2022 Brazilian general election
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General elections are scheduled to be held on 2 October 2022 in Brazil to elect the President, Vice President, and the National Congress.[3] Elections for state Governors and Vice Governors, State Legislative Assemblies, the Federal District Legislative Chamber, and the District Council of Fernando de Noronha will be held at the same time.[4]
Under rulings by the Superior Electoral Court and Supreme Federal Court, political parties must allocate their funds and broadcast time proportionally to the number of their candidates of each sex and race.[5] As of June 2022, there are more than 156 million registered voters in Brazil, making the country the second largest democracy in the Americas and one of the largest in the world.[6][7]
There are widespread concerns about Bolsonaro's statements on voter fraud allegations in the election, which many observers have denounced as false, being laid as a groundwork to challenge the election or to execute a military coup.
Electoral system
Voting in Brazil is allowed for citizens over 16 years old and mandatory for those between 18 and 70 years old. Those who do not vote in an election and do not present an acceptable justification (such as being absent from their voting locality at the time) must pay a fine, normally R$3.51[8][9][10] (equivalent to US$0.67 as of June 2022) but in some cases may vary from R$1.05 to R$35.13 (US$0.20 to US$6.70).[11]
Brazilian citizens residing abroad may only vote for president and vice president.[12] Due to a treaty with Portugal, Portuguese citizens legally residing in Brazil for more than three years may also register to vote in Brazilian elections.[13]
All candidates for federal, state, Federal District and municipal offices must be registered in a political party. For offices to be elected by majority, such as president and governor, each party may only nominate one candidate.[14]
A new law, valid for this election, allows for the creation of political alliances between two or more parties, called federações partidárias (party federations). The federation must act as one single party with a single list for legislative elections and single candidates for executive ones, and with one single leadership structure over the course of the elected legislature. They are valid over all three levels of government: national, state and municipal.[15] As of May 2022, three alliances have been formed: PT-PCdoB-PV, PSDB-Cidadania, and PSOL-Rede.[16]
Unlike in previous elections, in 2022 the voting stations will be open at the same time in the whole country, regardless of their time zone: 9:00 to 18:00 UTC−02:00, 8:00 to 17:00 UTC−03:00, 7:00 to 16:00 UTC−04:00, and 6:00 to 15:00 UTC−05:00. This rule does not apply to voting stations for Brazilian citizens abroad.[17]
Presidential elections
The President and Vice President of Brazil are elected as a joint ticket using the two-round system. The first round of elections is held on the first Sunday of October (in this instance, 2 October 2022).[18] A candidate who receives more than 50% of the total valid votes in the first round is elected. If the 50% threshold is not met by any candidate, the two candidates who receive the most votes in the first round participate in a second round of voting, held on the last Sunday of October (in this instance, 30 October 2022), and the candidate who receives the most votes in the second round is elected.
Gubernatorial elections
The Governors and Vice Governors of all states and of the Federal District will be elected, in two rounds if needed, in the same way as the presidential election.
Congressional elections
Federal Senate elections
One-third of the 81 members of the Federal Senate will be elected, the other two-thirds having been elected in 2018. One candidate will be elected from each of the states and the Federal District using plurality voting.[19]
Chamber of Deputies elections
All 513 members of the Chamber of Deputies (Federal Deputies) will be elected, with candidates elected from 27 multi-member constituencies corresponding to the states and the Federal District, varying in size from 8 to 70 seats. The Chamber elections are held using open list proportional representation, with seats allocated using integer quotients and the D'Hondt method.[20][21]
Legislative Assemblies elections
All members of the State Legislative Assemblies (State Deputies) and of the Federal District Legislative Chamber (District Deputies), varying in size from 24 to 94 seats, will be elected. These elections are also held using open list proportional representation, with seats allocated using integer quotients and the D'Hondt method.
