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England national rugby union team

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England
File:England Rugby.JPG
UnionRugby Football Union
Ground(s)Twickenham
Coach(es)England Brian Ashton
Captain(s)Jason Robinson
Most capsJason Leonard (114)
Top scorerJohnny Wilkinson (849)[1]
Most triesRory Underwood (49)
Team kit
Change kit
First international
(also the world's first)
Template:SCOru 4 - 1 Template:ReverseENGru
(27 March, 1871)
Largest win
Template:ENGru 134 - 0 Template:ReverseROMru
(17 November, 2001)
Largest defeat
Template:AUSru 76 - 0 Template:ReverseENGru
(6 June, 1998)
World Cup
Appearances(First in 1987)
Best resultChampions, 2003

The England national rugby union team is a sporting side that represents England in rugby union. They compete annually in the Six Nations Championship with France, Ireland, Scotland, Italy, and Wales. They have won the championship 25 times that includes 12 grand slams. England are also compete for the Calcutta Cup—which they currently hold—with Scotland as part of the Six Nations. They are currently ranked seventh in the world.

The history of the team extends back to 1871 when the English rugby team officially played their first Test match—losing to Scotland. England dominated the early Home Nations Championship (now the Six Nations) started in 1883. Following the schism of rugby football in 1895 England did not win the Championship again until 1910. England first played against New Zealand (the All Blacks) in 1905, South Africa in 1906, and Australia in 1909. The Rugby World Cup was introduced in 1987, and in 1991 England appeared in the final only to be defeated by Australia. Following their 2003 Six Nations Grand Slam England won that year's World Cup—beating Australia 20–17 in extra time.

England traditionally in white shorts, navy socks with white tops, and a white shirt with a red rose embrodered on it. Their home ground is Twickenham Stadium where they first played in 1910. The team is administered by the Rugby Football Union (RFU). Three former players have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame.

History

Main article: History of the England national rugby union team
England before they played in the first international; versus Scotland in Edinburgh, 1871.

Ex-pupils from many of England's private schools (primarily Rugby) spread the game in the first half of the 19th Century.[2] They took it to the universities (a club forming at Cambridge in 1839), to London (where Blackheath were founded in the 1860s) and the provinces.[2] England's first international game was against Scotland on Monday 27 March 1871.[3] Not only was the match England's first, but also the first ever rugby union international.[3] The game took place at Raeburn Place, Edinburgh, Scotland. Scotland won four points to one in front of 4,000 people.[4] A subsequent international took place at the Oval in London, England; with England defeating Scotland 8-3.[5][6]

In 1875 England played their first game against the Irish at the Oval, winning seven nil; the match was Ireland's first Test.[7][8] England defeated Scotland in 1880 to become the first winners of the Calcutta Cup.[9][10] Their first match against Wales was played on February 19, 1881 at Richardson's Field in Blackheath.[10][11] England racked up their largest victory, defeating the Welsh 30 points to nil.[11] The subsequent meeting the following year at St Helens in Swansea was a closer contest; with England winning 10 nil.[12] Two years later the first Home Nations championship was held and England emerged as the inaugural winners.[13]

In 1889, England played their first match against a non-home nations team when they defeated the New Zealand Natives 7–0 at Rectory Field in Blackheath.[14][15] In 1890 England shared the Home Nations trophy with Scotland.[16]

In 1905 England first played New Zealand (the All Blacks); the All Blacks won 15–0. The following year they played France fro the first time, and later that year they first faced South Africa (known as the Springboks); James Peters was withdrawn from the England squad after the South Africans objected to playing against a black player. The match was drawn three all.[17] In 1907 England first played France,[18] and in 1909 England played Australia (known as the Wallabies) for the first time; losing three points to nine.[19]

England versus New Zealand's Original All Blacks in 1905; the All Blacks won 15-0.

