eman Umisi VI | 1923–1966 |
| Muhammad Achmad Rais Aituarauw | Rat Sran Rat Kaimana Umisi VII | 1960–1980 |
| Abdul Hakim Achmad Aituarauw | Rat Sran Rat Kaimana Umisi VIII | 1980-Present |
Legacy
Now, most of the of the ruins of Sran Kingdom which include a fort and kraton (palace) were already destroyed, except the Masjid Agung Baitul Rahim Mosque as well as the royal burial complex for Sran Kingdom. The mosque was already repaired and reconstructed five times, and already lost much of its original design. Currently the royal family are trying to collect and find the royal heirloom which was spread all over Eastern Indonesia Kingdoms. Some of the heirloom was found in Gowa Sultanate, South Sulawesi, because of past royal marriages. After a museum was constructed most of the heirloom will be displayed there.[5]
See also
References
- ^ Suroto, Hari. "Kaimana, Kota Senja di Papua Barat yang Punya Sejarah Kerajaan". detikTravel (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2021-06-04.
- ^ Usmany, Desy Polla (2014). "SEJARAH RAT SRAN RAJA KOMISI KAIMANA (History of Rat Sran King of Kaimana)". Jurnal Penelitian Arkeologi Papua dan Papua Barat. 6 (1): 85–92. doi:10.24832/papua.v6i1.45. ISSN 2580-9237.
- ^ a b c d e Usmany, Desy Polla (2017-06-03). "SEJARAH RAT SRAN RAJA KOMISI KAIMANA (History of Rat Sran King of Kaimana)". Jurnal Penelitian Arkeologi Papua Dan Papua Barat (in Indonesian). 6 (1): 85–92. doi:10.24832/papua.v6i1.45 (inactive 2021-05-06). ISSN 2580-9237. Retrieved 2021-04-24.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2021 (link) - ^ "KBR :: KENALI CALEG - ABDUL HAKIM ACHMAD AITUARAUW (Daerah Pemilihan Papua Barat)". kbr.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2021-04-24.
- ^ Kartono, Alfian (2013-08-07). "Masjid Agung Baiturrahim, Peninggalan Kerajaan Sran Eman Muun". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2021-04-24.
Category:Precolonial states of Indonesia Category:Former sultanates Category:Islamic states in Indonesia
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