Rapping

For information on rap music, see hip hop music. For the English folk dance, see rapper sword.

Rapping, the rhythmic delivery of rhymes, is one of the central elements of hip hop music and culture.

It can be delivered over a beat or without accompaniment. Stylistically, rap occupies a grey area among speech, prose, poetry, and song. Derived from African, Caribbean, and American roots, rap has developed both inside and outside of hip hop since the early 1970s.

The best rap of today's hip hop is delivered with complex cadences, intricate poetic form, and inventive wordplay. In addition to dealing with the subjects associated with traditional poetry, rap lyrics also convey the street life from which hip hop originally emerged. Although rap has become an international phenomenon, some tensions concerning race, socioeconomic class, and gender remain among rappers and their listeners.

History

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Roots

Rapping in hip hop music can be traced back in many ways to its African roots. Centuries before the United States existed, the griots (folk poets) of West Africa were rhythmically delivering stories over drums and sparse instrumentation. Because of the time that has passed since the griots of old, the connections between rap and the African griots are widely established, but not clear–cut. However, such connections have been acknowledged by rappers, modern day "griots", spoken-word artists, mainstream news sources, and academics.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

Blues music, rooted in the work songs and spirituals of slavery and influenced greatly by West African musical traditions, was first played by blacks (and some whites) in the Mississippi Delta region of the United States around the time of the Emancipation Proclamation. Grammy-winning blues musician/historian Elijah Wald and others have argued that the blues were being rapped as early as the 1920s.^[5]^[6] Wald went so far as to call hip hop "the living blues."^[5]

The Memphis Jug Band, an early blues group, whose lyrical content and delivery was comparable to rapping.

Jazz, developed from the blues and other African-American musical traditions, originated around the beginning of the 20th century. According to John Sobol, the jazz musician and poet who wrote Digitopia Blues, rap "bears a striking resemblance to the evolution of jazz both stylistically and formally."^[7]

During the mid-20th century, the musical culture of the Caribbean was constantly influenced by the concurrent changes in American music. In the 1950s through the 1970s, the descendants of Caribbean slaves in Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago were mixing their traditional folk music styles of mento and Calypso music with the jazz, soul, rock and blues of America.. In Jamaica this influenced the creation of Reggae music (and later Dancehall), while in Trinidad, this influenced the creation of Soca. As early as 1969, Deejays were toasting (an African tradition of "rapped out" tales of heroism) over dubbed Jamaican beats. It was called rap, expanding the word's earlier meaning in the African-American community— "to discuss or debate informally."^[8]

The '70s

The dubbed dancehall toasts of Jamaica, as well as the disco-rapping and jazz-based spoken word beat poetry of the United States set the template for the rapping in hip hop music. One of the first rappers in hip hop was also hip hop's first DJ— Kool Herc. Herc, a Jamaican immigrant, started delivering simple raps at his parties in the early 1970s. As Herc would explain in a 1989 interview, "[t]he whole chemistry came from Jamaica. I was listening to American music in Jamaica, and my favorite artist was James Brown. When I came over here I just had to put it in the American style."^[9] Although rapping in hip hop began with the DJs, most rappers today don't DJ or produce on a regular basis; Coke La Rock is cited by Kool Herc as the first example of such a rapper.^[10]

By the end of the 1970s, hip hop had spread throughout New York, and was getting some radio play. Rappers were increasingly writing songs that fit pop music structures and featured continuous rhymes. Melle Mel (of The Furious Five) stands out as one of the earliest rap innovators.

The '80s

Frequently, rappers are depicted as gun toting, and is one of the main distinguishing characteristics of being a rapper. From the 1970s to the early 1980s, Melle Mel set the way for future rappers through his sociopolitical content as well as his creative wordplay.

Hip hop lyricism saw its biggest change with the popularity of Run-DMC's Raising Hell in the mid-1980s, known especially for the rap/rock collaboration with rock band Aerosmith in the song "Walk This Way". This album helped set the tone of toughness and lyrical prowess in hip hop; Run-DMC were almost yelling their aggressive lyrics.

The 80s saw a huge wave of commercialized rap music, that with it brought success and international popularity. Rap music transcended its original demographic and passed in to the suburbs. Rap music in this time kept its original fan base in the 'ghetto' while attracting interest from mainstream consumers. This decade also saw the emergence of what we now know as old school hip hop talented artists such as Run DMC, LL Cool J and Public Enemy. This decade is also referred to as the Golden age hip hop by modern music historians. Rap in this era was more commercially driven, centered mostly around light hearted topics - LL Cool J: going back to Cali.