Twickenham was opened as the RFU's new home in 1910. This heralded a golden era for English rugby union. England's first international at Twickenham brought them success over Wales, and England won the International Championship (also known as the Five Nations) for the first time since the great schism of 1895. Although England did not retain the title in 1911, but did share it in 1912. A Five Nations Grand Slam was then achieved in 1913 and 1914 and in 1921 following World War One. In both 1924 and 1925 England won the Grand Slam.[20]

They started 1925 off with a loss to the All Black Invincibles in front of 60,000 fans at Twickenham,[21] and won another Grand slam in 1928. The Springboks played England in front of 70,000 spectators at Twickenham in 1931. The Five Nations reverted back to the Home Nations tournament in 1930 when France were ejected due to professionalism.[22] Following this England won the 1934 and 1937 Home Nations with a Triple Crown,[23] and in 1935 achieved their first victory over the All Blacks.[24][25]

When the Five Nations resumed after World War Two in 1947 (France was re-admitted) England shared the championship with Wales. The early Five Nations competitions of the 1950s were unsuccessful for England; winning one match in the 1950 and 1951 championships.[20] England toured to South Africa for the first time in 1952 where they lost to the Springboks 8–3. England won the 1953 Five Nations, and followed this up with a Grand Slam in 1957, and win in 1958. England broke France's four-championship streak by winning the 1963 Championship.[20] After this victory, England played three Tests in the Southern Hemisphere and lost all three; 21–11 and 9–6 against the All Blacks, and 18–9 against Australia.[26] England did not win a single game in 1966, and managed only a draw with Ireland. They did not win another Championship that decade.

England had wins against Southern Hemisphere teams in the 1970s; with victories over South Africa in 1972, New Zealand in 1973 and Australia in 1976. The 1972 Five Nations Championship was not completed due to the Troubles in Northern Ireland. As Scotland and Wales refused to play their Five Nations away fixtures in Ireland, England agreed to play an extra fixture in Dublin and were given a standing ovation lasting five minutes. After losing 18-9 at Lansdowne Road, the England captain, John Pullin famously stated, "We might not be very good but at least we turned up."[27]

England started the decade with a Grand Slam victory in the 1980 Five Nations - their first for 23 years,[28] but in the 1983 Five Nations England failed to win a game and picked up the wooden spoon.[29] In the first Rugby World Cup in New Zealand and Australia, England were grouped in pool A alongside Australia, Japan and the United States. England lost their first game 19–6 against Australia. They went on to defeat Japan and the United States, and met Wales in their quarter-final; they lost the match 16–3.[30]

In 1989 England won games against Romania and Fiji, followed by their first three Five Nations games of 1990. They lost to Scotland in their last game however; giving Scotland a Grand Slam. In 1991 England won their first Grand Slam since 1980. England hosted the 1991 Rugby World Cup and were in pool A, along with the All Blacks, Italy and the United States. Although they lost to the All Blacks in pool play they qualified for a quarter-final to defeat France 19-10. England then defeated Scotland 9–6 to secure a place in the final against Australia which they lost 12–6.[31]

The next year, England completed another Grand Slam and did not lose that year; including a victory over the Springboks. In the lead up to the 1995 Rugby World Cup in South Africa, England completed another Grand Slam - their third in five years. England defeated Argentina, Italy and Samoa in pool play. They then defeated Australia 25–22 in their quarter-final. England's semi-final was dominated by the All Blacks and featured four tries by Jonah Lomu; England lost 45&ndash29. They then lost the third/fourth place match against France.[31]

In 1997 Clive Woodward became England's coach. That year England drew with New Zealand at Twickenham, after being heavily defeated in Manchester the week before. England toured Australia, New Zealand and South Africa in 1998. Many of the England team made themselves unavailable for the tour nicknamed the "tour from hell" where England suffered a humiliating 76–0 defeat to the Wallabies.[32] In 1999 during the last ever Five Nations match Scott Gibbs sliced through six English tackles to score in the last minute, and the last ever Five nations title went to Scotland.

Celebrations at Trafalgar Square after England's 2003 World Cup victory.