Fernando de Noronha
All seven members of the District Council of Fernando de Noronha will be elected, by single non-transferable vote. Unlike elections for other offices in Brazil, candidates for this council do not have to be registered in a political party.[4]
Presidential candidates
Confirmed candidates
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Withdrawn candidates
| For president | For vice president | Coalition | Refs. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Most relevant political offices | Party | Candidate | Most relevant political offices | ||||
 Avante (PROS 90) |
Pablo Marçal Pablo Marçal |
No prior public office | Republican Party of the Social Order (PROS 90) |
Fátima de Souza | No prior public office | Party endorsed Lula | [41][42][43] | ||
 Avante (political party) (AVANTE 70) |
 André Janones |
Federal Deputy from Minas Gerais (since 2019) |
None | Candidate endorsed Lula | [44] | ||||
Declined to be candidates
- Drauzio Varella – Oncologist and immunologist.[45]
- Paulo Guedes – Minister of the Economy since 2019.[46]
- Paulo Hartung – Governor of Espírito Santo 2015−2019, 2003−2010; Senator from Espírito Santo 1999−2001; Mayor of Vitória 1993−1997; Federal Deputy from Espírito Santo 1991−1992; State Deputy of Espírito Santo 1983−1991.[47]
- Flávio Dino – Governor of Maranhão since 2015; running for Senate.[48][49]
- Marina Silva – Politician and environmentalist. Candidate for President in 2010, 2014 and 2018.[50][51]
- Luiza Trajano – Businessperson.[52][53]
- Hamilton Mourão – Vice President of Brazil since 2019.[54]
- João Amoêdo – National President of NOVO since 2019, 2011−2017. Candidate for President in 2018.[55]
- Guilherme Boulos – Activist and candidate for President in 2018.[56]
- Luciano Huck – Television presenter and entrepreneur.[57]
- Danilo Gentili – Television presenter and comedian.[58]
- Luiz Henrique Mandetta – Former Minister of Health.[59]
- Cabo Daciolo – Former Deputy. Candidate for President in 2018.[60][61]
- Rodrigo Pacheco – President of the Federal Senate since 2021.[62][63]
- Sergio Moro – Ex-federal judge.[64][65]
- Aldo Rebelo – Born in Viçosa, Alagoas in 1956. Former Minister of Defence, Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation and Minister of Sports and former President of the Chamber of Deputies.[66][67]
- João Doria – Born in São Paulo, São Paulo in 1957. Former Governor of São Paulo and Mayor of São Paulo. Businessman and journalist.[68][69]
- Camilo Santana – Governor of Ceará since 2015; State Deputy of Ceará 2011–2014.[70][71][72]
- Fernando Haddad – Mayor of São Paulo 2013–2017; Minister of Education 2005–2012; candidate for Mayor of São Paulo in 2016. Candidate for President in 2018.[73][74]
- Rui Costa – Governor of Bahia since 2015; Chief of Staff of Bahia 2012–2014; Federal Deputy from Bahia 2011–2015; State Secretary of Institutional Affairs of Bahia 2007–2011; City Councillor of Salvador 2001–2009.[74]
- Wellington Dias – Governor of Piauí since 2015 and 2003–2011; Senator for Piauí 2011–2015[75]
- Glauber Braga – Federal deputy for Rio de Janeiro since 2011.[76][77]
- Wilson Witzel – Governor of Rio de Janeiro 2019–2021.[78][79][80][81][82]
- Janaina Paschoal – State Deputy of São Paulo.[83][84][85]
- José Reguffe – District Deputy from Federal District (2007–2011); Federal Deputy from Federal District (2011–2015); Senator for Federal District (2015-today).[86][87]
- Renato Casagrande – Governor of Espírito Santo since 2019.[88][89]
- Michel Temer – President of Brazil 2016–2018.[90]
- Jorge Kajuru – Senator for Goiás since 2019.[91][92]
- Joaquim Barbosa – Chief Justice of the Supreme Federal Court 2012−2014; Justice of the Supreme Federal Court 2003−2014; Deputy Chief Justice of the Superior Electoral Court 2008−2009; Justice of the Superior Electoral Court 2008.[93][94]
- Luciano Bivar – Federal Deputy for Pernambuco since 2019, 2017−2018, 1999−2003.[28]
