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Cantonese nationalism

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The Kapok Flag, used by some modern Cantonese nationalists.[1][2][3]
Cantonia (in red)

Cantonese nationalism (Chinese: 粵民族主義) or Cantonia independence movement (Chinese: 廣東獨立運動) refers to the movements for independence of Guangdong or Cantonese areas (Guangdong with Guangxi and, sometimes, Hong Kong and Macau) from the People's Republic of China. These movements wanted to establish an independent and autonomous political entity. In modern China, this idea has been put forward by others including Kang Youwei's followers and Ou Jiajia. Kang Youwei's followers later opposed the claim. In his book "New Guangdong", Ou Shi put forward the idea of establishing "Guangdong of Guangdong". In 1911, there was a revolution. At the end of October 1911, members of the Guangdong Alliance Chen Jiongming, Deng Jun and Peng Ruihai organized civil army uprisings throughout Guangdong. On November 9, Chen Jiongming led his troops to restore Huizhou. On the same day, Guangdong announced independence and established the Guangdong Military Government of the Republic of China. On January 1, 1912, the Republic of China was established, and Guangdong Province became a province in the Republic of China. In the early years of the Republic of China Guangdong Province drafted the "Guangdong Provincial Draft". This is inspired by the idea of autonomous provinces. The draft passed by the Guangdong Provincial Assembly on December 19, 1921. However, this proposal for the future planning of Guangdong Province did not receive sufficient support, and it was aborted as the Soviet forces intervened in the Far East and the KMT and the Communist Party went northward.[4]

History

The war situation is more urgent, Ci Xi appointed Li Hongzhang as Viceroy of Zhili and Beiyang Minister. Li Hongzhang realized that the government of the Qing dynasty might begin to develop in a direction beneficial to the main party and decided to change his attitude.[5] Before leaving, he first arrived by boat from Guangzhou to visit Hong Kong Governor Buli, and made a statement to the Hong Kong government.[6]

During the conversation, Bu Li told Li Hongzhang: "I think that considering the current situation in North China, the moment is a good opportunity for the two Guangdong and Guangxi to separate from the Qing court. We should be ready to protect our interests" [7]

After the failure of the Guangdong-Guangzhou Independence Plan, He Qi continued to try to persuade Hong Kong and Britain about his ideas and plans for the transformation of the Chinese dynasty. On July 21, He Qi reported that Bu Li supported the establishment of a republic in South China. On August 1, He published an article based on the political platform in the English newspaper Dechen West [8]

The Qing court signed the unequal treaty on the government's foreign land reparations in many foreign wars. In the spring of 1901, the Qing court would cede Guangdong to France. Cantonese students studying in Japan Feng Si Luan, Zheng Guanyi, Li Zongzhong, Wang Chonghui, Feng Li and Liang Zhongyu and others initiated Guangdong Independent Association[9] They think the fate should be determined by Cantonese, not the Qing government[10] Respondents from Guangdong and overseas Chinese in Japan, "more than 200 participants".[11] The sponsors of the organization also visited Sun Wen, who was living in Yokohama at the time to discuss ways to raise money. The cooperation between Guangdong students studying in Japan and Xingzhong Association began.[12]

The Qing dynasty lost the First Sino-Japanese war. As a result, it had to sign the "Treaty of Shimonoseki" in April of that year. Under the treaty, it ceded Taiwan and the surrounding islands to Japan. Most residents of Taiwan were strongly opposed to being ruled by the Japanese. Many people from Taiwan encouraged the former governor Tang Jingsong, to start a new country. He did this on May 25, and established the first country in Asia to call itself a "democracy". The name is Republic of Formosa (臺灣民主國, literally "Taiwan Democratic State"). Even though the Republic of Formosa only existed for a short time, it inspired the ideas of the provinces' independence and autonomy and had a lasting impact.[13]

In 1903, one year after the start of "New Guangdong", Hunan anti-Qing people studying in Japan Yang Yulin (Changsha people) published a page called "New Hunan". Yang Yulin's argument was deeply influenced by Ou Jiajia. Qia also advocated the dissolution of Ministry of China.[14]

On May 8, 1905, the Qing Military Division sent a letter to the provincial governors to strictly ban "New Guangdong", "New Hunan", and "Xin Min Cong Bao" that promoted reform or revolution.[15]

After the Wuchang Uprising of Hubei in 1911, various circles in Guangdong "planned Guangdong self-independence." On November 9, Guangdong Counseling Bureau announced Guangdong's independence from Qing. The gentry class in Guangdong had tasted the taste of modern political participation in the reform of the Advisory Council in the late Qing Dynasty. For them, the Xinhai Revolution was an opportunity for them to lead the practice of Guangdong's independence.[16]

Anthropologist and historian Melissa J. Brown states in the book Does Taiwan belong to China?, "Sinification is a basic assumption in the development of Chinese civilization. It support the concept of" "China" as a nation entity ". She mentioned that this movement can be used to raise deeper questions about Chinese nationalism’s colonial behavior, and she believed that Taiwan independence would challenge those belonging to China, including Guangdong.