England commenced the new decade by winning the inaugural Six Nations title.[33] In 2001 Ireland defeated England 20-14 in a postponed match at Lansdowne Road to deny them a Grand Slam.[34] Although the 2002 Six Nations title was won by France, England did win the Triple Crown.[35] In 2002 England defeated Argentina in Buenos Aires, and then the All Blacks, Australia, and South Africa at Twickenham.[36][37][38][39] In 2003 England won the Grand Slam for the first time since 1995. This was followed by wins over Australia and the All Blacks in June.

Going into the 2003 Rugby World Cup England were one of the tournament favourites. They reached the final on 22 November 2003 against Australia. England were World Cup winners after a winning Jonny Wilkinson drop goal in extra time; the final score was 20-17. On December 8 the English team greeted 750,000 supporters on their parade through London before meeting Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace.

In the 2004 Six Nations, England lost to both France and Ireland and finished third.[40] Sir Clive Woodward resigned on September 2 and Andy Robinson was appointed England head coach.[41] Robinson's first Six Nations campaign in 2005 resulted in fourth place,[42] and defeated Australia 26-16,[43] and then lost to the All Blacks 23-19.[44]

Following their loss to South Africa in the 2006 end of year Tests,[45] England had lost eight of their last nine Tests; their worst ever match record. Coach Andy Robinson resigned after this run, and attack coach Brian Ashton was appointed head coach in December 2006.[46] England started the 2007 Six Nations with a Calcutta Cup victory over Scotland. [47] The championship also included a historic match at Croke Park against Ireland which was England's heaviest ever defeat to Ireland.

Twickenham

Main article: Twickenham Stadium

Up until 1910 the English rugby team used various stadia before settling at Twickenham Stadium. These grounds included Kennington Oval and Crystal Palace in London; Whalley Range and Fallowfield Stadium in Manchester; St John's Ground, Headingley and Meanwood Road in Leeds; Richardson's Field and Rectory Field in Blackheath; Crown Flatt in Dewsbury; the Athletic Ground in Richmond and Birkenhead Park. Kingsholm in Gloucester, Welford Road in Leicester and Ashton Gate in Bristol were also used.

View from the North Stand of Twickenham, circa 2003.

After sell out matches in 1905 and 1906 against New Zealand and South Africa at Crystal Palace the RFU decided to invest in their own ground. In 1906, the Rugby Football Union arranged for William Williams to find a home ground for English Rugby. The land for the ground was purchased the following year for £5,572 12s and 6d, construction began the next year.[48]

The first England match was held on October 9, 1910 between England and Wales. England ran out winners, 11–6, beating Wales for the first time since 1898.[49] The stadium was expanded in 1927 and 1932. Further upgrades did not occur until the 1990s when new North, East and West stands were built.[48] A new South stand was built in 2005 and 2006 to make the stadium into a complete bowl. The first match to be played at the redeveloped Twickenham was the fourth on Sunday November 5 2006 against the All Blacks.[50] England lost the4 match 20–41 in front of a record crowd of 82,076.[51]

Swing Low, Sweet Chariot

Main article: Swing Low, Sweet Chariot

Swing Low, Sweet Chariot is very commonly sung at England fixtures; especially at Twickenham. The song was first sung during the final Five Nations match of 1988—against Ireland. England were losing 3–0 at half time, but in the second half scored six tries to win 35–3. Three of the tries were scored by a black player, Chris Oti, who was making his début. A group from the Benedictine school Douai started to sing the gospel hymn Swing Low, Sweet Chariot in honour of Oti; the whole crowd joined in. From then on Swing Low, Sweet Chariot became synonymous with Twickenham and the England team.[52]

Strip

England plays in white shirts, white shorts and navy socks with white tops. The emblem on the shirts is a red rose, rather than the Plantagenet Three Lions displayed on the shirts of the England football and England cricket teams. Currently the strip is manufactured by Nike and O2 is the shirt sponsor.

England (white) playing Argentina (blue) at Twickenam.