- Alvaro Dias – Senator for Paraná since 1999; Federal Deputy for Paraná (1975–1983); Governor of Paraná (1987–1991).[95]
Potential vice presidential candidates
- Eduardo Leite – Governor of Rio Grande do Sul since 2019.[96]
- Rodrigo Maia – Federal Deputy since 1999; President of the Chamber of Deputies 2016–2021; National President of Democrats 2007−2011; candidate for Mayor of Rio de Janeiro in 2012.[97]
Parties
Debates
For the first time in the Brazilian presidential elections since 1989, TV & radio stations, newspapers and news websites, organize themselves to hold pools for presidential debates, by request of campaigns in order to reduce the high number of debates scheduled for the 2022 elections.[98]
As of July 2022, the following pools for presidential debates had been confirmed:
| 2022 Brazilian presidential election debates | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Date and Location | Hosts | Moderators | Participants | |||||||||
| Key: P Present A Absent I Invited N Not invited |
PL | PT | PDT | ||||||||||
| President Bolsonaro of Rio de Janeiro |
Former President Lula of São Paulo |
Former Minister Gomes of Ceará | |||||||||||
| 1 | Sun, 28 Aug 2022 São Paulo, Morumbi District[99][98] |
Band TV, Band News, TV Cultura, TV Terra Viva, AgroMais, Folha de S.Paulo, UOL, Metro, Google, YouTube & BandNews FM |
TBD | TBD | |||||||||
| 2 | Wed, 14 Sep 2022 São Paulo[100] |
G1, O Globo, Valor, Folha de S.Paulo, O Estado de S.Paulo & UOL |
TBD | TBD | |||||||||
| 3 | Sat, 24 Sep 2022 Osasco, Industrial Anhanguera[101] |
CNN Brazil, SBT, O Estado de S. Paulo, Veja, Terra & NovaBrasilFM |
TBD | TBD | |||||||||
Congress
The results of the previous general elections and the composition of the National Congress before the 2022 election are given below. In 2022, all members of the Chamber of Deputies and one third of the Senate (one senator from each state and Federal District) will be elected.
| Party | Chamber of Deputies | Senate | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abbreviation | Name | Elected 2018[102] |
Incumbent 2022[1] |
+/– | Elected 2014[103] and 2018[104] |
Incumbent 2022[2] |
+/– | Contested 2022[105] | |
| PL | Liberal Party (Partido Liberal) | 33 | 77 |  44 |
2 | 8 | 6 |
2 | |
| PP | Progressives (Progressistas) | 38 | 57 | 19 |
6 | 8 | 2 |
4 | |
| PT | Workers' Party (Partido dos Trabalhadores) | 54 | 56 | 2 |
6 | 7 | 1 |
2 | |
| UNIÃO | Brazil Union (União Brasil) | 81[f] | 53 |  28 |
11[g] | 8 | 3 |
2 | |
| PSD | Social Democratic Party (Partido Social Democrático) | 35 | 47 | 12 |
6 | 11 | 5 |
3 | |
| REPUBLICANOS | Republicans (Republicanos) | 30 | 43 | 13 |
1 | 1 |  |
– | |
| MDB | Brazilian Democratic Movement (Movimento Democrático Brasileiro) | 34 | 37 | 3 |
12 | 12 | |
4 | |
| PSB | Brazilian Socialist Party (Partido Socialista Brasileiro) | 32 | 24 | 8 |
5 | 2 | 3 |
1 | |
| PSDB | Brazilian Social Democracy Party (Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira) | 29 | 21 | 8 |
8 | 6 | 2 |
2 | |
| PDT | Democratic Labour Party (Partido Democrático Trabalhista) | 28 | 19 | 9 |
6 | 3 | 3 |
1 | |
| PODEMOS | We Can (Podemos) | 17[h] | 8 | 9 |
3[i] | 8 | 5 |
2 | |
| SD | Solidarity (Solidariedade) | 13 | 8 | 5 |
1 | – | 1 |
– | |
| PSOL | Socialism and Liberty Party (Partido Socialismo e Liberdade) | 10 | 8 | 2 |
– | – | – | ||
| PCdoB | Communist Party of Brazil (Partido Comunista do Brasil) | 10[j] | 8 | 2 |
– | – | – | ||
| NOVO | New Party (Partido Novo) | 8 | 8 | |
– | – | – | ||
| PSC | Social Christian Party (Partido Social Cristão) | 8 | 8 | |
1 | 1 | |
1 | |
| CIDADANIA | Citizenship (Cidadania) | 8 | 7 | 1 |
2 | 1 | 1 |
– | |
| AVANTE | Forward (Avante) | 7 | 6 | 1 |
– | – | – | ||
| PATRIOTA | Patriot (Patriota) | 9[k] | 5 | 4 |
1[l] | – | 1 |
– | |
| PROS | Republican Party of the Social Order (Partido Republicano da Ordem Social) | 8 | 4 | 4 |
1 | 2 | 1 |
1 | |
| PV | Green Party (Partido Verde) | 4 | 4 | |
– | – | – | ||
| PTB | Brazilian Labour Party (Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro) | 10 | 3 | 7 |