The 90s

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Rap in the 90s saw a substantial change in direction in the style of rapping. Where the 80s were characterized by verses mostly constrained to straightforward structures and rhyme schemes, rappers in the 90s explored deviations from those basic forms, freeing up the lyrical flow and switching up the patterns to create a much more fluid and complex style overall. More specifically, the style on the east coast became more aggressive and on point, a style pioneered by MCs like Ghostface Killah and Notorious B.I.G., while west coast hip-hop became more laid-back, funky, and smooth, as made popular by Dr. Dre and 2pac. In terms of subject matter, the 90s saw a shift from personal promotion and glorification to narratives of street experience and darker social observation, although this shift was more pronounced on the east coast than it was on the west. Rappers like the Guru of Gang Starr and Raekwon the Chef of the Wu-Tang Clan weaved a new hip-hop lexicon out of Five Percenter terminology and personal experience that continues to dominate the lyrics of many MCs to this day.

The 90s were marked by a tense rivalry between MCs of the east and west coast. More specifically, this conflict was a feud between Sean "Puffy" Combs' Bad Boy Records in the east, including the Notorious B.I.G., and Dr. Dre and Suge Knight's Death Row Records, which had such artists as 2pac and Snoop Dogg. Freestyling became central to the art, as a skill that demonstrates an MC's versatility and creativity, but also as a verbal "duel" or "spar".

As the beginning of the 90's was a New trend for Hip-Hop the mid 90's became dangerous as an MC with the deaths of Tupac, Notorious Big, Freaky Tah, and Big L. The end of the 90's became more of a corporate mode fqor Hip-Hop since it became widely accepted in Mainstream music. Once what was referred to as a trend had everyone from Madonna to Pepsi using Rap as a medium.

Rap today

Writing

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Rhyme styles

Aside from 'flow' (the voice and tone of a particular MC), and rhythmic delivery, the only other central element of rapping is rhyme. In classical poetry, rhymes that span many syllables are often considered whimsical, but in hip hop the ability to construct raps with large sets of rhyming syllables is valued. Rap can contain any and all forms of rhyme found in classical poetry such as consonance, assonance, half rhyme, or internal rhyme. Rappers are known for their style of rhyming. Juelz Santana often avoids full rhymes in favor of assonance, consonance, half rhymes, and internal rhymes. Eminem, on the other hand, often focuses on complex and lengthy rhyme schemes.

Literary technique

Rappers use double entendres, alliteration, and all other forms of wordplay that are also found in classical poetry. Similes and metaphors are used extensively in rap lyrics; rappers such as Paul Wall and Lloyd Banks have written entire songs wherein every line contains a simile or metaphor.

Hip hop lyrics often make passing references to popular culture and other topics. Such allusions serve to illustrate or exaggerate a song's message. Some of these reference are overtly political, while others simply acknowledge, credit, or show dismay about aspects of the rapper's culture and life.

Word choice and slang

Many hip hop listeners believe that a rapper's lyrics are enhanced by a complex vocabulary. Kool Moe Dee claims that he appealed to older audiences by using a complex vocabulary in his raps.^[11] Rap is famous, however, for having its own vocabulary— from international hip hop slang to local/regional slang. Some artists, like the Wu-Tang Clan, develop an entire lexicon among their clique. African American Vernacular English has always had a significant effect on hip hop slang, and vice-versa. Certain regions have introduced their unique regional slang to hip hop culture, such as the Bay Area (Mac Dre, E-40), Atlanta (OutKast, Lil Jon), and Kentucky (Nappy Roots). The Nation of Gods and Earths, a religious/spiritual group spun off from the Nation of Islam, has influenced mainstream hip hop slang with the introduction of phrases such as "word is bond" that have since lost much of their original spiritual meaning.

Preference toward one or the other has much to do with the individual; GZA, for example, prides himself on being very visual and metaphorical but also succinct, where underground rapper MF DOOM is known for heaping similes upon similes. In still another variation, 2Pac was known for saying exactly what he meant, literally and clearly.

Subject matter

Hip hop music originated in New York City in the 1970s, and continues to focus largely on metropolitan centers in the East and West coasts of America. Many rappers use urban culture as the backdrop for their raps, focusing on the hardships of inner-city life. One element that has always existed in rapped rhymes, dating back to hip hop's inception, is "the struggle". This struggle was originally financial or personal in nature; getting a girlfriend, or paying the rent. With "The Message," a concept rap written by Melle Mel and performed by Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, the idea of "the struggle" was put in another context: the shared hardships of the ghetto.