Prior to an English team being sent to Edinburgh to play a Scottish side, the then multinational Rugby Football Union created the national side's emblem. A red rose was chosen to be the side’s emblem.[53] Myth as to what inspired the creation of the emblem traces back to Lawrence Sheriff (founder of the Rugby School). Elizabeth I had presented Sheriff with a coat of arms; when Rugby was founded they based their own coat of arms on his (which contained the Red Rose).[53] The Rugby School’s strip was white, which is where England got theirs from, so it is speculated that the rose that now appears on the English jersey may have been taken as a symbolic image from the school's badge.[53]

It is sometimes light-heartedly remarked that two men on the subcommittee who selected the first English side hailed from Lancashire and thus may been involved in the selection of the kit (including the rose).[53] This possibility seems unlikely though, as other members would not have accepted an obviously regional emblem on a national jumper.[53]

Alfred Wright was an employee of the Rugby Football Union; he is credited with the standardisation and new design of the rose, which up until 1920 had seen variation in its depiction.[53] The Wright design is thought to have been used without major alteration until the late 1990s.[53] It was not until 1997 that the rose was redesigned to a chic representation; this change was led by Nike who became the official strip supplier.

The home and away strips for 2007 were unveiled 15 May that year. The materials used are superior, offering improved performance as the 2003 kit did. A sweeping red mark on the front of base white forming St George's Cross on the top left, and a changed away strip (dark blue to red) has received criticism due to placing emphasis on St George's Cross over the red rose.[54] The new home strip will be introduced in England's home game against Wales on the 4 August; the away strip will first be used against France on the 18 August.[55]

Record

Six Nations

England's only annual tournament is the Six Nations Championship, which is played against five other European nations: France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland, and Wales. The Six Nations started out as the Home Nations Championship in 1883; when they won it with a Triple Crown. England have won the title more times then any other nation by winning it outright 25 times, and sharing victory ten times. Their longest wait between championship was 18 years (1892-1910).

During the Six Nations England also contests the Calcutta Cup with Scotland which England first won in 1880. They also contest the Millennium Trophy during the Six Nations with Ireland. The Millennium Trophy was first contested in 1988 when it was won by England.


 
England
France
Ireland
Italy
Scotland
Wales
Tournaments 128 95 130 25 130 130
Outright wins (shared wins)
Home Nations 5 (4) — 4 (3) — 9 (2) 7 (3)
Five Nations 17 (6) 12 (8) 6 (5) — 5 (6) 15 (8)
Six Nations 7 6 6 0 0 6
Overall 29 (10) 18 (8) 16 (8) 0 (0) 14 (8) 28 (11)
Grand Slams
Home Nations — — — — — 2[56]
Five Nations 11 6 1 — 3 6
Six Nations 2 4 3 0 0 4
Overall 13 10 4 0 3 12
Triple Crowns
Home Nations 5 — 2 — 7 6
Five Nations 16 — 4 — 3 11
Six Nations 5 — 7 — 0 5
Overall 26 — 13 — 10 22
Wooden Spoons
Home Nations 7 — 10 — 5 6
Five Nations 10 12 15 — 15 10
Six Nations 0 1 0 18 4 2
Overall 17 13 25 18 24 18

World Cup

England have contested every Rugby World Cup since the inaugural tournament in 1987, and have won it once in 2003. They finished their pool second in 1987 before losing to Wales in their quarter-final. They again finish second in their pool in 1991 before defeating France in their quarter-final, and then Scotland in their semi-final. They faced Australia in the final where they lost 12-6.

In 1995 England defeated Australia in their quarter-final before being beaten by the All Blacks in their semi-final. Their third-forth place play-off game against France was lost 19-9. In 1999 they lost their quarter-final match against South Africa. They went on to defeat South Africa in their 2003 pool match to top the pool. They then defeated Wales in their quarter-final and France in their semi-final. The final was held in Sydney where they faced Australia and won 20-17 in extra time.