4 | 2 | 2 |
2 | |
| REDE | Sustainability Network (Rede Sustentabilidade) | 1 | 2 | 1 |
5 | 1 | 4 |
– | |
| PMN | National Mobilization Party (Partido da Mobilização Nacional) | 3 | – | 3 |
– | – | – | ||
| AGIR | Act (Agir) | 2 | – | 2 |
– | – | – | ||
| DC | Christian Democracy (Democracia Cristã) | 1 | – | 1 |
– | – | – | ||
| PRTB | Brazilian Labour Renewal Party (Partido Renovador Trabalhista Brasileiro) | - | – | |
– | – | – | ||
| PMB | Brazilian Woman's Party (Partido da Mulher Brasileira) | - | – | |
– | – | – | ||
| PSTU | United Socialist Workers' Party (Partido Socialista dos Trabalhadores Unificado) | - | – | |
– | – | – | ||
| PCB | Brazilian Communist Party (Partido Comunista Brasileiro) | - | – | |
– | – | – | ||
| PCO | Workers' Cause Party (Partido da Causa Operária) | - | – | |
– | – | – | ||
| UP | Popular Unity (Unidade Popular) | - | – | |
– | – | – | ||
| Total | 513 |
|
81 |
|
27 | ||||
Political violence
On July 10, 2022, city guard Marcelo Aloizio de Arruda, a Workers' Party activist, was murdered for political reasons, during his birthday party at a community center located in Foz do Iguaçu (state of Paraná). Jorge Guaranho, a federal prison officer, was arrested after storming the victim's party shouting that he was a supporter of Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro, and shooting at de Arruda. The shooter was also injured during the attack, due to the self-defense exercised by the victim,[106][107] with some media outlets mistakenly reporting the men killed each other based on an incorrect statement from the local police saying the both men died. The police later backtracked from the statement.[108] Marcelo de Arruda is survived by his wife and four young children.[109] In the hours following the murder, Brazilian politicians, including some 2022 presidential candidates, and authorities condemned the attack, with some of them calling for calm.[110][111] Also on July 10, the local police opened an investigation into the crime's motivation[112] and a day later the police chief officer leading the probe was found to have previously made online posts against the Worker's Party, potentially violating the due process because of abuse of power, which unofficially caused her to be removed from the investigation.[113][114]
On July 11, a judge ordered the pre-trial arrest of the murderer, and after four days the local police concluded there was no political motivation for the crime.[115] However, on July 18, both the prosecutors and de Arruda family disputed the conclusions, citing the fact that the police did not search the shooter's phone and did not investigate a possible connection with the suicide of the security service worker in the community center who had allegedly sent the party footage to the murderer,[116][117][118] and in the following day the judge overseeing the case ordered the police to re-do the inquiry taking into account those claims.[119]
On July 20, the prosecutors charged Guaranho with first degree murder for political reasons.[120]
Electoral fraud allegations
Bolsonaro has claimed that Brazilian electronic ballots are prone to vote rigging since at least 2015, when he was a member of the Chamber of Deputies, and successfully pushed for a bill requiring voting machines to also print vote records. The Public Prosecutor's Office challenged the law citing secret ballot concerns,[121][122] and the Supreme Federal Court suspended the law in June 2018.[123][124]
During the 2018 elections, several social media platforms were flooded with fake claims that electronic ballots had been set up to favor candidates other than Bolsonaro, and that he had allegedly won the presidential election in the first round.[125] However, after investigating such claims, authorities and even forensic experts ruled out any fraud in the ballots showing that some videos shared online were manipulated and edited to spread those allegations.[126] As president, Bolsonaro has also insisted on voter fraud claims and pushed for an election audit,[127] despite the voting machines already being audited and the vote counts being publicly available for verification.[128]