George Mason University Economic historian Mark Koyama mentioned in an interview that the Chinese are "more separatist than expected". This is especially strong from the "Shanghai region or Hong Kong Area". He also pointed out that China's history will enter a divided pattern every few hundred years. Unless there is a major disaster or a collapse in the future, it will likely be divided again.[17]

In Culture

Japanese right-wing writer Masahiro Miyazaki conceived the plot of South China's division under the Sino-Japanese conflict in his 1999 military novel "China's Guangdong Army Uprising".[18]

Japanese novelist Mori mentions Guangdong independence in two of his works. In his military novel The New Japan-China War published in 1995–2003, Morinaka writes about a plot involving Deng Xiaoping's internal power struggle in China leading to regional conflict, with Cantonese independence playing a role.[19] Mori's later military novel The New Japan-China War-The Century of the Raging Waves which is written in the fictional 2020s, this movement is featured also.[20]

Social impact

At the working conference of the CPC Central Committee in April 1979, Xi Zhongxun, then the first secretary of the Guangdong Provincial Committee, raised the hope that the central government would delegate power to Guangdong Province. Hua Guofeng presiding over the meeting wondered what power Xi Zhongxun wanted. Xi Zhongxun said on the spot: "For Guangdong is an 'independent country', it may take up in a few years. Under the current system, it will not be easy." This speech caused a great response at the meeting.[21]

On September 11, 2008, Southern Metropolis Daily published a full-page report titled "If Guangdong is an Independent Economy". The article said: "Let's imagine that if Guangdong is a country. If we try to observe China in a new way from the viewpoint of outsiders, and if China's provinces are regarded as independent countries, Guangdong will become the 14th largest economy in the world."[22]

See also

References

  1. ^ King, Dylan Levi (March 13, 2019). "China's intellectual dark web and its most active fanatic". SupChina.
  2. ^ "Chinese Regional Separatist Movements".
  3. ^ "China: A Prison of Nations". 27 July 2021.
  4. ^ Liu De Hua; Liu Xueling. "辛亥前期欧榘甲革命自立主张探析——以《新广东》为中心". 南方职业教育学刊: 40–47.
  5. ^ Junming (2011). Die xue nan guo : Xin hai ge ming zai Guangdong (in Afrikaans). Guangzhou Shi: Guangdong ren min chu ban she. ISBN 978-7-218-07223-4. OCLC 760054723.
  6. ^ China, Britain and Hong Kong, 1895-1945. Chinese University Press. 1990.
  7. ^ Chinese Business Groups in Hong Kong and Political Change in South China, 1900-25. Palgrave Macmillan. 1998.
  8. ^ 《中华民国革命秘史》 (in Chinese (China)). 广东人民出版社. 1981.
  9. ^ 《中国近代史词典》 (in Chinese (China)). 上海市: 上海辞书出版社. 1982. p. 34.
  10. ^ Zu Shu Guang. 《法官外交家王宠惠》 (in Chinese (China)). 福建教育出版社.
  11. ^ Fong Zi You. 《华侨革命开国史》 (in Chinese (China)).
  12. ^ Fong Zi You (1939). 《革命逸史》 (in Chinese (China)). 上海: 商务印书馆.
  13. ^ Sun Bo. "《黄萧养回头》作者为欧榘甲考―兼论欧榘甲在前期《新小说》作者群中的重要地位". 戏剧艺术: 29–35.
  14. ^ 《杨毓麟集》 (in Chinese (China)). Yao Lin Publisher. 2008. p. 26. ISBN 9787807611097.
  15. ^ Xiao Xiao Hong. "《新广东》：从政治到文学". Xue Shu: 108–126.
  16. ^ Xu Ceng En (2017). 《香港，鬱躁的家邦：本土觀點的香港源流史》 (in Chinese (China)). Left Shore Culture. p. 237.
  17. ^ "Noel Johnson and Mark Koyama on *Persecution and Toleration*". Mercatus Center. 2019-01-30.
  18. ^ Masahiro Miyazaki (1995). 《中国広東軍、叛乱す!》 (in Japanese). ISBN 978-4576950846.
  19. ^ Mori (1996). 《新・日本中国戦争〈第4部〉中国分裂》 (in Japanese). ISBN 9784054006805.
  20. ^ Mori (2017). 《新編 日本中国戦争 怒濤の世紀 第十一部 中国崩壊》 (in Japanese). ISBN 9784286183930.
  21. ^ "习仲勋：如果广东是个"独立国家"早就搞上去了". Forth Month Web. 2013-01-31. Archived from the original on 2017-08-31. Retrieved 2020-05-09.
  22. ^ "假如广东是独立经济体 经济总量位列世界第14". SCMP. Retrieved 2008-09-11.
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