England's Jonny Wilkinson is the third highest overall points scorer in World Cup history with 182 points.[57] England have the fourth most points in World Cup history with 957, and the highest number of drop-goals (14).[58]

Overall

England v. New Zealand, 2006

France have won 318 of their 598 Test matches, a win record of 53.18%.[59] When the World Rankings were introduced in October 2003 England were ranked first. They briefly fell to second in September that year before regaining first. They fell to second, and then to third in June 2004. After the 2005 Six Nations they fell to sixth where they remained until they moved into fifth in December that year. In 2006 their ranking fell again and they finished the year ranked seventh. They remain seventh in the rankings in July 2007.[60]

Their Test record against all nations, updated 2007-06-16:[59]

Against Played Won Lost Drawn % Won
Template:SCOru 124 66 41 17 53.23
Template:IRLru 120 69 43 8 57.50
Template:WALru 115 52 51 12 45.22
Template:FRAru 87 47 33 7 54.02
Template:AUSru 34 13 20 1 38.24
Template:NZru 29 6 22 1 20.69
Template:RSAru 28 12 15 1 42.86
Template:ARGru 13 9 3 1 69.23
Template:ITAru 13 13 0 0 100.00
Template:CANru 6 6 0 0 100.00
Template:FIJru 4 4 0 0 100.00
Template:ROMru 4 4 0 0 100.00
Template:SAMru 4 4 0 0 100.00
Template:USAru 4 4 0 0 100.00
Template:GEOru 1 1 0 0 100.00
Template:JAPru 1 1 0 0 100.00
Template:NETru 1 1 0 0 100.00
Template:TONru 1 1 0 0 100.00
Template:URUru 1 1 0 0 100.00
Total 598 318 232 48 53.18

Players

Current squad

The following is England's preliminary 40 man squad for the 2007 World Cup:[61]

Backs
Player
 Position Club
Nick Abendanon Template:Fullback, Template:Wing Bath
Olly Barkley Template:Fly-half, Template:Rugbycentre Bath
Mike Catt Template:Fullback, Template:Rugbycentre, Template:Wing London Irish
Danny Cipriani Template:Fullback, Template:Fly-half London Wasps
Mark Cueto Template:Wing Sale Sharks
Andrew Farrell Template:Rugbycentre Saracens
Toby Flood Template:Rugbycentre Newcastle Falcons
Andrew Gomarsall Template:Scrum-half Harlequins
Dan Hipkiss Template:Rugbycentre Leicester Tigers
Charlie Hodgson Template:Fly-half Sale Sharks
Josh Lewsey Template:Fullback, Template:Wing London Wasps
Jamie Noon Template:Rugbycentre Newcastle Falcons
Shaun Perry Template:Scrum-half Bristol
Peter Richards Template:Scrum-half Gloucester
Jason Robinson Template:Wing, Template:Fullback Sale Sharks
Paul Sackey Template:Wing London Wasps
David Strettle Template:Wing Harlequins
Mathew Tait Template:Wing, Template:Rugbycentre Newcastle Falcons
Mike Tindall Template:Rugbycentre Gloucester
Jonny Wilkinson Template:Fly-half Newcastle Falcons
Forwards
Player
 Position Club
Steve Borthwick Template:Lock Bath
George Chuter Template:Hooker Leicester Tigers
Martin Corry Template:Number 8 Leicester Tigers
Lawrence Dallaglio Template:Flanker London Wasps
Nick Easter Template:Number 8, Template:Flanker Harlequins
Perry Freshwater (P) USA Perpignan
James Haskell Template:Flanker London Wasps
Ben Kay Template:Lock Leicester Tigers
Lee Mears Template:Hooker Bath
Lewis Moody Template:Flanker Leicester Tigers
Tom Palmer Template:Lock London Wasps
Tom Rees Template:Flanker London Wasps
Mark Regan Template:Hooker Bristol
Simon Shaw Template:Lock London Wasps
Andrew Sheridan (P) Sale Sharks
Matt Stevens (P) Bath
Phil Vickery (P) London Wasps
Dan Ward-Smith Template:Number 8 Bristol
Joe Worsley Template:Flanker London Wasps
Kevin Yates (P) Saracens

Notable players

Three former England representatives have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame; Bill Beaumont, Martin Johnson and Wavell Wakefield.