Since 2018, some social media companies such as YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter have restricted or taken down videos, livestreams, campaign adversting, online groups and channels, online-content monetization, and posts from Bolsonaro, his allies, and supporters linked to election-related disinformation, insurrection, and violence incitement on their own or by a court order for violating the Brazilian law and/or those companies policies.[129][130][131][132][133][134] Despite signing agreements with Brazil's electoral authority Superior Electoral Court in which they commit to fight disinformation,[135][136] social networks have acted slowly or ignored requests to remove it.[137]
In July 2022, Bolsonaro addressed dozens of foreign diplomats, to which he made several claims of vulnerabilities in the country's electronic voting system. Following the presentation, the electoral authority issued a statement debunking several of the claims mentioned by Bolsonaro.[138] Brazilian and international law experts, political analysts, and authorities have warned such allegations undermine democracy and pave the way for an unfounded election result challenge or even a self-coup, such as the 2021 United States Capitol attack, if Bolsonaro loses the election, with the Brazilian military and local police officers, who have the monopoly on violence, previously helped carry out the 1964 Brazilian coup d'état and had many of their members appointed as government officials by Bolsonaro, playing a significant role in either blocking the transition of power or being complicit with possible rioters trying to overthrow a newly elected administration.[139][140][141][142][143]
On July 6, it was reported that some United States House of Representatives Democrats called for measures that would suspend American aid to the Brazilian Army if it intervened in the election[144][145]. Nevertheless, the amendment author Rep. Malinowski withdrew the requirement with no opposition on the House floor from any Representative but Rep. Adam Schiff.[146] Additionaly, on July 26 the faculty of law of the University of São Paulo launched a pro-democracy petition as a response to Bolsonaro's attacks on the electronic ballots and the Brazilian voting system in general with over 3,000 signatures, among intellectuals, artists, law experts including Brazil's Supreme Court retired justices, businesspeople, and others.[147] On July 30, the petition topped 540,000 signatures and four days later, it reached 700,000 endorsements[148][149]
Opinion polls
First round
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Second round
The second round took place on 30 October 2022.[150]
Bolsonaro vs. Lula
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Results
President
| Candidate | Party | Running mate | Party | First round | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | |||||
| Ciro Gomes | PDT | Ana Paula Matos | PDT | |||
| Jair Bolsonaro | PL | Walter Braga Netto | PL | |||
| José Maria Eymael | DC | João Bravo | DC | |||
| Leonardo Péricles | UP | Samara Martins | UP | |||
| Luiz Felipe d'Avila | NOVO | Tiago Mitraud | NOVO | |||
| Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | PT | Geraldo Alckmin | PSB | |||
| Roberto Jefferson | PTB | Kelmon Souza | PTB | |||
| Simone Tebet | MDB | Mara Gabrilli | PSDB | |||
| Sofia Manzano | PCB | Antonio Alves | PCB | |||
| Soraya Thronicke | UNIÃO | Marcos Cintra | UNIÃO | |||
| Vera Lúcia Salgado | PSTU | Küna Yporã Tremembé | PSTU | |||
| Invalid/blank votes | – | |||||
| Total | 100 | |||||
| Registered voters/turnout | 156,454,011 | |||||
Notes
- ^ Born in São Paulo, domiciled in Rio de Janeiro.
- ^ Born in Pernambuco, domiciled in São Paulo.
- ^ Born in São Paulo, domiciled in Ceará.