The roots of these sociopolitical raps are in the beat poetry of The Last Poets and Gil Scott Heron. "The Message" pioneered the inclusion of political content in hip hop rhymes, expanding beyond basic personal issues and party raps. In the golden age of hip hop, Public Enemy emerged, with a focus on political and social issues. Modern East Coast hip hop artists such as Mos Def, Talib Kweli, Nas, and dead prez are known for their sociopolitical subject matter.

Other rappers take a less critical approach to urbanity, sometimes even embracing such aspects as crime. Schoolly D was the first notable MC to rap about crime.^[12] Several years later, he would go on to influence Ice T, who had more overtly "gangsta" lyrics. Gangsta rap, made popular largely because of N.W.A. and "proto-gangsta rapper" KRS-One, celebrates crime and a hedonistic "gangsta" lifestyle. With the death of his DJ, Scott La Rock, KRS–ONE went on to speak out against violence in hip hop. Various politicians, journalists, and religious leaders, have accused rappers of fostering a culture of violence and hedonism among hip hop listeners through their lyrics.^[13]^[14]^[15]

In contrast to the hedonistic approach of the gangsta rappers, some rappers have a spiritual or religious focus. Christian rap is currently the most commercially successful form of religious rap. Aside from Christianity, the Five Percent Nation, a gnostic religious/spiritual group, has been represented more than any religious group in popular hip hop. Hip-hop artists such as Rakim, the members of the Wu-Tang Clan, Brand Nubian, X Clan, Busta Rhymes, and Nas, have had success in spreading the theology of the Five Percenters.

"Party rhymes," meant to pump up the crowd at a party, were nearly the exclusive focus of old school hip hop (with the exception of The Furious Five). Party raps remain a staple of hip hop music to this day. In addition to Party raps, rappers also tend to make references to love and sex. Love raps were first popularized by Spoonie Gee of the Treacherous Three, and later, in the golden age of hip hop, Big Daddy Kane, Heavy D, and LL Cool J would continue this tradition. 2 Live Crew, a Miami bass group, were among the first hip hop act to be temporarily banned in the United States, for the overtly sexual and profane content of their raps.

Performance

Flow

Rap delivery, or flow, is defined by prosody, cadence, and speed. Cadence deals with the dynamics and patterns of the rhythm. In addition to rubato (changes in tempo for the purpose of expression), cadence can also serve to reinforce song structure through ritardando (the gradual slowing down of tempo). Old school rappers generally maintained a simple cadence, without much deviation,^[16] while golden age rappers such as Rakim experimented extensively with cadence.^[11] Present day popular rappers like Method Man, Snoop Dogg, and André 3000 are considered to have a versatile cadence because of their ability to rap over disparate beats equally well.

A rap's prosody, as in classical poetry, is the meter and the foot. The hardcore rapping style pioneered by Run-DMC and KRS-ONE is an inverse of iambic pentameter, in other words, trochaic pentameter. Iambic pentameter, which was William Shakespeare's meter of choice, is known for its resemblance to natural, conversational speech. For this reason, rapping often sounds like talking "turned upside down."

A common way MCs judge how to flow in a verse is by writing a rhyme so that the most stressed words coincide with the beat's percussion, in a way that makes the rhyming sound more musical (as opposed to spoken word) and that better combines the MC's voice with the musical backdrop. Rakim -- whom many credit with changing the way most rappers flow on a song -- experimented not only with following the percussion, but also with complementing the song's melody with his own voice, making his flow sound like that of an instrument (a saxophone in particular^{[citation needed]}).

The ability to rap quickly and clearly is sometimes regarded as an important sign of skill. In certain hip hop subgenres such as chopped and screwed, slow-paced rapping is often considered optimal. The current record for fastest rapper is held by MC Ricky Brown, who rapped 723 syllables in 51.27 seconds (14.1 syllables per second) on his track "No Clue" at B&G Studios on January 15, 2005.^[17]

To successfully deliver a nicely flowing rap, a rapper must also develop vocal presence, enunciation, and breath control. Vocal presence is the distinctiveness of a rapper's voice on record. Enunciation is essential to a flowing rap; some rappers choose also to exaggerate it for comic and artistic effect. Breath control, taking in air without interrupting one's delivery, is an important skill for a rapper to master, and a must for any MC. An MC with poor breath control can't deliver difficult verses without making unintentional pauses.