Wavell Wakefield represented England in 31 Tests between 1920 and 1927; this included 13 Tests as captain. He was involved in three England Five Nations Grand Slams in 1921, 1923 and 1924. Playing as Template:Flanker he introduced new elements to back row tactics which beforehand concentrated on the set piece. He became a Member of Parliament in 1935, and was knighted in 1944. He became the RFU President in 1950 and following his retirement from politics was awarded the title the first Baron Wakefield of Kendal.[62]

Between 1975 and 1982 Bill Beaumont represented England in 34 Tests. Playing at Template:Lock was captain between 1978 and 1982 in 21 Tests. He captained England in their 1980 Grand Slam; their first since 1957. Later that year he captained the British Lions to South Africa - the first time an Englishman had captained the Lions since 1930. He also represented the Barbarians FC 15 times.[63]

Described as arguably "the greatest forward" to play for England,[64] Martin Johnson played 84 Tests for England, and seven Tests for the British and Irish Lions. He first represented England in 1993, and later that year the Lions. He captained the Lions to South Africa in 1997, and in 1999 was appointed captain of England. He became England's most successful ever captain. He became the first person to captain two Lions tours when he captained them to Australia in 2001.[65] He retired from Test rugby after he lead England to a Six Nations Grand Slam and World Cup victory in 2003.[64]

Individual records

The record for Test career points for England is held by Jonny Wilkinson with 889 points.[66] The record for tries is held by Rory Underwood with 49 tries; Underwood is also England's most capped back with 85 caps. The most capped England player is former (P) Jason Leonard who made 114 appearances over his 14 year career.[67]

England's youngest ever Test player was Henri Laird who was 18 years and 134 days old when he played Wales in 1927.[68]

Coaches

The following is a list of all England coaches. The first appointed coach was Don White in 1969, and the current coach is Brian Ashton who took over as coach in 2006.[69][70]

Name Tenure Tests Won Drew Lost Win percentage
Don White[71] 20 December 1969 – 17 April 1971 11 3 1 7 27.3
John Elders 1972 – 16 March 1974 16 6 1 9 37.5
John Burgess 18 January 1975 – 31 May 1975 6 1 0 5 16.7
Peter Colston 3 January 1976 – 17 March 1979 18 6 1 11 33.3
Mike Davis 24 November 1979 – 6 March 1982 16 10 2 4 62.5
Dick Greenwood 15 January 1983 – 20 April 1985 17 4 2 11 23.5
Martin Green 1 June 1985 – 8 June 1987 14 5 0 9 35.7
Geoff Cooke 16 January 1988 – 19 March 1994 35 13 1 21 37.1
Jack Rowell 4 June 1994 – 12 July 1997 29 21 0 8 72.4
Sir Clive Woodward 15 November 1997 – September 2 2004[72] 83 59 2 22 71.1
Andy Robinson 15 October 2004 – November 29 2006[73][74] 22 9 0 13 40.9
Brian Ashton 20 December 2006 – present[75] 7 3 0 4 42.9