- ^ As of 20 July 2022, day of the party's convention, no alliances or coalitions were announced at first.
- ^ Without coalition, according to UP documents.[37]
- ^ 52 deputies from PSL and 29 deputies from Democrats, whose parties would merge to form Brazil Union in 2021.
- ^ 7 senators from Democrats and 4 senators from PSL, whose parties would merge to form Brazil Union in 2021.
- ^ Including 6 deputies from PHS, which merged into Podemos after the election in 2018.
- ^ Including 2 senators from PHS, which merged into Podemos after the election in 2018.
- ^ Including 1 deputy from PPL, which merged into PCdoB after the election in 2018.
- ^ Including 4 deputies from PRP, which merged into Patriota after the election in 2018.
- ^ From PRP, which merged into Patriota after the election in 2018.
References
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- ^ "Brasil terá eleições livres em 2022 e com instituições funcionando, diz Barroso". G1. 4 October 2021. Archived from the original on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
- ^ a b "Arquipélago Fernando de Noronha terá eleição unificada pela 1ª vez". R7.com (in Brazilian Portuguese). 4 September 2018. Archived from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
- ^ Teixeira, Fabio (26 August 2020). "Brazil fights racism with new campaign rules for Black politicians". Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 29 January 2021 – via www.reuters.com.
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- ^ Voter abroad Archived 24 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Superior Electoral Court (in Brazilian Portuguese).
- ^ "Com estatuto de igualdade de direitos políticos, há mais de 26 mil portugueses aptos a votar no Brasil". Ora Pois (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
- ^ Registration of candidacies Archived 24 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Superior Electoral Court (in Brazilian Portuguese).
- ^ "Entenda as diferenças entre coligações e federações e veja como funcionarão - Notícias". Portal da Câmara dos Deputados (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
- ^ TSE approves two more party federation registrations for the 2022 elections, Superior Electoral Court, 26 May 2022 (in Portuguese).
- ^ Voting start time in the whole country will be standardized by Brasília time, TSE decides, Superior Electoral Court, 14 December 2021 (in Portuguese).
- ^ "Legal Research Guide: Brazil - The Executive Branch". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
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- ^ Azevedo, Victoria (4 August 2022). "Lula recebe apoio de Janones e Avante e tem incerteza sobre Pros". Folha de S.Paulo (in Portuguese). Retrieved 4 August 2022.
- ^ "PL faz convenção no Rio para confirmar candidatura à reeleição de Bolsonaro". BandNews FM (in Portuguese). 24 July 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
- ^ Lima, Kevin (24 July 2022). "PL promove megaevento no Rio para formalizar candidatura de Bolsonaro à reeleição". G1 (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 July 2022.
- ^ Struck, Jean-Philip (27 July 2022). "MDB oficializa candidatura de Simone Tebet à Presidência". Deutsche Welle (in Portuguese). Retrieved 27 July 2022.
- ^ a b Alves, Pedro (31 July 2022). "Luciano Bivar anuncia desistência de candidatura à Presidência da República e lança nome da senadora Soraya Thronicke". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 31 July 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Bonaldo, Manoela (5 August 2022). "União Brasil oficializa candidatura de Soraya Thronicke à Presidência". Estandão (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 5 August 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "PDT confirma candidatura de Ciro Gomes à presidência". A Gazeta (in Portuguese). 20 July 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
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- ^ TEMPO, O. (31 July 2022). "DC oficializa candidatura de Eymael à Presidência | O TEMPO". www.otempo.com.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 1 August 2022.
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- ^ "Ata de Convenção Federal do Partido/Federação 80-UP" (in Brazilian Portuguese). p. 2. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
- ^ "União Popular (UP) lança oficialmente Leonardo Péricles como candidato à Presidência da República". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 24 July 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
- ^ "PSTU anuncia Vera como pré-candidata à Presidência". 7 March 2022. Archived from the original on 10 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
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| Presidential elections | |
|---|---|
| Parliamentary elections | |
| Gubernatorial elections | |
| State elections | |
| Municipal elections | |
| Referendums | |