Raps are sometimes delivered with melody. West Coast rapper Egyptian Lover was the first notable MC to deliver "sing-raps."^[12] Popular rappers such as 50 Cent and Ja Rule add a slight melody to their otherwise purely percussive raps whereas some rappers, such as Cee-Lo, are able to harmonize their raps with the beat. The Midwestern group Bone Thugs-N-Harmony was one of the first groups to achieve nation-wide recognition for using the fast-paced, melodic and harmonic raps that are also practiced by Do or Die, another Midwestern group.

Rap groups

File:Wu-tangclan.jpg

The Wu-Tang Clan

Synchronization is common among rap groups. Synchronization refers to the organization of several rappers into one song either by overlapping or through call and response. Grandmaster Flash's MCs, the Furious Five, were the first to make five rappers sound as one through synchronization.^[18]

Freestyle rapping

There are two kinds of Freestyle rapping: one is scripted (recitation), but having no particular overriding subject matter, the second typically referred to as freestyling or spitting, is the improvisation of rapped lyrics. When freestyling, some rappers inadvertently reuse old lines, or even "cheat" by preparing segments or entire verses in advance. Therefore, freestyles with proven spontaneity are valued above generic, always usable lines.^{[citation needed]} Rappers will often reference places, objects in their immediate setting, or specific (usually demeaning) characteristics of opponents, to prove their authenticity and originality.

Battle rapping

Battle rapping, which can be freestyled, is the competition between two or more rappers in front of an audience. The tradition of insulting one's friends or acquaintances in rhyme goes back to the dozens, and was portrayed famously by Mohammed Ali in his boxing matches. The winner of a battle is decided by the crowd and/or preselected judges. According to Kool Moe Dee, a successful battle rap focuses on an opponents weaknesses, rather than one's own strengths.^[11] Television shows such as BET's 106 and Park and MTV's DFX host weekly freestyle battles live on the air. Battle rapping gained widespread public recognition outside of the African-American community with rapper Eminem's movie, 8 Mile. One of the most prolific battle rappers of recent years is former 106 and Park Freestyle Friday champion Jin.

The strongest battle rappers will generally perform their rap fully freestyled (not pre-written). This is the most effective form in a battle as the rapper can comment on the other person, whether it be what they look like, or how they talk, or what they wear. It also allows the rapper to reverse a line used to 'diss' him/her if they are the second rapper to battle.

Identity

Race and class

By the United States 2000 Census, three-quarters of the United States' population is white, while one-eighth is black. However, almost all popular rappers in the United States are black.^[19] Some believe this discrepancy is a good thing; popular rapper Kanye West has said: "I hate music where white people are trying to sound black. The white music I like [sounds] white".^[20]

Wealth and class are significant issues in hip-hop, a culture which was developed mainly among the lower and lower-middle class blacks of inner-city New York. Any view of money that can be seen in real life can also be seen in the lyrics of rap-- just as there are rappers who often brag about their extravagant wealth, or more specifically, their "rags to riches" stories, there are political militants who decry materialism. Although most of hip hop's famous and influential rappers have come from inner-city ghettos^{[citation needed]}, hip-hop has always represented a variety of economic backgrounds. For example, Run-D.M.C., The Beastie Boys, Rakim, Black Sheep, and Kanye West^[21] were middle-class when they began rapping.

Race issues often intersect with class issues. Vanilla Ice, a white pop rapper, went so far as to lie about his place of origin, claiming that he came from the inner-city of Miami, Florida, when he was actually from suburban Texas. According to Vanilla Ice, he was encouraged to lie by his record company, to increase their profits.^[22] In juxtaposition to Vanilla Ice stand the Beastie Boys, a rap group composed of white Jewish teenagers. The Beastie Boys didn't lie about their middle-class and suburban upbringing, and managed to sell millions of records while maintaining the respect of the hip hop community.^{[citation needed]}

The most notable exception to the skin color trend in rappers is Eminem, who is of mainly Scottish descent, who grew up in the primarily black city of Detroit.^[23] According to the Guinness World Records 2005, Eminem is the highest selling rapper of all time.^{[citation needed]} In his song "White America", Eminem attributes his selling success to his being more easily digestible by a white audience, because he "looks like them."