See also

Notes and references

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  3. ^ a b "Short history of rugby". rfu.com. Retrieved 2007-02-16.
  4. ^ "Historical Rugby Milestones - 1870s". rugbyfootballhistory.com. Retrieved 2007-02-16.
  5. ^ "England vs Scotland > Games Played". rugbydata.com. Retrieved 2006-02-16.
  6. ^ "5 February 1872 - The Oval, London, England". rugbydata.com. Retrieved 2007-02-16.
  7. ^ "15 February 1875 - The Oval, London, England". rugbydata.com. Retrieved 2007-02-16.
  8. ^ "Ireland > Games Played". rugbydata.com. Retrieved 2007-02-16.
  9. ^ "28th February 1880 Whalley Range, Manchester, England". rugbydata.com. Retrieved 2007-02-19.
  10. ^ a b "Historical Rugby Milestones - 1880s". rugbyfootballhistory.com. Retrieved 2007-02-19.
  11. ^ a b "19th February 1881 Richardsons Field, Blackheath, England". rugbydata.com. Retrieved 2007-02-19.
  12. ^ "16th December 1882 St Helens, Swansea, Wales". rugbydata.com. Retrieved 2007-02-19.
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  14. ^ "Unsporting behaviour? - the New Zealand Natives' rugby tour of 1888/89". nzhistory.net.nz. Retrieved 2007-02-16.
  15. ^ "Matches played - New Zealand Natives' rugby tour of 1888/89". nzhistory.net.nz. Retrieved 2007-02-16.
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference RugbyHist6N was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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  18. ^ "France vs England". 2rugby.com. Retrieved 2007-08-01.
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  20. ^ a b c "6 Nations History". rugbyfootballhistory.com. Retrieved 2007-08-01.
  21. ^ "30th All Black Test : 199th All Black Game". allblacks.com. Retrieved 2007-08-01.
  22. ^ "Six Nations history". bbc.co.uk. 2002-01-28. Retrieved 2007-08-01. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  23. ^ A Triple Crown is when a Home Nation defeats the other three in one tournament.
  24. ^ "52nd All Black Test: 311th All Black Game". allblacks.com. Retrieved 2007-02-19.
  25. ^ Polanski (2003), pg 38-39.
  26. ^ "International Teams > England > Games Played". rugbydata.com. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
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  28. ^ "1980 Grand Slam by James Owen". directart.co.uk. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
  29. ^ Mather, Adrian (2007-02-06). "Vandal-hit youth club gets a fresh start in new premises". edinburghnews.scotsman.com. Retrieved 2007-08-02. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  30. ^ "1987 Rugby World Cup Results". worldcupweb.com. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
  31. ^ a b "1991 Rugby World Cup Results". worldcupweb.com. Retrieved 2007-08-02. Cite error: The named reference "1991RWC" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  32. ^ Hodgetts, Rob (2007-06-30). "How do England bounce back?". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2007-08-02. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  33. ^ "Brave Scots defeat England". bbc.co.uk. 2000-04-02. Retrieved 2007-03-17. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  34. ^ Wilcox, Greg (2002-01-27). "The longest six nations ... with a sting in the tail". guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 2007-03-17. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  35. ^ Aylwin, Micahael (2002-03-24). "Clive is reluctantly happy". guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 2007-03-17. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  36. ^ "Argentina beaten by England youngsters". bbc.co.uk. 2002-05-22. Retrieved 2007-03-17. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  37. ^ berlin, peter (2002-11-11). "England make history as All Blacks plot future". iht.com. Retrieved 2007-03-17. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  38. ^ Majendie, Matt (2002-11-16). "England stun Aussies". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2007-03-18. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  39. ^ Standley, James (2002-11-23). "England rout sorry Springboks". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2007-03-18. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  40. ^ Moore, Jonathon (2004-03-27). "Six Nations: End of term report". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2007-02-21. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  41. ^ "Woodward quits England". bbc.co.uk. 2004-09-03. Retrieved 2007-02-21. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  42. ^ Palmer, Bryn (2005-03-21). "Wonderful Wales exude joy of Six". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2007-02-21. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  43. ^ "England 26-16 Australia". bbc.co.uk. 2005-11-12. Retrieved 2007-02-21. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  44. ^ Ackford, Paul (2005-11-19). "England's onslaught ends in gallant failure". telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2007-02-21. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  45. ^ Standley, James (2006-11-25). "England 14-25 South Africa". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2007-02-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  46. ^ "Ashton confirmed as new England rugby head coach". taipeitimes.com. 2006-12-21. Retrieved 2007-02-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  47. ^ Harlow, Phil (2007-02-03). "England 42-20 Scotland". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2007-02-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  48. ^ a b "A History of Twickenham Stadium". rfu.com. Retrieved 2007-07-27.
  49. ^ "The Rugby ground". twickenham-museum.org.uk. Retrieved 2007-07-31.
  50. ^ Price, Sally (2006-10-29). "England v New Zealand Celebration Match Twickenham". rugbynetwork.net. Retrieved 2007-07-31. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  51. ^ Cleary, Mick (2006-11-07). "Ruthless All Blacks make England pay". telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2007-07-31. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  52. ^ "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot". rfu.com. Retrieved 2007-08-01.
  53. ^ a b c d e f g By the Museum of Rugby, Twickenham (June 3, 2005). "England's Rose - The Official History". Unofficial England Rugby Union. Retrieved 2007-02-15.
  54. ^ "Seeing red over England's new World Cup shirt". dailymail.co.uk. 2007-05-13. Retrieved 2007-07-04. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  55. ^ "New England Nike Rugby Kit Launched". rfu.com. 2007-05-15. Retrieved 2007-07-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  56. ^ By convention, Wales is credited with two Grand Slams for the years 1908 and 1909 because, if France was admitted only in 1910, Wales already met France on the sidelines of the Tournament and doubled the Triple Crown of a victory against France.
  57. ^ "Player Statistics". rugbyworldcup.com. Retrieved 2007-07-09.
  58. ^ "Team Statistics". rugbyworldcup.com. Retrieved 2007-07-09.
  59. ^ a b "International Rugby Union Statistics". rugbydata.com. Retrieved 2007-02-16.
  60. ^ Ranking archives can be found at the IRB website; [www.irb.com www.irb.com].
  61. ^ Llewellyn, David (2007-07-14). "Ashton cuts short Lund's hopes of World Cup glory". independent.co.uk. Retrieved 2007-07-21. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  62. ^ "Wavell Wakefield". rugbyhalloffame.com. Retrieved 2007-07-14.
  63. ^ "Bill Beaumont". rugbyhalloffame.com. Retrieved 2007-07-14.
  64. ^ a b "Martin Johnson". rugbyhalloffame.com. Retrieved 2007-07-14.
  65. ^ "Martin Johnson - England's greatest-ever captain". sportasylum.com. Retrieved 2007-07-14.
  66. ^ "Jonny Wilkinson OBE EnglandProfile". england-rugby.com. 2007-06-02. Retrieved 2007-07-16. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  67. ^ "Six Nations head-to-head statistics". telegraph.co.uk. 2006-02-08. Retrieved 2007-07-18. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  68. ^ Hands, David (1998-03-17). "Wilkinson sidesteps age barrier - Rugby Union - Student European Championship - Preview". The Times. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  69. ^ All records were taken from lassen.co.nz/pickandgo.php.
  70. ^ Farmer (2006), pg 75.
  71. ^ Stephens, Paul (2007-06-07). "Don White". The Guardian. Retrieved 2007-07-04. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  72. ^ "Woodward quits England". bbc.co.uk. 2004-09-03. Retrieved 2007-07-04. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  73. ^ "Robinson named new England coach". bbc.co.uk. 2004-10-15. Retrieved 2007-07-04. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  74. ^ "Press Statement from Andy Robinson OBE". rfu.com. 2006-11-29. Retrieved 2007-07-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  75. ^ "England appoint Ashton to the top job". bbc.co.uk. 2006-12-20. Retrieved 2007-07-04. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

Bibliography

  • Palenski, Ron (2003). Century in Black - 100 Years of All Black Test Rugby. Hodder Moa Beckett Publishers Limited. ISBN 1-86958-937-8.
  • Farmer, Stuart (2006). The Official England Rugby Miscellany. Vision Sports Publishing Limited. ISBN 1-90532-612-2.
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2003 (first title) 		Succeeded by
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