Despite so many rappers being black, most hip hop record purchasers tend to be white, reflecting demographics and economics. According to musicologist Arthur Kempton, "Today 70 percent of hip-hop is bought by white kids".^[24]

According to political rapper Zion of Zion I, socially conscious hip hop has a mainly white audience: "...so many Black people don't want to hear it. They want that thug shit." In addition to Zion, several other underground rappers, such as Boots Riley of The Coup, report nearly all-white audiences.^[25]

Gender and sexuality

Almost all popular rappers identify themselves as heterosexual.^{[citation needed]} Homophobia is both prevalent and blatant throughout hip hop culture, although a small number of MCs have explored GLBT issues.^{[citation needed]} There is an underground culture of gay hip hop, which was profiled in the 2005 documentary film Pick Up the Mic, although to date only Queen Pen, an openly bisexual female MC, and Caushun, an openly gay male rapper, have had significant mainstream success.^{[citation needed]} However some heterosexual rappers like Kanye West^[26] are continuing to fight against homophobia in hip hop.

Though the majority of rappers are male^{[citation needed]}, there have been a number of female rap stars, including MC Lyte, Lil' Kim, Missy Elliot, Queen Latifah, Eve and Foxy Brown.

Derivatives and influence

Throughout hip hop's history, new musical styles and genres have developed that contain rapping. Entire genres, such as rapcore (rock/metal/punk with rapped vocals) and hip house have resulted from the fusion of rap and other styles. All popular music genres with a focus on percussion have contained rapping at some point— be it disco (DJ Hollywood), jazz (Gangstarr), new wave (Blondie), funk (Fatback Band), contemporary R&B (Mary J. Blige), Reggaeton (Daddy Yankee), or even Japanese dance music, such as (Soul'd Out). UK garage music has begun to focus increasingly on rappers in a new subgenre called grime, pioneered and popularized by the MC, Dizzee Rascal.Bhangra, a widely popular style of music from Punjab (India) has been mixed numerous times with reggae and hip-hop music. The popular song of this mix was "mundian to bach ke" or "Beware the boys" by panjabi mc and Jay-Z. Although mundian to bach ke was already a song inspired by knight rider,the mixing with Jay-Z popularized the genre further.

Notes and references

^ "BBC NEWS: Africa". Retrieved December 21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
^ "About.com: Rap". Retrieved December 21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
^ "PBS lesson plan on the blues". Retrieved December 21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
^ "Yale University Teachers Association". Retrieved December 21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b "Hip Hop and Blues". Retrieved December 21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
^ "The Roots of Rap". Retrieved December 21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
^ John Sobol's Digitopia
^ The earlier meaning being "a usage well established among African-Americans by the 1960s.", according to the The American Heritage Dictionary, 4th Edition.
^ "Davey D's Hip-Hop Corner". Retrieved December 20. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
^ Davey D's Hip-Hop Corner - Interview with Kool DJ Herc. Retrieved on January 9th, 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c Cite error: The named reference r1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Blow, Kurtis. "Kurtis Blow Presents: The History of Rap, Vol. 1: The Genesis (liner notes)". Kurtis Blow Presents: The History Of Rap, Vol. 1: The Genesis. Retrieved May 14. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
^ Kirby, Jill (2006-07-16). "The hoodie needs a daddy, not a hug". The Times. Retrieved July 22. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
^ . Fox News. 2002-08-28 http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,61546,00.html. Retrieved July 22. {{cite web}}: |first= missing |last= (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |Last= ignored (|last= suggested) (help)
^ Lynskey, Dorian (2006-07-21). "'We need heroes'". The Guardian. Retrieved July 22. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
^ "allmusic". Retrieved December 22. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
^ "Guinness World Records". Retrieved December 17. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
^ Some rappers take the role of two different characters that are talking to each other in the song. Examples include "Warning" by Notorious BIG and "Stan" by Eminem.
^ Best, Steven (1999). "Rap, Black Rage, and Racial Difference". Enculturation. 2 (2). Retrieved 2006-06-12. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ "Kanye West: 'White People Should Make White Music'". Soundbuzz/Yahoo! Music. 27. Retrieved May 12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date=, and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
^ Tyrangiel, Josh. "Why You Can't Ignore Kanye". Time Magazine. Retrieved May 21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
^ Austen, Jake. "Vanilla Ice: The Ice Is Right". Rocktober Roctober #24, 1999. Retrieved May 21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
^ http://music.yahoo.com/ar-289114-bio--Eminem
^ Anderman, Joan (2003-10-04). "HIP-HOP SETTING THE BEAT IN FIRST, BLACK ARTISTS HOLD BILLBOARD'S TOP 10". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2006-06-12.
^ Kitwana, Bakari (June 24, 2005). "The Cotton Club". The Village Voice. Retrieved February 2. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/4165706.stm